Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from manure management chains: A meta-analysis and integrated assessment

Global Change Biology

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 1293-1312

  Hou, Yong ^a   Velthof, Gerard L ^a   Oenema, Oene ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Ammonia; Composting; Greenhouse gases; Injection; Meta analysis; Processing; Separation; Trade offs

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; COMPOSTING; EMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; GREENHOUSE GAS; INTEGRATED APPROACH; LIVESTOCK FARMING; MANURE; META-ANALYSIS; METHANE; NITROUS OXIDE;

AIR POLLUTANT; AMMONIA; FERTILIZER; MANURE; METHANE; NITROUS OXIDE;

AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; ANALYSIS; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; MANURE; META ANALYSIS; PREVENTION AND CONTROL;

AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; AMMONIA; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; FERTILIZERS; MANURE; METHANE; NITROUS OXIDE;

EID: 84923072002     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12767     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Agle M, Hristov AN, Zaman S, Schneider C, Ndegwa P, Vaddella VK (2010) The effects of ruminally degraded protein on rumen fermentation and ammonia losses from manure in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 1625-1637.
2. Ahn HK, Mulbry W, White JW, Kondrad SL (2011) Pile mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure. Bioresource Technology, 102, 2904-2909.
3. 4 from dairy cows housed in a farmyard manure tying stall (housing, manure storage, manure spreading). Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 60, 103-113.
4. Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Amon T, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S (2006) Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112, 153-162.
5. Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Fröhlich M, Amon T, Pöllinger A, Mösenbacher I, Hausleitner A (2007) Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: housing and manure storage. Livestock Science, 112, 199-207.
6. Arriaga H, Salcedo G, Martínez-Suller L, Calsamiglia S, Merino P (2010) Effect of dietary crude protein modification on ammonia and nitrous oxide concentration on a tie-stall dairy barn floor. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 3158-3165.
7. Balsari P, Dinuccio E, Gioelli F (2006) A low cost solution for ammonia emission abatement from slurry storage. International Congress Series, 1293, 323-326.
8. Balsari P, Dinuccio E, Santoro E, Gioelli F (2008) Ammonia emissions from rough cattle slurry and from derived solid and liquid fractions applied to alfalfa pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 198.
9. Berg W, Brunsch R, Pazsiczki I (2006) Greenhouse gas emissions from covered slurry compared with uncovered during storage. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112, 129-134.
10. Bernal MP, Alburquerque JA, Moral R (2009) Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment a review. Bioresource Technology, 100, 5444-5453.
11. 2 emissions after soil incorporation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40, 1999-2006.
12. Bhandral R, Bittman S, Kowalenko G et al. (2009) Enhancing soil infiltration reduces gaseous emissions and improves N uptake from applied dairy slurry. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38, 1372-1382.
13. Bittman S, Dedina M, Howard CM, Oenema O, Sutton MA (2014) Options for Ammonia Mitigation: Guidance from the UNECE Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.
14. Braam CR, Ketelaars JJ, Smits MCJ (1997) Effects of floor design and floor cleaning on ammonia emission from cubicle houses for dairy cows. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 45, 49-64.
15. Cabaraux J-F, Philippe F-X, Laitat M, Canart B, Vandenheede M, Nicks B (2009) Gaseous emissions from weaned pigs raised on different floor systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 130, 86-92.
16. Canh TT, Aarnink AJA, Schutte JB, Sutton A, Langhout DJ, Verstegen MWA (1998a) Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Livestock Production Science, 56, 181-191.
17. Canh TT, Aarnink AJ, Verstegen MW, Schrama JW (1998b) Influence of dietary factors on the pH and ammonia emission of slurry from growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 1123-1130.
18. Chadwick DR (2005) Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from cattle manure heaps: effect of compaction and covering. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 787-799.
19. Chadwick D, Sommer S, Thorman R, Fangueiro D, Cardenas L, Amon B, Misselbrook T (2011) Manure management: Implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 514-531.
20. Chantigny MH, Angers DA, Rochette P, Bélanger G, Massé D, Côté D (2007) Gaseous nitrogen emissions and forage nitrogen uptake on soils fertilized with raw and treated swine manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, 1864-1872.
21. Chantigny MH, MacDonald JD, Beaupré C, Rochette P, Angers DA, Massé D, Parent L-É (2009) Ammonia volatilization following surface application of raw and treated liquid swine manure. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 85, 275-286.
22. Chiyoka WL, Hao X, Zvomuya F, Li X (2011) Nitrous oxide emissions from Chernozemic soils amended with anaerobically digested beef cattle feedlot manure: a laboratory study. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 492-502.
23. Clark OG, Moehn S, Edeogu I, Price J, Leonard J (2005) Manipulation of dietary protein and nonstarch polysaccharide to control swine manure emissions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 1461-1466.
24. Clemens J, Trimborn M, Weiland P, Amon B (2006) Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112, 171-177.
25. Collins HP, Alva AK, Sreubel JD et al. (2011) Greenhouse gas emissions from an irrigated silt loam soil amended with anaerobically digested dairy manure. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 2206.
26. Dai XR, Blanes-Vidal V (2013) Emissions of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide from swine wastewater during and after acidification treatment: effect of pH, mixing and aeration. Journal of Environmental Management, 115, 147-154.
27. Dijkstra J, Oenema O, Bannink A (2011) Dietary strategies to reducing N excretion from cattle: implications for methane emissions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 414-422.
28. Dinuccio E, Berg W, Balsari P (2008) Gaseous emissions from the storage of untreated slurries and the fractions obtained after mechanical separation. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 2448-2459.
29. Dinuccio E, Berg W, Balsari P (2011) Effects of mechanical separation on GHG and ammonia emissions from cattle slurry under winter conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 532-538.
30. Dinuccio E, Gioelli F, Balsari P, Dorno N (2012) Ammonia losses from the storage and application of raw and chemo-mechanically separated slurry. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 153, 16-23.
31. Dourmad JY, Hassouna M, Robin P, Guingand N, Meunier-Salaün MC, Lebret B (2009) Influence of pig rearing system on animal performance and manure composition. Animal, 3, 606-616.
32. El Kader NA, Robin P, Paillat J-M, Leterme P (2007) Turning, compacting and the addition of water as factors affecting gaseous emissions in farm manure composting. Bioresource Technology, 98, 2619-2628.
33. EMEP/EEA (2013) EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook-2013. Available on: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013 (accessed 06.06.2014).
34. 2 emissions. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 80, 107-120.
35. Fangueiro D, Coutinho J, Chadwick D, Moreira N, Trindade H (2008a) Effect of cattle slurry separation on greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions during storage. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, 2322-2331.
36. Fangueiro D, Senbayran M, Trindade H, Chadwick D (2008b) Cattle slurry treatment by screw press separation and chemically enhanced settling: effect on greenhouse gas emissions after land spreading and grass yield. Bioresource Technology, 99, 7132-7142.
37. 2O emissions in a sandy soil amended with original or acidified pig slurries or with the relative fractions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 46, 383-391.
38. Flessa H, Beese F (2000) Laboratory estimates of trace gas emissions following surface application and injection of cattle slurry. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, 262-268.
39. Foged HL, Flotats X, Blasi AB, Palatsi J, Magri A, Schelde KM (2011) Inventory of manure processing activities in Europe. Technical Report No. I concerning 'Manure Processing Activities in Europe' to the European Commission, Directorate-General Environment.
40. Frank B, Swensson C (2002) Relationship between content of crude protein in rations for dairy cows and milk yield, concentration of urea in milk and ammonia emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 1829-1838.
41. Frank B, Persson M, Gustafsson G (2002) Feeding dairy cows for decreased ammonia emission. Livestock Production Science, 76, 171-179.
42. Galassi G, Colombini S, Malagutti L, Crovetto GM, Rapetti L (2010) Effects of high fibre and low protein diets on performance, digestibility, nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission in the heavy pig. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 161, 140-148.
43. Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG et al. (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 70, 153-226.
44. Gilhespy SL, Webb J, Chadwick DR et al. (2009) Will additional straw bedding in buildings housing cattle and pigs reduce ammonia emissions? Biosystems Engineering, 102, 180-189.
45. Groenestein CM, Van Faassen HG (1996) Volatilization of ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide in deep-litter systems for fattening pigs. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 65, 269-274.
46. Groot Koerkamp PWG, Metz JHM, Uenk GH et al. (1998) Concentrations and emissions of ammonia in livestock buildings in Northern Europe. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 70, 79-95.
47. Gurevitch J, Curtis P, Jones M (2001) Meta-analysis in ecology. Advances in Ecological Research, 32, 199-247.
48. Hansen MN, Sommer SG, Madsen NP (2003) Reduction of Ammonia Emission by Shallow Slurry Injection. Journal of Environment Quality, 32, 1099.
49. Hansen MN, Henriksen K, Sommer SG (2006) Observations of production and emission of greenhouse gases and ammonia during storage of solids separated from pig slurry: effects of covering. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 4172-4181.
50. Hansen CF, Sørensen G, Lyngbye M (2007) Reduced diet crude protein level, benzoic acid and inulin reduced ammonia, but failed to influence odour emission from finishing pigs. Livestock Science, 109, 228-231.
51. Hansen RR, Nielsen DA, Schramm A, Nielsen LP, Revsbech NP, Hansen MN (2009) Greenhouse gas microbiology in wet and dry straw crust covering pig slurry. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38, 1311-1319.
52. Hao X, Chang C, Larney FJ, Travis GR (2001) Greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 376-386.
53. Hayes ET, Leek ABG, Curran TP, Dodd VA, Carton OT, Beattie VE, O'Doherty JV (2004) The influence of diet crude protein level on odour and ammonia emissions from finishing pig houses. Bioresource Technology, 91, 309-315.
54. Hernández F, Martínez S, López C, Megías MD, López M, Madrid J (2011) Effect of dietary crude protein levels in a commercial range, on the nitrogen balance, ammonia emission and pollutant characteristics of slurry in fattening pigs. Animal, 5, 1290-1298.
55. Hjorth M, Christensen KV, Christensen ML, Sommer SG (2010) Solid-liquid separation of animal slurry in theory and practice a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30, 153-180.
56. Hörnig G, Türk M, Wanka U (1999) Slurry covers to reduce ammonia emission and odour nuisance. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 73, 151-157.
57. Huijsmans J (2003) Effect of application method, manure characteristics, weather and field conditions on ammonia volatilization from manure applied to arable land. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3669-3680.
58. Huijsmans M, Hol G (2011) Ammonia emission after application of mineral concentrate to arable land and grassland. In: Report Plant Research International 398 (ed. Huijsmans M), pp. 1-44. Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
59. Huijsmans JFM, Hol JMG, Hendriks MMWB (2001) Effect of application technique, manure characteristics, weather and field conditions on ammonia volatilization from manure applied to grassland. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 49, 323-342.
60. Husted S (1994) Seasonal variation in methane emission from stored slurry and solid manures. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 585-592.
61. IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 4. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IGES, Japan.
62. IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.
63. Ivanova-Peneva SG, Aarnink AJA, Verstegen MWA (2008) Ammonia emissions from organic housing systems with fattening pigs. Biosystems Engineering, 99, 412-422.
64. James T, Meyer D, Esparza E, Depeters EJ, Perez-Monti H (1999) Effects of dietary nitrogen manipulation on ammonia volatilization from manure from Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2430-2439.
65. Jiang T, Schuchardt F, Li GX, Guo R, Luo YM (2013) Gaseous emission during the composting of pig feces from Chinese Ganqinfen system. Chemosphere, 90, 1545-1551.
66. Kai P, Pedersen P, Jensen JE, Hansen MN, Sommer SG (2008) A whole-farm assessment of the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emissions. European Journal of Agronomy, 28, 148-154.
67. Kavolelis B (2006) Impact of animal housing systems on ammonia emission rates. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15, 739-745.
68. Koenig KM, McGinn SM, Beauchemin KA (2013) Ammonia emissions and performance of backgrounding and finishing beef feedlot cattle fed barley-based diets varying in dietary crude protein concentration and rumen degradability. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 2278-2294.
69. Külling DR, Menzi H, Kröber TF, Neftel A, Sutter F, Lischer P, Kreuzer M (2001) Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from different types of dairy manure during storage as affected by dietary protein content. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 137, 235-250.
70. Le PD, Aarnink AJA, Jongbloed AW, van der Peet-Schwering CMC, Ogink NWM, Verstegen MWA (2008) Interactive effects of dietary crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate levels on odour from pig manure. Livestock Science, 114, 48-61.
71. Le PD, Aarnink AJA, Jongbloed AW (2009) Odour and ammonia emission from pig manure as affected by dietary crude protein level. Livestock Science, 121, 267-274.
72. Lee C, Hristov AN, Dell CJ, Feyereisen GW, Kaye J, Beegle D (2012) Effect of dietary protein concentration on ammonia and greenhouse gas emitting potential of dairy manure. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 1930-1941.
73. Leek A, Callan J, Henry R, O'Doherty J (2005) Low crude protein wheat-soyabean diets to growing and finishing pigs: 2. The effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 44, 247-260.
74. Leek ABG, Hayes ET, Curran TP, Callan JJ, Beattie VE, Dodd VA, O'Doherty JV (2007) The influence of manure composition on emissions of odour and ammonia from finishing pigs fed different concentrations of dietary crude protein. Bioresource Technology, 98, 3431-3439.
75. Li L, Cyriac J, Knowlton KF, Marr LC, Gay SW, Hanigan MD, Ogejo JA (2009) Effects of reducing dietary nitrogen on ammonia emissions from manure on the floor of a naturally ventilated free stall dairy barn at low (0-20 & #xB0;C) temperatures. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38, 2172-2181.
76. Lynch MB, Sweeney T, Callan B, Flynn JJ, O'Doherty JV (2007) The effect of high and low dietary crude protein and inulin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, intestinal microflora and manure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs. Animal, 1, 1112-1121.
77. Lynch MB, O'Shea CJ, Sweeney T, Callan JJ, O'Doherty JV (2008) Effect of crude protein concentration and sugar-beet pulp on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, intestinal fermentation and manure ammonia and odour emissions from finisher pigs. Animal, 2, 425-434.
78. Madrid J, Martínez S, López C, Orengo J, López MJ, Hernández F (2013) Effects of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and ammonia emission of barrows and gilts. Animal Production Science, 53, 146-153.
79. Malgeryd J (1998) Technical measures to reduce ammonia losses after spreading of animal manure. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 51, 51-57.
80. Martins O, Dewes T (1992) Loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of animal wastes. Bioresource Technology, 42, 103-111.
81. Mattila P, Joki-Tokola E (2003) Effect of treatment and application technique of cattle slurry on its utilization by ley: I Slurry properties and ammonia volatilization. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 65, 221-230.
82. Mattila P, Joki-Tokola E, Tanni R (2003) Effect of treatment and application technique of cattle slurry on its utilization by ley: II Recovery of nitrogen and composition of herbage yield. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 65, 231-242.
83. McGinn SM, Sommer SG (2007) Ammonia emissions from land-applied beef cattle manure. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 87, 345-352.
84. Menzi H, Katz PE, Fahrni M, Neftel A, Frick R (1998) A simple empirical model based on regression analysis to estimate ammonia emissions after manure application. Atmospheric Environment, 32, 301-307.
85. Misselbrook TH, Smith ka, Johnson RA, Pain BF (2002) Slurry application techniques to reduce ammonia emissions: results of some UK field-scale experiments. Biosystems Engineering, 81, 313-321.
86. Misselbrook TH, Powell JM, Broderick GA, Grabber JH (2005a) Dietary manipulation in dairy cattle: laboratory experiments to assess the influence on ammonia emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 1765-1777.
87. Misselbrook TH, Brookman SKE, Smith KA, Cumby T, Williams AG, McCrory DF (2005b) Crusting of stored dairy slurry to abate ammonia emissions: pilot-scale studies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 411-419.
88. Moal J-F, Martinez J, Guiziou F, Coste C-M (2009) Ammonia volatilization following surface-applied pig and cattle slurry in France. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 125, 245.
89. Möller K, Stinner W (2009) Effects of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil mineral nitrogen content and on gaseous nitrogen losses (ammonia, nitrous oxides). European Journal of Agronomy, 30, 1-16.
90. Monaco S, Sacco D, Pelissetti S, Dinuccio E, Balsari P, Rostami M, Grignani C (2011) Laboratory assessment of ammonia emission after soil application of treated and untreated manures. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 150, 65-73.
91. Montalvo G, Morales J, Pineiro C, Godbout S, Bigeriego M (2013) Effect of different dietary strategies on gas emissions and growth performance in post- weaned piglets. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 1016.
92. Montes F, Meinen R, Dell C et al. (2013) Special topics-Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: II. A review of manure management mitigation options. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 5070-5094.
93. Ngwabie NM, Jeppsson K-H, Nimmermark S, Swensson C, Gustafsson G (2009) Multi-location measurements of greenhouse gases and emission rates of methane and ammonia from a naturally-ventilated barn for dairy cows. Biosystems Engineering, 103, 68-77.
94. Ngwabie NM, Jeppsson K-H, Gustafsson G, Nimmermark S (2011) Effects of animal activity and air temperature on methane and ammonia emissions from a naturally ventilated building for dairy cows. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 6760-6768.
95. Nkoa R (2013) Agricultural benefits and environmental risks of soil fertilization with anaerobic digestates: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34, 473-492.
96. Novak S, Fiorelli J (2010) Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from organic mixed crop-dairy systems: a critical review of mitigation options. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30, 215-236.
97. Nyord T, Hansen MN, Birkmose TS (2012) Ammonia volatilisation and crop yield following land application of solid-liquid separated, anaerobically digested, and soil injected animal slurry to winter wheat. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 160, 75-81.
98. O'Connell JM, Callan JJ, O'Doherty JV (2006) The effect of dietary crude protein level, cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration and ammonia emissions from pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 127, 73-88.
99. Oenema O, Velthof G, Kuikman P (2001) Technical and policy aspects of strategies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1997, 301-315.
100. Oenema O, Wrage N, Velthof GL, Groenigen JW, Dolfing J, Kuikman PJ (2005) Trends in global nitrous oxide emissions from animal production systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 72, 51-65.
101. O'Shea CJ, Lynch B, Lynch MB, Callan JJ, O'Doherty JV (2009) Ammonia emissions and dry matter of separated pig manure fractions as affected by crude protein concentration and sugar beet pulp inclusion of finishing pig diets. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 131, 154-160.
102. Ottosen LDM, Poulsen HV, Nielsen DA, Finster K, Nielsen LP, Revsbech NP (2009) Observations on microbial activity in acidified pig slurry. Biosystems Engineering, 102, 291-297.
103. Paillat J-M, Robin P, Hassouna M, Leterme P (2005) Predicting ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions from carbon and nitrogen biodegradability during animal waste composting. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 6833-6842.
104. Panetta DM, Powers WJ, Xin H, Kerr BJ, Stalder KJ (2006) Nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions from pigs fed modified diets. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 1297-1308.
105. Parkinson R (2004) Effect of turning regime and seasonal weather conditions on nitrogen and phosphorus losses during aerobic composting of cattle manure. Bioresource Technology, 91, 171-178.
106. Pereira J, Misselbrook TH, Chadwick DR, Coutinho J, Trindade H (2010a) Ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated dairy cattle buildings and outdoor concrete yards in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 3413-3421.
107. Pereira J, Fangueiro D, Chadwick DR, Misselbrook TH, Coutinho J, Trindade H (2010b) Effect of cattle slurry pre-treatment by separation and addition of nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions and N dynamics: a laboratory study. Chemosphere, 79, 620-627.
108. Petersen S (1999) Nitrous oxide emissions from manure and inorganic fertilizers applied to spring barley. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28, 1610-1618.
109. Petersen SO, Ambus P (2006) Methane oxidation in pig and cattle slurry storages, and effects of surface crust moisture and methane availability. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 74, 1-11.
110. Petersen SO, Lind A-M, Sommer SG (1998) Nitrogen and organic matter losses during storage of cattle and pig manure. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 130, 69-79.
111. Petersen SO, Amon B, Gattinger A (2005) Methane oxidation in slurry storage surface crusts. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 455-461.
112. Petersen S, Sommer S, Beline F et al. (2007) Recycling of livestock manure in a whole-farm perspective. Livestock Science, 112, 180-191.
113. Petersen SO, Andersen AJ, Eriksen J (2012) Effects of cattle slurry acidification on ammonia and methane evolution during storage. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41, 88-94.
114. 3 and odorants from pig slurry during winter and summer storage. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 95, 103-113.
115. Petersen SO, Højberg O, Poulsen M, Schwab C, Eriksen J (2014) Methanogenic community changes, and emissions of methane and other gases, during storage of acidified and untreated pig slurry. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 117, 160-172.
116. Philippe FX, Laitat M, Canart B, Vandenheede M, Nicks B (2007a) Gaseous emissions during the fattening of pigs kept either on fully slatted floors or on straw flow. Animal, 1, 1515-1523.
117. Philippe FX, Laitat M, Canart B, Vandenheede M, Nicks B (2007b) Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter. Livestock Science, 111, 144-152.
118. Philippe FX, Laitat M, Wavreille J, Bartiaux-Thill N, Nicks B, Cabaraux JF (2011) Ammonia and greenhouse gas emission from group-housed gestating sows depends on floor type. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 140, 498-505.
119. Philippe FX, Laitat M, Nicks B, Cabaraux JF (2012) Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs kept on two types of straw floor. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 150, 45-53.
120. Philippe FX, Laitat M, Wavreille J, Nicks B, Cabaraux JF (2013) Influence of permanent use of feeding stalls as living area on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions for group-housed gestating sows kept on straw deep-litter. Livestock Science, 155, 397-406.
121. Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D (2014) nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-117. Available at: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme (accessed 15 February 2014).
122. Portejoie S, Martinez J, Guiziou F, Coste CM (2003) Effect of covering pig slurry stores on the ammonia emission processes. Bioresource Technology, 87, 199-207.
123. Portejoie S, Dourmad JY, Martinez J, Lebreton Y (2004) Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs. Livestock Production Science, 91, 45-55.
124. Rochette P, van Bochove E, Pre′vost D, Angers DA, Co^te′ D, Bertrand N (2000) Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics following application of pig slurry for the 19th consecutive year. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 1396.
125. Rodhe L, Karlsson S (2002) Ammonia emissions from broiler manure - influence of storage and spreading method. Biosystems Engineering, 82, 455-462.
126. Rodhe L, Pell M, Yamulki S (2006) Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland. Soil Use and Management, 22, 229-237.
127. Rodhe LKK, Abubaker J, Ascue J, Pell M, Nordberg Å (2012) Greenhouse gas emissions from pig slurry during storage and after field application in northern European conditions. Biosystems Engineering, 113, 379-394.
128. Sagoo E, Williams JR, Chambers BJ, Boyles LO, Matthews R, Chadwick DR (2007) Integrated management practices to minimise losses and maximise the crop nitrogen value of broiler litter. Biosystems Engineering, 97, 512-519.
129. Saha CK, Ammon C, Berg W et al. (2014) Seasonal and diel variations of ammonia and methane emissions from a naturally ventilated dairy building and the associated factors influencing emissions. The Science of the Total Environment, 468-469, 53-62.
130. Schouten S, van Groenigen JW, Oenema O, Cayuela ML (2012) Bioenergy from cattle manure? Implications of anaerobic digestion and subsequent pyrolysis for carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 751-760.
131. Schrade S, Zeyer K, Gygax L, Emmenegger L, Hartung E, Keck M (2012) Ammonia emissions and emission factors of naturally ventilated dairy housing with solid floors and an outdoor exercise area in Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment, 47, 183-194.
132. Shah GM, Groot JCJ, Oenema O, Lantinga EA (2012) Covered storage reduces losses and improves crop utilisation of nitrogen from solid cattle manure. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 94, 299-312.
133. Sistani KR, Warren JG, Lovanh N, Higgins S, Shearer S (2010) Greenhouse gas emissions from swine effluent applied to soil by different methods. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74, 429.
134. Smith KA, Jackson DR, Misselbrook TH, Pain BF, Johnson RA (2000) Reduction of ammonia emission by slurry application techniques. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 77, 277-287.
135. Smith K, Cumby T, Lapworth J, Misselbrook T, Williams A (2007) Natural crusting of slurry storage as an abatement measure for ammonia emissions on dairy farms. Biosystems Engineering, 97, 464-471.
136. Smits MCJ, Valk H, Elzing A, Keen A (1995) Effect of protein nutrition on ammonia emission from a cubicle house for dairy cattle. Livestock Production Science, 44, 147-156.
137. Sommer SG (1997) Ammonia volatilization from farm tanks containing anaerobically digested animal slurry. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 863-868.
138. Sommer S (2001) Effect of composting on nutrient loss and nitrogen availability of cattle deep litter. European Journal of Agronomy, 14, 123-133.
139. Sommer SG, Dahl P (1999) Nutrient and carbon balance during the composting of deep Litter. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 74, 145-153.
140. Sommer S, Hutchings N (2001) Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction-invited paper. European Journal of Agronomy, 15, 1-15.
141. Sommer S, Olesen J (1991) Effects of dry matter content and temperature on ammonia loss from surface-applied cattle slurry. Journal of Environmental Quality, 20, 679-683.
142. Sommer SG, Sherlock RR, Khan RZ (1996) Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from pig slurry amended soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28, 1541-1544.
143. Sommer S, Petersen SO, Segaard HT (2000) Greenhouse gas emission from stored livestock slurry. Journal of Environment Quality, 29, 744-751.
144. Sommer SG, Petersen SO, Møller HB (2004) Algorithms for calculating methane and nitrous oxide emissions from manure management. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 69, 143-154.
145. Sommer SG, Petersen SO, Sørensen P, Poulsen HD, Møller HB (2007) Methane and carbon dioxide emissions and nitrogen turnover during liquid manure storage. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 78, 27-36.
146. Sommer SG, Olesen JE, Petersen SO, Weisbjerg MR, Valli L, Rohde L, Béline F (2009) Region-specific assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation with different manure management strategies in four agroecological zones. Global Change Biology, 15, 2825-2837.
147. Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Roslaes M, De Haan C (2006) Livestock's long shadow. Environmental Issues and Options FAO report, Rome, Italy.
148. Sutton MA, Erisman JW, Dentener F, Möller D (2008) Ammonia in the environment: from ancient times to the present. Environmental Pollution, 156, 583-604.
149. Swierstra D, Smits M, Kroodsma W (1995) Ammonia emission from cubicle houses for cattle with slatted and solid floors. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 62, 127-132.
150. 4 emissions during passively aerated composting of straw-rich pig manure. Bioresource Technology, 98, 2659-2670.
151. 2O emissions as determined by a new non-linear approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 136, 227-235.
152. 2O, NO) from surface applied, injected or amended (DCD) pig slurry of an irrigated soil in a Mediterranean climate. Plant and Soil, 272, 313-325.
153. Vallejo A, Skiba U, Garciatorres L, Arce A, Lopezfernandez S, Sanchezmartin L (2006) Nitrogen oxides emission from soils bearing a potato crop as influenced by fertilization with treated pig slurries and composts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 2782-2793.
154. Van der Stelt B, van Vliet PCJ, Reijs JW, Temminghoff EJM, van Riemsdijk WH (2008) Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on cow manure excretion and ammonia volatilization. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 4811-4821.
155. Van Ransbeeck N, Van Langenhove H, Demeyer P (2013) Indoor concentrations and emissions factors of particulate matter, ammonia and greenhouse gases for pig fattening facilities. Biosystems Engineering, 116, 518-528.
156. VanderZaag A, Gordon R (2010) Permeable synthetic covers for controlling emissions from liquid dairy manure. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 26, 287-298.
157. VanderZaag AC, Gordon RJ, Jamieson RC, Burton DL, Stratton GW (2009) Gas emissions from straw covered liquid dairy manure during summer storage and autumn agitation. Transactions of the ASABE, 52, 599-608.
158. Velthof GL, Mosquera J (2011) The impact of slurry application technique on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 140, 298-308.
159. Velthof G, Kuikman P, Oenema O (2003) Nitrous oxide emission from animal manures applied to soil under controlled conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37, 221-230.
160. Velthof GL, Nelemans JA, Oenema O, Kuikman PJ (2005) Gaseous nitrogen and carbon losses from pig manure derived from different diets. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 698-706.
161. Wang K, Huang D, Ying H, Luo H (2014) Effects of acidification during storage on emissions of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide from digested pig slurry. Biosystems Engineering, 122, 23-30.
162. Webb J, Chadwick D, Ellis S (2004) Emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide following incorporation into the soil of farmyard manures stored at different densities. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 70, 67-76.
163. Webb J, Pain B, Bittman S, Morgan J (2010) The impacts of manure application methods on emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and on crop response-A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 137, 39-46.
164. Webb J, Thorman RE, Fernanda-Aller M, Jackson DR (2014) Emission factors for ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions following immediate manure incorporation on two contrasting soil types. Atmospheric Environment, 82, 280-287.
165. Weslien P, Klemedtsson L, Svensson L, Galle B, Kasimir-Klemedtsson Å, Gustafsson A (2006) Nitrogen losses following application of pig slurry to arable land. Soil Use and Management, 14, 200-208.
166. Wu W, Zhang G, Kai P (2012) Ammonia and methane emissions from two naturally ventilated dairy cattle buildings and the influence of climatic factors on ammonia emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 61, 232-243.
167. Wulf S, Maeting M, Clemens J (2002a) Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: I Ammonia volatilization. Journal of Environment Quality, 31, 1789-1794.
168. Wulf S, Maeting M, Clemens J (2002b) Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: II. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Journal of Environment Quality, 31, 1795-1801.