Architecture of Counterfactual Thought in the Prefrontal Cortex

Predictions in the Brain: Using Our Past to Generate a Future

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Barbey, Aron K ^a   Krueger, Frank ^b   Grafman, Jordan ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^b GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Counterfactual reasoning; Integrative cognitive neuroscience framework; Prefrontal cortex; Structure event complexes

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922760522     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395518.003.0018     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. Barch, D. M., Braver, T. S., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T., Ollinger, J., & Snyder, A. (2001). Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain. Cerebral Cortex 11, 837-848.
2. Barbey, A. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (in press). Reasoning and problem solving: models. In L. Squire, T. Albright, F. Bloom, F. Gage, & N. Spitzer (Eds.), New encyclopedia of neuroscience. Vol. 8, (pp. 35-43). Oxford, England: Elsevier.
3. Barbey, A. K., & Sloman, S. A. (2007). Base-rate respect: From ecological rationality to dual processes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 241-297.
4. Barbey, A. K., & Wolff, P. (2006). Causal reasoning from forces. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2439). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Barbey, A. K., & Wolff, P. (2007). Learning causal structure from reasoning. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 713-718). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Barbey, A. K., & Wolff, P. (submitted). Composing causal relations in force dynamics.
7. Barsalou, L. W. (1991). Deriving categories to achieve goals. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 27, pp. 1-64). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Barsalou, L. W., Barbey, A. K., Simmons, W. K., & Santos, A. (2005). Embodiment in religious knowledge. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 5, 14-57.
9. Barsalou, L. W., Niedenthal, P. M., Barbey, A. K., & Ruppert, J. (2003). Social embodiment. In B. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 43, pp. 43-92). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
10. Barsalou, L. W., Simmons, W. K., Barbey, A. K., & Wilson, C. D. (2003). Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 84-91.
11. Barsalou, L. W., & Wiemer-Hastings, K. (2005). Situating abstract concepts. In D. Pecher & R. Zwaan (Eds.), Grounding cognition: The role of perception and action in memory, language, and thought (pp. 129-163). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Beldarrain, M., Garcia-Monco, J., Astigarraga, E., Gonzalez, A., & Grafman, J. (2005). Only spontaneous counterfactual thinking is impaired in patients with prefrontal cortex lesions. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 723-726.
13. Berthoz, S., Armony, J. L., Blair, R. J. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms. Brain, 125, 1696-1708.
14. Bodner, M., Kroger, J., & Fuster, J. M. (1996). Auditory memory cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroreport, 7, 1905-1908.
15. Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539-546.
16. Brase, G., & Barbey, A. K. (2006). Mental representations of statistical information. In A. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychological research (Vol. 41, pp. 91-113). New York:Nova Science Publishers.
17. Buckholtz, J. W., Asplund, C. L., Dux, P. E., Zald, D. H., Gore, J. C., Jones, O. D., & Marois, R. (2008). The neural correlates of third-party punishment. Neuron, 60, 930-940.
18. Burgess, P. W., Veitch, E., de Lacy Costello, A., & Shallice, T. (2000). The cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of multitasking. Neuropsychologia, 38, 848-863.
19. Byrne, R. M. J. (1997). Cognitive processes in counterfactual thinking about what might have been. In D. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, advances in research and theory (Vol. 37, pp. 105-154). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
20. Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Mental models and counterfactual thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 405-445.
21. Chaigneau, S., & Barbey, A. K. (2008). Assessing psychological theories of causal meaning and inference. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
22. Christoff, K., & Keramatian, K. (2007). Abstraction of mental representations: Theoretical considerations and neuroscientific evidence. In S. A. Bunge & J. D. Wallis (Eds.), The neuroscience of rule-guided behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Christoff, K., Prabhakaran, V., Dorfman, J., Zhao, Z., Kroger, J. K., Holyoak, K. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001). Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in relational integration during reasoning. NeuroImage, 14, 1136-1149.
24. Christoff, K., Ream, J. M., Geddes, L. P. T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2003). Evaluating selfgenerated information: Anterior prefrontal contributions to human cognition. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 1161-1168.
25. Coricelli, G., Critchley, H. D., Joffily, M., O'Doherty, J. P., Sirigu, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2005). Regret and its avoidance: A neuroimaging study of choice behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1255-1262.
26. Costello, F. J., & Keane, M. T. (2000) Efficient creativity: Constraint guided conceptual combination. Cognitive Science, 24, 299-349.
27. Damasio, A. R. (1989). Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition, 33, 25-62.
28. Davis, C. J., Lehman, D. R., Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., & Thompson, S. C. (1995). The undoing of traumatic life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 109-124.
29. De Dreu, C. K. W., Beersma, B., Stroebe, K., & Euwema, M. C. (2006). Motivated information processing, strategic choice, and the quality of negotiated agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 927-943.
30. Dimitrov M., Phipps M., Zahn T., & Grafman J. (1999). A thoroughly modern Gage. Neurocase, 5, 345-354.
31. Dunning, D. (1999). A newer look: Motivated social cognition and the schematic representation of social concepts. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 1-11.
32. Elliott, R., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 308-317.
33. Elston, G. N. (2000). Pyramidal cells of the frontal lobe: All the more spinous to think with. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, RC95.
34. Engel, A. K., & Singer, W. (2001). Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 16-25.
35. Fiddick, L., Spampinato, M. V., & Grafman, J. (2005). Social contracts and precautions activate different neurological systems: An fMRI investigation of deontic reasoning. NeuroImage, 28, 778-786.
36. Fletcher, P. C., Happe, F., Frith, U., Baker, S. C., Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Other minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension. Cognition, 57, 109-128.
37. Fortin, N. J., Agster, K., & Eichenbaum, H. B. (2002). Critical role of the hippocampus in memory for sequences of events. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 458-562.
38. Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. New York: Raven.
39. Fuster, J. M., & Alexander, G. E. (1971). Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science, 173, 652-654.
40. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119, 593-609.
41. Gilbar, O., & Hevroni, A. (2007). Counterfactuals, coping strategies and psychological distress among breast cancer patients. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20, 382-392.
42. Goel, V., Buchel, C., Frith, C., & Dolan, R. (2000). Dissociation of mechanisms underlying syllogistic reasoning. NeuroImage, 12, 504-514.
43. Goel, V., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Differential involvement of left prefrontal cortex in inductive and deductive reasoning. Cognition, 93, B109-B121.
44. Goel, V., & Grafman, J. (2000). The role of the right prefrontal cortex in ill-structured problem sovling. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 415-436.
45. Goel, V., Grafman, J., Sadato, N., & Hallett, M. (1995). Modeling other minds. Neuroreport, 6, 1741-1746.
46. Grafton, S. T., Arbib, M. A., Fadiga, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: II. Observation compared with imagination. Experimental Brain Research, 112, 103-111.
47. Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44, 389-400.
48. Griffin, D. W., & Ross, L. (1991). Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 319-359.
49. Heckers, S., Zalesak, M., Weiss, A. P., Ditman, T., & Titone, D. (2004). Hippocampal activation during transitive inference in humans. Hippocampus, 14, 153-162.
50. Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W., & McCarthy, G. (2005). Decisions under uncertainty:Probabilistic context influences activation of prefrontal and parietal cortices. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 3304-3311.
51. Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
52. Knoch, D., Pascual-Leone, A., Meyer, K., Treyer, V., & Fehr, E. (2006). Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex. Science, 314, 829-832.
53. Kroger, J. K., Nystrom, L. E., Cohen, J. D., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2008). Distinct neural substrates for deductive and mathematical processing. Brain Research, 1243, 86-103.
54. Krueger, F., Barbey, A. K., & Grafman, J. (in press). The medial prefrontal cortex represents social event knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
55. Levy, R., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2000). Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 133, 23-32.
56. Macrae, C. N., Moran, J. M., Heatherton, T. F., Banfield, J. F., & Kelley, W. M. (2004). Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 647-654.
57. Mandel, D. R. (2003). Counterfactuals, emotions, and context. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 139-159.
58. Miller, D. T., & Turnbull, W. (1990). The counterfactual fallacy: Confusing what might have been with what ought to have been. Social Justice Research, 4, 1-19.
59. Milne, E., & Grafman, J. (2001). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions in humans eliminate implicit gender stereotyping. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, RC150 (1-6).
60. Mitchell, J. P., Heatherton, T. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2002). Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 15238-15243.
61. Moll, J., & de Oliveira-Souza, R. (2007). Moral judgments, emotions, and the utilitarian brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 319-321.
62. Monti, M. M., Osherson, D. N., Martinez, M. J., & Parsons, L. M. (2007). Functional neuroanatomy of deductive inference: A language-independent distributed network. NeuroImage, 37, 1005-1016.
63. Niedenthal, P. M., Tangney, J. P., & Gavanski, I. (1994). "If only I weren't" versus "If only I hadn't": Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 585-595.
64. Noveck, I. A., Goel, V., & Smith, K. W. (2004). The neural basis of conditional reasoning with arbitrary content. Cortex, 40, 613-622.
65. Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D. H., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., Glover, G., & Mackey, S. C. (2004). Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1746-1772.
66. O'Reilly, R. C., & Rudy, J. W. (2000). Computational principles of learning in the neocortex and hippocampus. Hippocampus, 10, 389-397.
67. Osherson, D. N., Perani, D., Cappa, S., Schnur, T., Grassi, F., & Fazio, F. (1998). Distinct brain loci in deductive versus probabilistic reasoning. Neuropsychologia, 36, 369-376.
68. Palmer, S. E. (1999) Vision science: Photons to phenomenology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
69. Ramnani, N., & Owen, A. M. (2004). Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 184-194.
70. Partiot, A., Grafman, J., Sadato, N., Wachs, J., & Hallett, M. (1995). Brain activation during the generation of non-emotional and emotional plans. Neuroreport, 6, 1397-1400.
71. Patterson, R., & Barbey, A. K. (in press). Causal simulation theory: An integrative cognitive neuroscience framework for causal reasoning. In J. Grafman & F. Krueger (Eds.), Neural basis of belief systems. New York: Psychology Press.
72. Prehn, K., Wartenburger, I., Meriau, K., Scheibe, C., Goodenough, O. R., Villringer, A., van der Meer, E., & Heekeren, H. R. (2008). Individual differences in moral judgment competence influence neural correlates of socio-normative judgments. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 33-46.
73. Rilling, J. K., Goldsmith, D. R., Glenn, A. L., Jairam, M. R., Elfenbein, H. A., Dagenais, J. E., Murdock, C. D., & Pagnoni, G. (2008). The neural correlates of the affective response to unreciprocated cooperation. Neuropsychologia, 465, 1256-1266.
74. Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: I. Observation versus execution. Experimental Brain Research, 111, 246-252.
75. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (Eds.). (1995). What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
76. Roese, N. J., Hur, T., & Pennington, G. L. (1999). Counterfactual thinking and regulatory focus: Implications for action versus inaction and sufficiency versus necessity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1109-1120.
77. Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of decision making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300, 1755-1758.
78. Schmitz, T. W., Kawahara-Baccus, T. N., & Johnson, S.C. (2004). Metacognitive evaluation self-relevance, and the right prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 22, 941-947.
79. Sloman, S., Barbey, A. K., & Hotalling, J. (2009). A causal model theory of the meaning of cause, enable, and prevent. Cognitive Science, 33, 21-50.
80. Smith, R., Keramatian, K., & Christoff, K. (2007). Localizing the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex at the individual level. NeuroImage, 36, 1387-1396.
81. Sternberg, R. J., & Gastel, J. (1989). If dancers ate their shoes: Inductive reasoning with factual and counterfactual premises. Memory and Cognition, 17, 1-10.
82. Stone, V. E., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Kroll, N., & Knight, R. T. Selective impairment of reasoning about social exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 17, 11531-11536.
83. Thomas, N. J. T. (1999) Are theories of imagery theories of imagination? An active perception approach to conscious mental content. Cognitive Science, 23, 207-245.
84. Thomson, J. J. (1976). Killing, letting die, and the trolley problem. Monist, 59, 204-217.
85. Tulving, E., & Markowitsch, H. J. (1998). Episodic and declarative memory: Role of the hippocampus. Hippocampus, 8, 198-204.
86. Volz, K. G., Schubotz, R. I., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2004). Why am I unsure: Internal and external attributions of uncertainty dissociated by fMRI. Neuroimage, 21, 848-857.
87. Walton, M. E., Devlin, J. T., & Rushworth, M. F. (2004). Interactions between decision making and performance monitoring within prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1259-1265.
88. Weingartner H., Grafman J., Boutelle W., Kaye W., & Martin P. R. (1983). Forms of memory failure. Science, 221, 380-382.
89. Weissman, D. H., Perkins, A. S., & Woldorff, M. G. (2008). Cognitive control in social situations: A role for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage, 40, 955-962.
90. Williams, J. H. G., Whiten, A., Suddendorf, T., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 287-295.
91. Wood, J. N., Knutson, K. M., & Grafman, J. (2005). Psychological structure and neural correlates of event knowledge. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1155-1161.
92. Wood, J. N., Romero, S. G., Makale, M., & Grafman J. (2003). Category-specific representations of social and nonsocial knowledge in the human prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences, 15, 236-248.
93. Wood, J. N., Tierney, M., Bidwell, L. A., & Grafman J. (2005). Neural correlates of script event knowledge: A neuropsychological study following prefrontal injury. Cortex, 6, 796-804.
94. Wrosch, C., Bauer, I., Miller, G. E., & Lupien, S. (2007). Regret intensity, diurnal cortisol secretion, and physical health in older individuals: Evidence for directional effects and protective factors. Psychology and Aging, 22, 319-330.
95. Zacks, J. M., & Tversky, B. (2001). Event structure in perception and conception. Psychology Buletinl, 127, 3-21.
96. Zacks, J. M., Tversky, B., & Iyer, G. (2001). Perceiving, remembering, and communicating structure in events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 29-58.
97. Zeki, S. (1993) A vision of the brain. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
98. Zeelenberg, M., van der Pligt, J., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Undoing regret on Dutch television: Apologizing for interpersonal regrets involving actions or inactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1113-1119.