Regional variation of morphology of organized convection in the tropics and subtropics

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 118, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 453-466

  Liu, Chuntao ^a   Zipser, Edward ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MORPHOLOGY; OCEAN CURRENTS;

BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; COASTAL REGIONS; CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION; MOUNTAIN SLOPES; REGIONAL VARIATION; SUBTROPICAL OCEAN; TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION PRECIPITATION RADARS; TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSIONS;

TROPICS;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; RADAR; REGIONAL CLIMATE; SUBTROPICAL REGION; TRMM; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT;

ARGENTINA; CENTRAL AFRICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84884832808     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018409     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Adler, R. F., G. J. Huffman, D. T. Bolvin, S. Curtis, and E. J. Nelkin, (2000). Tropical rainfall distributions determined using TRMM combined with other satellite and rain gauge information, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2007-2023. (Pubitemid 32214703)
2. Alexander, G. D., and G. S. Young, (1992). The relationship between EMEX mesoscale precipitation feature properties and their environmental characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 554-564.
3. Awaka, J., T. Iguchi, and K. Okamoto, (1998). Algorithm 2a23-Rain type classification. Proc. Symp. On precipitation observation from a Non- Sun Synchronous Orbit, Nagoya, Japan, THAAS and ESTO, 215-220.
4. Awaka, J., T. Iguchi, and K. Okamoto, (2009). TRMM PR standard algorithm 2A23 and its performance on bright band detection, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87a, 31-52.
5. Back, L. E, and C. S. Bretherton, (2009). On the relationship between between SST gradients, boundary layer winds and convergence over the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 22, 4182-4196.
6. Carbone, R. E., J. D. Tuttle, D. A. Ahijevych, and S. B. Trier. (2002). Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2033-2056. (Pubitemid 34817274)
7. Cetrone, J., and R. A. Houze Jr., (2006). Characteristics of tropical convection over the ocean near Kwajalein. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 834-853.
8. Cetrone, J., and R.A. Houze Jr., (2011). Leading and trailing anvil clouds of west African squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1114-1123.
9. Chen, G. T.-J., (2004). Research on the phenomena of Meiyu dring the past quarter century: An overview. The East Asian Monsoon, C.-P. Chang, Ed., World Scientific, Singapore, 357-403.
10. Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., (1997). Diurnal variation and life cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 123, 357-388.
11. Cheng, C.-P and R.A. Houze, (1979). The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1370-1381.
12. Dee, D. P., (2011). The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597.
13. Doyle, J. D., and T. T. Warner, (1993). Nonhydrostatic simulation of coastal mesoscale vortices and frontogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 331-3392.
14. Hirose, M. and K. Nakamura. (2004.) Spatiotemporal variation of the vertical gradient of rainfall rate observed by the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Clim, 17, 3378-3397. (Pubitemid 39364857)
15. Hodges, K.I., and C. D. Thorncroft, (1997). Distribution and statistics of African mesoscale convective weather systems based on the ISCCP meteosat imagery, Mon. Weather Rev., 125 2821-2837. (Pubitemid 127667513)
16. Houze, R. A. Jr., (1977). Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system, Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1540-1567.
17. Houze, R. A. Jr., and C. -P. Cheng, (1977). Radar characteristics of tropical convection observed during GATE: Mean properties and trends over the summer season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 964-980.
18. Houze, R. A. Jr., (1989). Observaed structure of Mesoscale convective systems and implications for large scale heating. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 115, 425-461.
19. Houze, R. A. Jr., (2004). Mesoscale convective systems, Rev. Geophys., 42, doi:10.1029/2004RG000150. (Pubitemid 40294767)
20. Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, (2000). Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2038-2052. (Pubitemid 32214705)
21. Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, J. Kwiatkowski, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, (2009). Uncertainties in the rain profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87a, 1-30.
22. Johnson, R. H., S. L. Aves, and P. E. Ciesielski, (2005). Organization of oceanic convection during the onset of the 1998 east Asian summer monsoon, Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 131-148. (Pubitemid 40295082)
23. Kondo, J., (1976). Heat balance of the East China Sea during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 54, 382-398.
24. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, (1998). The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 809-817. (Pubitemid 128562830)
25. Lafore, J.-P and M.W. Moncrieff, (1989). A numerical investigation of the organization and interaction of the convective and stratiform regions of tropical squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 521-544.
26. Laing, A. G., and J. M. Fritsch, (1997) The global population of Mesoscale convective complexes, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 123, 389-405.
27. Lau, K.-N., (2000). A report of the field operations and early results of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 1261-1270.
28. LeMone, P. A., (1983). Momentum transport by a line of cumulonimbus, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1815-1834.
29. LeMone, P. A., E. J. Zipser, and S. B. Trier, (1998). The role of environmental shear and thermodynamic conditions in determining structure and evolution of mesoscale convective systems during TOGA COARE, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3493-3518.
30. Liou, K., (1986). Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A Global perspective, Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 1167-1199.
31. Liu, C., E.J. Zipser, D.J. Cecil, S.W. Nesbitt, and S. Sherwood, (2008).Acloud and precipitation feature database from 9 years of TRMM observations. J. Appl. Meteor. Climate, 47, 2712-2728. doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1890. 1.
32. Liu, C., and E.J. Zipser. (2009). Warm rain in the tropics: Seasonal and regional distribution based on 9 years of TRMM data. J. Climate, 22, 767-779. DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2641.1.
33. Liu, C., (2011). Rainfall contribution from precipitation systems with different sizes, intensities and durations, J. Hydrometeor., 12, 394-412.
34. Maddox, R. A. (1980). Mesoscale convective complexes, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.. 61, 1374-1387.
35. McAnelly, R. L., and W. R. Cotton. (1989). the precipitation life cycle of mesoscale convective complexes, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 784-808.
36. Moncrieff, M. W., and J. S. A. Green, (1972). The propagation and transfer properties of steady convective overturning in shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 336-352.
37. Nesbitt, S. W., E. J. Zipser, and D. J. Cecil, (2000). A census of precipitation features in the Tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering, and lightning observations. J. Climate, 13, 4087-4106.
38. Nesbitt, S. W., R. Cifelli, and S. A. Rutledge, (2006). Storm morphology and rainfall characteristics of TRMM precipitation features. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2702-2721. (Pubitemid 44649916)
39. Parker, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, (2000). Organizational modes of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128. 3413-3436.
40. Parker, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, (2004). Simulated convective lines with leading precipitation. Part I: Governing dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1637-1655. (Pubitemid 39115671)
41. Peterson, W. A., and S. A. Rutledge, (2001). Regional variability in tropical convection: Observations from TRMM, J. Climat., 14, 3566-3586. (Pubitemid 32980830)
42. Romatcshke, U., and R. A. Houze Jr., (2011). Characteristics of precipitating convective systems in the South Asian Monsoon, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 3-26.
43. Robinson, F. J., S. C. Sherwood, D. Gerstle, C. Liu, and D. J. Kieshbaum, (2011). Exploring the land-ocean contrast in convective vigor using islands, J. Atmos. Sci, 68, 602-618.
44. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp and M. L. Weisman, (1988) A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
45. Rouault, M., S. A. White, C. J. C. Reason, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, I. Jobard, (2002). Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction in the Agulhas Current Region and a South African Extreme Weather Event. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 655-669.
46. Rowell, D. P., and J. R. Milford, (1993). On the generation of African squall lines. J. Climate, 6, 1181-1193. (Pubitemid 24396329)
47. Saxen, T. R., and S. A. Rutledge, (1998). Surface fluxes and boundary layer recovery in TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2763-2781.
48. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., (2003a). The TRMM precipitation radar's view of shallow, isolated rain, J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1519-1524. (Pubitemid 37458538)
49. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., (2003b). Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Climate, 16, 1739-1756. (Pubitemid 36821687)
50. Schumacher, C., R. A. Houze Jr., and I. Krucunas, (2004). The tropical dynamical response to latent hearing estimates derived from the TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1341-1358. (Pubitemid 38945797)
51. Spencer, R. W., H. G. Goodman, and R. E. Hood, (1989). Precipitation retrieval over land and ocean with the SSM/I: identification and characteristics of the scattering signal, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 254-273.
52. Szoke, E. J., and E. J. Zipser, (1986). A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part II: life cycles of convective cells, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 199-218.
53. Toracinta, E. R., D. J. Cecil, E. J. Zipser, and S. W. Nesbitt, (2002). Radar, passive, microwave, and lightning characteristics of precipitation systems in the tropics, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 802-824. (Pubitemid 34439997)
54. Weckwerth, T. M., and D. B. Parsons, (2006). A review of convection initiation and motivation for IHOP 2002, Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 5-22. (Pubitemid 43337126)
55. Weisman, M.L., and R. Rotunno, (2004). "A thorty for strong long-lived squall lines" revisited. J. Atmos., Sci., 61, 361-382.
56. Wu, X., and M. W. Moncrieff, (1996). Collective effects of organized convection and their approximation in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1477-1495.
57. Yang, M.-K., and R. A. Houze Jr. (1996). Momentum budget of a squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation: calculations from a high-resolution numerical model, J. Atmos. Sci, 53, 3629-3652. (Pubitemid 126614974)
58. Yokoyama, C., and Y. N. Takayabu, (2012). Relationships between rain characteristics and environment Part II: Atmospheric disturbances associated with shallow convection over the eastern tropical Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00251.1.
59. Yuter, S. E., and R. A. Houze Jr. (1998). The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western pacific warm pool, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 53-99. (Pubitemid 128614302)
60. Zhang, C., M. McGauley, and N. A. Bong, (2004). Shallow meridional circulation in the tropical eastern pacific, J. Climate, 17, 133-139. (Pubitemid 38265530)
61. Zipser, E. J., (1977). Mesoscale and convective-scale downdraughts as distinct components of squall-line circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1568-1589.
62. Zipser, E. J., D. J. Cecil, C. Liu, S. W. Nesbitt, and D. P. Yorty, (2006). Where are the most intense thunderstorms on earth? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1057-107.