Morphology, intensity, and rainfall production of MJO convection: Observations from DYNAMO shipborne radar and TRMM

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 623-640

  Xu, Weixin ^a   Rutledge, Steven A ^a  

^a Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATOLOGY; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING; INTERACTIVE DEVICES; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; RAIN GAGES; SHIPS; STORMS;

CONVECTIVE INTENSITY; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; ORGANIZATIONAL MODES; PRECIPITATION RADAR; RAINFALL CONTRIBUTIONS; REDUCED RESOLUTION;

RAIN;

CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; RADAR; RAINFALL; SHIPBORNE MEASUREMENT; TRMM;

EID: 84923069583     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0130.1     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Alexander, G. D., and G. S. Young, 1992: The relationship between EMEX mesoscale precipitation feature properties and their environmental characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 554-564, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0554:TRBEMP>2.0.CO;2.
2. Awaka, J., T. Iguchi, and K. Okamoto, 2009: TRMM PR standard algorithm 2A23 and its performance on bright band detection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87A, 31-52, doi:10.2151/jmsj.87A.31.
3. Barnes, G. M., and K. Seickman, 1984: The environment of fastand slow-moving tropical mesoscale convective cloud lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1782-1794, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1782:TEOFAS>2.0.CO;2.
4. Bechtold, P., M. Köhler, T. Jung, F. Doblas-Reyes, M. Leutbecher, M. J. Rodwell, F. Vitart, and G. Balsamo, 2008: Advances in simulating atmospheric variability with the ECMWF model:From synoptic to decadal time-scales. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1337-1351, doi:10.1002/qj.289.
5. Bladé, I., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: Tropical intraseasonal oscillations in a simple nonlinear model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2922-2939, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2922:TIOIAS>2.0.CO;2.
6. Cheng, C.-P., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1979: The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1370-1381, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1370:TDOCAM>2.0.CO;2.
7. Cifelli, R., S. W. Nesbitt, S. A. Rutledge, W. A. Petersen, and S. Yuter, 2007: Radar characteristics of precipitation features in the EPIC and TEPPS regions of the east Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1576-1595, doi:10.1175/MWR3340.1.
8. Feng, Z., S. A. McFarlane, C. Schumacher, S. Ellis, J. Comstock, and N. Bharadwaj, 2014: Constructing a merged cloud-precipitation radar dataset for tropical convective clouds during the DYNAMO/AMIE Experiment at Addu Atoll. J. Atmos. Tech., 31, 1021-1042, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00132.1.
9. Gamache, J. F., and R.A. Houze, 1983: Water budget of amesoscale convective system in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1835:WBOAMC>2.0.CO;2.
10. Gottschalck, J., P. E. Roundy, C. J. Schreck III, A. Vintzileos, and C. Zhang, 2013: Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions during the 2011-12 DYNAMO field campaign. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 4173-4196, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00022.1.
11. Guy, N., and D. P. Jorgensen, 2014: Kinematic and precipitation characteristics of convective systems observed by airborne doppler radar during the life cycle of a Madden-Julian oscillation in the Indian Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 1385-1402, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00252.1.
12. Hendon, H. H., and B. Liebmann, 1990: The intraseasonal (30- 50 day) oscillation of the Australian summer monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2909-2923, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2909:TIDOOT>2.0.CO;2.
13. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1977: Structure and dynamics of a tropical squallline system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1540-1567, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1540:SADOAT>2.0.CO;2.
14. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1989: Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 425-461, doi:10.1002/qj.49711548702.
15. Houze, R. A., Jr., and E. N. Rappaport, 1984: Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 553-574, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0553:AMAPSO>2.0.CO;2.
16. Hu, Q., and D. A. Randall, 1994: Low-frequency oscillations in radiative-convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1089-1099, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1089:LFOIRC>2.0.CO;2.
17. Huffman, G. J., and Coauthors, 2007: The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J. Hydrometeor., 8, 38-55, doi:10.1175/JHM560.1.
18. Hung, M.-P., J.-L. Lin, W. Wang, D. Kim, T. Shinoda, and S. J. Weaver, 2013:MJOand convectively coupled equatorial waves simulated by CMIP5 climate models. J. Climate, 26, 6185-6214, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00541.1.
19. Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, J. Kwiatkowski, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, 2009: Uncertainties in the rain profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87A, 1-30, doi:10.2151/jmsj.87A.1.
20. Johnson, R. H., 1984: Partitioning tropical heat and moisture budgets into cumulus and mesoscale components: Implications for cumulus parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1590-1601, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1590:PTHAMB>2.0.CO;2.
21. Johnson, R. H., and P. E. Ciesielski, 2013: Structure and properties of Madden-Julian oscillations deduced from DYNAMO sounding arrays. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3157-3179, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-065.1.
22. Johnson, R. H., S. L. Aves, P. E. Ciesielski, and T. D. Keenan, 2005: Organization of oceanic convection during the onset of the 1998 East Asian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 131-148, doi:10.1175/MWR-2843.1.
23. Keenan, T. D., and R. E. Carbone, 1992: A preliminary morphology of precipitation systems in tropical northern Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 283-326, doi:10.1002/qj.49711850406.
24. Keenan, T. D., and S. A. Rutledge, 1993: Mesoscale characteristics of monsoonal convection and associated stratiform precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 352-374, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0352:MCOMCA>2.0.CO;2.
25. Kemball-Cook, S. R., and B. C. Weare, 2001: The onset of convection in the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 780-793, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0780:TOOCIT>2.0.CO;2.
26. Kim, D., and Coauthors, 2009: Application of MJO simulation diagnostics to climate models. J. Climate, 22, 6413-6436, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3063.1.
27. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809-817, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0809:TTRMMT>2.0.CO;2.
28. Lau, W. K.-M., 2012: El Niño Southern Oscillation connection. Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, 2nd ed., W.K.-M. Lau and D. E. Waliser, Eds., Springer, 297-334.
29. Lau, W. K.-M., and P. H. Chan, 1986: Aspects of the 40-50 day oscillation during the northern summer as inferred from outgoing longwave radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1354-1367, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1354:AOTDOD>2.0.CO;2.
30. Lau, W. K.-M., and D. E. Waliser, 2005: Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Praxis, 436 pp.
31. Lau, W. K.-M., and H.-T. Wu, 2010: Characteristics of precipitation, cloud, and latent heating associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 23, 504-518, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2920.1.
32. Lawrence, D. M., and P. J. Webster, 2002: The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation: Relationship between northward and eastward movement of convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1593-1606, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1593:TBSIOR>2.0.CO;2.
33. Leary, C. A., 1984: Precipitation structure of the cloud clusters in a tropical easterlywave. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 313-325, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0313:PSOTCC>2.0.CO;2.
34. LeMone, M. A., 1983: Momentum transport by a line of cumulonimbus. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1815-1834, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1815:MTBALO>2.0.CO;2.
35. LeMone, M. A., G. M. Barnes, and E. J. Zipser, 1984: Momentum flux by lines of cumulonimbus over the tropical ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1914-1932, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1914:MFBLOC>2.0.CO;2.
36. LeMone, M. A., E. J. Zipser, and S. B. Trier, 1998: The role of environmental shear and thermodynamic conditions in determining the structure and evolution ofmesoscale convective systems during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3493-3518, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3493:TROESA>2.0.CO;2.
37. L'Heureux, M. L., and R. W. Higgins, 2008: Boreal winter links between the Madden-Julian oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. J. Climate, 21, 3040-3050, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1955.1.
38. Liebmann, B., H. Hendon, and J. Glick, 1994: The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian oceans and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 401-411.
39. Lin, H., G. Brunet, and J. Derome, 2009: An observed connection between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 22, 364-380, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2515.1.
40. Lin, J., B. Mapes, M. Zhang, and M. Newman, 2004: Stratiform precipitation, vertical heating profiles, and the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 296-309, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0296:SPVHPA>2.0.CO;2.
41. Lin, J., and Coauthors, 2006: Tropical intraseasonal variability in 14 IPCC AR4 climate models. Part I: Convective signals. J. Climate, 19, 2665-2690, doi:10.1175/JCLI3735.1.
42. Liu, C., and E. Zipser, 2013: Regional variation of morphology of organized convection in the tropics and subtropics. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 453-466, doi:10.1029/2012JD018409.
43. Liu, C., E. Zipser, D. J. Cecil, S. W. Nesbitt, and S. Sherwood, 2008: A cloud and precipitation feature database from nine years of TRMM observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 47, 2712-2728, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1890.1.
44. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:DOADOI>2.0.CO;2.
45. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1109:DOGSCC>2.0.CO;2.
46. Maloney, E. D., and D. L. Hartmann, 2000: Modulation of eastern North Pacific hurricanes by the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 1451-1460, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1451:MOENPH>2.0.CO;2.
47. Medioni, G., M.-S. Lee, and C. K. Tang, 2000: A Computational Framework for Segmentation and Grouping. Elsevier, 260 pp.
48. Moncrieff, M. W., and J. S. A. Green, 1972: The propagation and transfer properties of steady convective overturning in shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 336-352, doi:10.1002/qj.49709841607.
49. Morita, J., Y. N. Takayabu, S. Shige, and Y. Kodama, 2006: Analysis of rainfall characteristics of the Madden-Julian oscillation using TRMM satellite data. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 42, 107-126, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2006.02.002.
50. Moum, J. N., and Coauthors, 2014: Air-sea interactions from the westerly wind burst events during the November 2011 MJO in the Indian Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95, 1185-1199, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00225.1.
51. Nesbitt, S.W., E. J. Zipser, and D. J. Cecil, 2000: A census of precipitation features in the tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering, and lightning observations. J. Climate, 13, 4087-4106, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4087:ACOPFI>2.0.CO;2.
52. Nesbitt, S.W., R. Cifelli, and S. A. Rutledge, 2006: Storm morphology and rainfall characteristics of TRMM precipitation features. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2702-2721, doi:10.1175/MWR3200.1.
53. Oye, D., and M. Case, 1995: REORDER: A program for gridding radar data: Installation and use manual for the UNIX version. NCAR/ATD, 30 pp. [Available online at https://www.eol. ucar.edu/system/files/unixreorder.pdf.]
54. Petersen, W. A., S. A. Rutledge, and R. E. Orville, 1996: Cloudto-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE: Selected results and lightning location algorithms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 602-620, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0602:CTGLOF>2.0.CO;2.
55. Powell, S., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2014: The cloud population and onset of the Madden-Julian Oscillation over the Indian Ocean during DYNAMO-AMIE. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 11 979-11 995, doi:10.1002/2013JD020421.
56. Rickenbach, T. M., and S. A. Rutledge, 1998: Convection in TOGA COARE: Horizontal scale, morphology, and rainfall production. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2715-2729, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2715:CITCHS>2.0.CO;2.
57. Riley, E. M., B. E. Mapes, and S. N. Tulich, 2011: Clouds associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation: A new perspective from CloudSat. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 3032-3051, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-030.1.
58. Rowe, A. K., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2014: Microphysical characteristics of MJO convection over the Indian Ocean during DYNAMO. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 2543-2554, doi:10.1002/2013JD020799.
59. Saxen, T. R., and S. A. Rutledge, 1998: Surface fluxes and boundary layer recovery in TOGA COARE: Sensitivity to convective organization. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2763-2781, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2763:SFABLR>2.0.CO;2.
60. Short, D. A., P. A. Kucera, B. S. Ferrier, J. C. Gerlach, S. A. Rutledge, and O. W. Thiele, 1997: Shipboard radar rainfall patterns within the TOGA COARE IFA. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2817-2836, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2817:SRRPWT>2.0.CO;2.
61. Steiner, M., R. A. Houze Jr., and S. E. Yuter, 1995: Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1978-2007, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1978:CCOTDS>2.0.CO;2.
62. Szoke, E. J., and E. J. Zipser, 1986: A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part II: life cycles of convective cells. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 199-218, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0199:ARSOCC>2.0.CO;2.
63. Tao, W. K., J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, B. Ferrier, S. Lang, J. Scala, M.-D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673-690, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0673:HMAWBO>2.0.CO;2.
64. Thompson, D. B., and P. E. Roundy, 2013: The relationship between the Madden-Julian oscillation and U.S. violent tornado outbreaks in the spring. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2087-2095, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00173.1.
65. Tromeur, E., and W. B. Rossow, 2010: Interaction of tropical deep convection with the large-scale circulation in the MJO. J. Climate, 23, 1837-1853, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3240.1.
66. Tung, W.-W., and M. Yanai, 2002: Convective momentum transport observed during the TOGA COARE IOP. Part I:General features. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1857-1871, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1857:CMTODT>2.0.CO;2.
67. Vitart, F., and F. Molteni, 2010: Simulation of the Madden-Julian oscillation and its teleconnections in the ECMWF forecast system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 842-855, doi:10.1002/qj.623.
68. Wheeler, M., and H. H. Hendon, 2004: An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1917-1932, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1917:AARMMI>2.0.CO;2.
69. Wu, X., and M. Yanai, 1994: Effects of vertical wind shear on the cumulus transport of momentum: Observations and parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1640-1660, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1640:EOVWSO>2.0.CO;2.
70. Xu, W., and E. J. Zipser, 2012: Regime variations among continental, monsoon, and oceanic deep convection over the tropics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L07802, doi:10.1029/2012GL051242.
71. Xu, W., and S. A. Rutledge, 2014: Convective characteristics of the Madden-Julian oscillation over the central Indian Ocean observed by shipborne radar during DYNAMO. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2859-2877, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0372.1.
72. Yoneyama, K., C. Zhang, and C. N. Long, 2013: Tracking pulses of the Madden-Julian oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1871-1891, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00157.1.
73. Zhang, C., 2005: Madden-Julian Oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 43, RG2003, doi:10.1029/2004RG000158.
74. Zhang, C., 2013: Madden-Julian oscillation: Bridging weather and climate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1849-1870, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00026.1.
75. Zipser, E. J., 1977: Mesoscale and convective-scale downdraughts as distinct components of squall-line circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1568-1589, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1568:MACDAD>2.0.CO;2.
76. Zipser, E. J., 1994: Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1837-1851, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1837:DCCSIT>2.0.CO;2.
77. Zipser, E. J., R. J. Meitin, and M. A. LeMone, 1981: Mesoscale motion fields associated with a slowly moving GATE convective band. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1725-1750, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1725:MMFAWA>2.0.CO;2.
78. Zuluaga, M. D., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2013: Evolution of the population of precipitating convective systems over the equatorial Indian Ocean in active phases of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2713-2725, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0311.1.