D'scent of man: A comparative survey of primate chemosignaling in relation to sex

Hormones and Behavior

Volumn 68, Issue , 2015, Pages 117-133

  Drea, Christine M ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Body odor; Hormone; Human; Mate choice; Pheromone; Primate; Reproductive behavior; Scent mark; Sex difference; Sexual selection

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS CONCERNING ORGAN SYSTEMS; BRAIN FUNCTION; CHEMOSIGNALING; COMMUNICATION SKILL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION; PRIMATE; REVIEW; SCENT GLAND; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION; TAXONOMIC RANK; ANIMAL; ODOR; PHYSIOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SMELLING;

PHEROMONE;

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; ANIMALS; HUMANS; ODORS; OLFACTORY PERCEPTION; PHEROMONES; PRIMATES; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84922568644     PISSN: 0018506X     EISSN: 10956867     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Abbott D.H., Saltzman W., Schultz-Darken N.J., Tannenbaum P.L. Adaptations to subordinate status in female marmoset monkeys. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 1998, 119:261-274.
2. Adipietro K.A., Mainland J.D., Matsunami H. Functional evolution of mammalian odorant receptors. PLoS Genet. 2012, 8:e1002821.
3. Alberts A.C. Constraints on the design of chemical communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates. Am. Nat. 1992, (139 Suppl.):s62-s89.
4. Albone E.S. Mammalian Semiochemistry: The Investigation of Chemical Signals Between Mammals 1984, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Alvergne A., Lummaa V. Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25:171-179.
6. Andrew R.J., Klopman R.B. Urine-washing: comparative notes. Prosimian Biology 1974, 303-312. Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh. R.D. Martin, G.A. Doyle, A.C. Walker (Eds.).
7. Andriamiandra A., Rumpler Y. RÔle de la testosterone sur le determinisme des glandes brachiales et antébrachiales chez le Lemur catta. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. 1968, 162:1651-1655.
8. Archie E., Theis K. Animal behaviour meets microbial ecology. Anim. Behav. 2011, 82:425-436.
9. Aron C. Mechanisms of control of the reproductive function by olfactory stimuli in female mammals. Physiol. Rev. 1979, 59:229-284.
10. Aujard F. Effect of vomeronasal organ removal on male socio-sexual responses to female in a prosimian primate (Microcebus murinus). Physiol. Behav. 1997, 62:1003-1008.
11. Aujard F., Némoz-Bertholet F. Response to urinary volatiles and chemosensory function decline with age in a prosimian primate. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 81:639-644.
12. Bailey K. Flehmen in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Behaviour 1978, 65:309-319.
13. Barrett J., Abbott D.H., George L.M. Extension of reproductive suppression by pheromonal cues in subordinate female marmoset monkeys, Callithrix jacchus. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1990, 90:411-418.
14. Barrett J., Abbott D.H., George L.M. Sensory cues and the suppression of reproduction in subordinate female marmoset monkeys, Callithrix jacchus. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1993, 97:301-310.
15. Baxi K.N., Dorries K.M., Eisthen H.L. Is the vomeronasal system really specialized for detecting pheromones?. Trends Neurosci. 2006, 29:1-7.
16. Beehner J.C., Lu A. Reproductive suppression in female primates: a review. Evol. Anthropol. 2013, 22:226-238.
17. Belcher A.M., Smith A.B., Jurs P.C., Lavine B., Epple G. Analysis of chemical signals in a primate species (Saguinus fuscicollis): use of behavioral, chemical, and pattern recognition methods. J. Chem. Ecol. 1986, 12:513-531.
18. Belcher A.M., Epple G., Greenfield K.L., Richards L.E., Küderling I., Smith A.B. Proteins: biologically relevant components of the scent marks of a primate (Saguinus fuscicollis). Chem. Senses 1990, 15:431-446.
19. Bikov A., Pako J., Kovacs D., Tamasi L., Lazar Z., Rigo J., Losonczy G., Horvath I. Exhaled breath volatile alterations in pregnancy assessed with electronic nose. Biomarkers 2011, 16:476-484.
20. Bisulco S., Slotnick B. Olfactory discrimination of short chain fatty acids in rats with large bilateral lesions of the olfactory bulbs. Chem. Senses 2003, 28:361-370.
21. Blaustein A.R. Sexual selection and mammalian olfaction. Am. Nat. 1981, 117:1006-1010.
22. Boinski S. Olfactory communication among Costa Rican squirrel monkeys: a field study. Folia Primatol. 1992, 59:127-136.
23. Bonsall R.W., Michael R.P. Volatile constituents of primate vaginal secretions. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1971, 27:478-479.
24. Boulet M., Charpentier M.J.E., Drea C.M. Decoding an olfactory mechanism of kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance in a primate. BMC Evol. Biol. 2009, 9:281.
25. Boulet M., Crawford J.C., Charpentier M.J.E., Drea C.M. Honest olfactory ornamentation in a female dominant primate. J. Evol. Biol. 2010, 23:1558-1563.
26. Brockman D.K. Reproductive behavior of female Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 1999, 20:375-398.
27. Brooksbank B.W.L., Haslewood G.A.D. The estimation of androst-16-en-3α-ol in human urine. Partial synthesis of androstenol and of its β-glucosiduronic acid. Biochem. J. 1961, 80:488-496.
28. Bruce H.M. An exteroceptive block to pregnancy in the mouse. Nature 1959, 184:105.
29. Brumloop A., Homburg I., Peetz A., Riehl R. Gular scent glands in adult female white-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia pithecia, and field observations on scent-marking behavior. Folia Primatol. 1994, 63:212-215.
30. Buesching C., Heistermann M., Hodges J., Zimmermann E. Multimodal oestrus advertisement in a small nocturnal prosimian, Microcebus murinus. Folia Primatol. 1998, 69(Suppl. 1):295-308.
31. Bullard S.C. Effects of testosterone upon the chest-rubbing behavior of Galago crassicaudatus umbrosus. Folia Primatol. 1984, 42:70-75.
32. Cerda-Molina A.L., Hernández-López L., Chavira R., Cárdenas M., Paez-Ponce D., Cervantes-De la Luz H., Mondragón-Ceballos R. Endocrine changes in male stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) as a response to odor stimulation with vaginal secretions. Horm. Behav. 2006, 49:81-87.
33. Cerda-Molina A.L., Hernández-López L., Rojas-Maya S., Murcia-Mejía C., Mondragón-Ceballos R. Male-induced sociosexual behavior by vaginal secretions in Macaca arctoides. Int. J. Primatol. 2006, 27:791-807.
34. Charles-Dominique P. Urine marking and territoriality in Galago alleni (Waterhouse, 1937 - Lorisoidea, Primates) - a field study by radio-telemetry. Z. Tierpsychol. 1977, 43:113-138.
35. Charpentier M.J.E., Boulet M., Drea C.M. Smelling right: the scent of male lemurs advertises genetic quality and relatedness. Mol. Ecol. 2008, 17:3225-3233.
36. Charpentier M.J.E., Crawford J.C., Boulet M., Drea C.M. Message 'scent': lemurs detect the genetic relatedness and quality of conspecifics via olfactory cues. Anim. Behav. 2010, 80:101-108.
37. Charpentier M.J.E., Barthes N., Proffit M., Bessière J.-M., Grison C. Critical thinking in the chemical ecology of mammalian communication: roadmap for future studies. Funct. Ecol. 2012, 26:769.774.
38. Charpentier M.J.E., Ditsoga C., Mboumba S., Drea C.M. Nasopalatine ducts and flehmen behavior in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx): reevaluating olfactory communication in primates. Am. J. Primatol. 2013, 75:703-714.
39. Clark A.B. Olfactory communication, G. cassicaudatus and the social life of prosimians. Evolution 1978, vol. III:109-117. Academic Press, London. O.J. Chivers, K.A. Joysey (Eds.).
40. Clark A.B. Scent marks as social signals in Galago crassicaudatus.1. Sex and reproductive status as factors in signals and responses. J. Chem. Ecol. 1982, 8:1133-1151.
41. Clarke P.M.R., Barrett L., Henzi S.P. What role do olfactory cues play in chacma baboon mating?. Am. J. Primatol. 2009, 71:493-502.
42. Colquhoun I.C. A review and interspecific comparison of nocturnal and cathemeral strepsirrhine primate olfactory behavioural ecology. Int. J. Zool. 2011, 2011.
43. Converse L.J., Carlson A.A., Ziegler T.E., Snowdon C.T. Communication of ovulatory state to mates by female pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea. Anim. Behav. 1995, 49:615-621.
44. Crawford J.C., Drea C.M. Baby on board: olfactory cues indicate pregnancy and fetal sex in a nonhuman primate 2014, (in preparation).
45. Crawford J.C., Boulet M., Drea C.M. Smelling wrong: hormonal contraception in lemurs alters critical female odour cues. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2011, 278:122-130.
46. Crewe R.M., Burger B.V., Le Roux M., Katsir Z. Chemical constituents of the chest gland secretion of the thick-tailed galago (Galago crassicaudatus). J. Chem. Ecol. 1979, 5:861-868.
47. Curtis D.J., Zaramody A. Social structure and seasonal variation in the behaviour of Eulemur mongoz. Folia Primatol. 1999, 70:79-96.
48. Curtis R.F., Ballantine J.A., Keverne E.B., Bonsall R.W., Michael R.P. Identification of primate sexual pheromones and the properties of synthetic attractants. Nature 1971, 232:396-398.
49. Cutler W.B., Preti G., Krieger A., Huggins G.R., Garcia C.R., Lawley H.J. Human axillary secretions influence women's menstrual cycles: the role of donor extracts from men. Horm. Behav. 1986, 20:463-473.
50. Dall'Olio S., Norscia I., Antonacci D., Palagi E. Sexual signalling in Propithecus verreauxi: Male "chest badge" and female mate choice. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e37332.
51. Darwin C. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex 1871, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
52. delBarco-Trillo J., Drea C.M. Socioecological and phylogenetic patterns in the chemical signals of strepsirrhine primates. Anim. Behav. 2014, (in press). 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.009.
53. delBarco-Trillo J., Burkert B.A., Goodwin T.E., Drea C.M. Night and day: the comparative study of strepsirrhine primates reveals socioecological and phylogenetic patterns in olfactory signals. J. Evol. Biol. 2011, 24:82-98.
54. delBarco-Trillo J., Sacha C.R., Dubay G.R., Drea C.M. Eulemur, me lemur: the evolution of scent-signal complexity in a primate clade. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 2012, 367:1909-1922.
55. delBarco-Trillo J., Harelimana I.H., Goodwin T.E., Drea C.M. Chemical differences between voided and bladder urine in the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis): implications for olfactory communication studies. Am. J. Primatol. 2013, 75:695-702.
56. Dixson A.F. Effects of testosterone on the sternal cutaneous glands and genitalia of the male greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus). Folia Primatol. 1976, 26:207-213.
57. Dixson A.F. Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans 2012, Oxford University Press.
58. Doty R.L., Cameron E.L. Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 97:213-228.
59. Doucet S., Soussignan R., Sagot P., Schaal B. The secretion of areolar (Montgomery's) glands from lactating women elicits selective, unconditional responses in neonates. PLoS ONE 2009, e7579.
60. Drea C.M., Scordato E.S. Olfactory communication in the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta): form and function of multimodal signals. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 2008, 11:91-102. Springer Press, New York. J.L. Hurst, R.J. Beynon, S.C. Roberts, T. Wyatt (Eds.).
61. Drea C.M., Boulet M., delBarco-Trillo J., Greene L.K., Sacha C.R., Goodwin T.E., Dubay G.R. The 'secret' in secretions: methodological considerations in deciphering primate olfactory communication. Am. J. Primatol. 2013, 75:621-642.
62. Dugmore S.J., Bailey K., Evans C.S. Discrimination by male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) between the scent marks of male and those of female conspecifics. Int. J. Primatol. 1984, 5:235-245.
63. Ellis B.J., Garber J. Psychosocial antecedents in variation in girls' pubertal timing: maternal depression, stepfather presence, and marital and family stress. Child Dev. 2000, 71:485-501.
64. Ellis R.A., Montagna W. The skin of primates. VI. The skin of the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1962, 20:79-93.
65. Endler J. Some general comments on the evolution and design of animal communication systems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1993, 340:215-225.
66. Epple G. Olfactory communication in South American primates. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1974, 237:261-278.
67. Epple G. Pheromones in primate reproduction and social behavior. Reproductive Behavior 1974, 131-155. Plenum, North York. W. Montagna, W.A. Sadler (Eds.).
68. Epple G. Lack of effects of castration on scent marking, displays, and aggression in a South American primate (Saguinus fuscicollis). Horm. Behav. 1978, 11:139-150.
69. Epple G. Studies on the nature of chemical signals in scent marks and urine of Saguinus fuscicollis (Callitricidae, Primates). J. Chem. Ecol. 1978, 4:383-394.
70. Epple G. Gonadal control of male scent in the tarmarin Saguinus fuscicollis (Callitrichidae, Primates). Chem. Senses 1979, 4:15-20.
71. Epple G. Effects of prepubertal castration on the development of the scent glands, scent marking, and aggression in the saddle back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis, Callitrichidae, primates). Horm. Behav. 1981, 15:54-67.
72. Epple G. Effects of prepubertal ovariectomy on the development of scent glands, scent marking, and aggressive behaviors of female tamarin monkeys (Saguinus fuscicollis). Horm. Behav. 1982, 16:330-342.
73. Epple G. Communication by chemical signals. Comparative Primate Biology 1986, 2A:531-580. Alan R. Liss, New York. G. Mitchell, J. Erwin (Eds.).
74. Epple G., Katz Y. Social influences on estrogen excretion and ovarian cyclicity in saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis). Am. J. Primatol. 1984, 6:215-227.
75. Epple G., Alveario M.C., Belcher A.M., Smith A.B. Species and subspecies specificity in urine and scent marks of saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis). Int. J. Primatol. 1987, 8:663-680.
76. Estes R.D. The role of the vomeronasal organ in mammalian reproduction. Mammalia 1972, 36:315-341.
77. Evans C.S., Goy R.W. Social behaviour and reproductive cycles in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). J. Zool. 1968, 156:181-197.
78. Feistner A.T.C. Scent marking in mandrills, Mandrillus sphinx. Folia Primatol. 1991, 57:42-47.
79. Fisher H.S., Swaisgood R.R., Fitch-Snyder H. Countermarking by male pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): do females use odor cues to select mates with high competitive ability?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2003, 53:123-130.
80. Fisher H.S., Swaisgood R.R., Fitch-Snyder H. Odor familiarity and female preference for males in a threatened primate, the pygmy loris, Nycticebus pygmaeus: applications for genetic management of small populations. Naturwissenschaften 2003, 90:509-512.
81. Fleagle J.G. Primate Adaptation and Evolution 2013, Academic Press. 3rd edn.
82. Fornasieri I., Roeder J.-J. Marking behavior in two lemur species (L. fulvus and L. macaco): relation to social-status, reproduction, aggression and environmental change. Folia Primatol. 1992, 59:137-148.
83. Fox G.J. Potentials for pheromones in chimpanzee vaginal fatty acids. Folia Primatol. 1982, 37:255-266.
84. Freeberg T.M., Dunbar R.I.M., Ord T.J. Social complexity as a proximate and ultimate factor in communicative complexity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 2012, 367:1785-1801.
85. Freeman N.J., Pasternak G.M., Rubi T.L., Barrett L., Henzi S.P. Evidence for scent marking in vervet monkeys?. Primates 2012, 53:311-315.
86. French J.A., Cleveland J. Scent-marking in the tamarin, Saguinus oedipus: sex differences and ontogeny. Anim. Behav. 1984, 32:615-623.
87. Gallagher M., Wysocki C.J., Leyden J.J., Spielman A.I., Sun X., Preti G. Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 2008, 159:780-791.
88. Gangestad S.W., Thornhill R. Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1998, 265:927-933.
89. Gautier-Hion A., Gautier J.P. Le singe de Brazza: une stratégié originale. Z. Tierpsychol. 1978, 46:84-104.
90. Geissmann T. A sternal gland in the siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus). Int. J. Primatol. 1987, 8:1-14.
91. Gilad Y., Man O., Pääbo S., Lancet D. Human specific loss of olfactory receptor genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:3324-3327.
92. Gilad Y., Wiebe V., Przeworski M., Lancet D., Pääbo S. Loss of olfactory receptor genes coincides with the acquisition of full trichromatic vision in primates. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2:e5.
93. Gilbert A.N., Wysocki C.J. Quantitative assessment of olfactory experience during pregnancy. Psychosom. Med. 1991, 53:693-700.
94. Gildersleeve K.A., Haselton M.G., Larson C.M., Pillsworth E.G. Body odor attractiveness as a cue of impending ovulation in women: evidence from a study using hormone-confirmed ovulation. Horm. Behav. 2012, 61:157-166.
95. Goldfoot D.A., Goy R.W., Kravetz M.A., Freeman S.K. Reply to Michael, Bonsall, and Zumpe. Horm. Behav. 1976, 7:373-378.
96. Goldfoot D.A., Kravetz M.A., Goy R.W., Freeman S.K. Lack of effect of vaginal lavages and aliphatic acids on ejaculatory responses in rhesus monkeys: behavioral and chemical analyses. Horm. Behav. 1976, 7:1-27.
97. Gonzales L.A., Benefit B.R., Spoor F., Morris P., McCrossin M.L. The combination of a small brain, large olfactory bulb, and high visual acuity in the stem middle Miocene cercopithecoid, Victoriapithecus macinnesi. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2010, 142:112-113.
98. Goodwin T.E., Broederdorf L.J., Burkert B.A., Hirwa I.H., Mark D.B., Waldrip Z.J., Kopper R.A., Sutherland M.V., Freeman E.W., Hollister-Smith J.A., Schulte B.A. Chemical signals of elephant musth: temporal aspects of microbially mediated modifications. J. Chem. Ecol. 2012, 38:81-87.
99. Gould L., Overdorff D.J. Adult male scent-marking in Lemur catta and Eulemur fulvus rufus. Int. J. Primatol. 2002, 23:575-586.
100. Gower D.B., Ruparelia B.A. Olfaction in humans with special reference to odorous 16-androstenes: their occurrence, perception and possible social, psychological and sexual impact. J. Endocrinol. 1993, 137:167-187.
101. Grammer K., Fink B., Neave N. Human pheromones and sexual attraction. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2005, 118:135-142.
102. Greene L.K., Drea C.M. Love is in the air: sociality and pair bondedness influence sifaka reproductive signalling. Anim. Behav. 2014, 88:147-156.
103. Greene L.K., Dubay G., Drea C.M. Sending mixed signals: olfactory communication in Coquerel's sifakas, Propithecus coquereli. Poster presented at Behavior 2011, Joint Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society and the International Ethological Conference; Bloomington, IN 2011.
104. Greene L.K., Grogan K.E., Smyth K.N., Adams C.A., Klager S.A., Drea C.M. Sending mixed signals: testing the 'fixative hypothesis' of composite olfactory cues in male ring-tailed lemurs 2014, (in preparation).
105. Grogan K.E., McGinnis G.J., Sauther M.L., Cuozzo F.P., Drea C.M. Genetic wealth, population health: Major Histocompatibility Complex variation in captive and wild ring-tailed lemurs 2014, (submitted for publication).
106. Gursky-Doyen S. The function of scentmarking in spectral tarsiers. Indonesian Primates 2010, 359-369. Springer, New York.
107. Harrington J.E. Discrimination between individuals by scent in Lemur fulvus. Anim. Behav. 1976, 24:207-212.
108. Harrington J.E. Discrimination between males and females by scent in Lemur fulvus. Anim. Behav. 1977, 25:147-151.
109. Harrington J.E. Responses of Lemur fulvus to scents of different subspecies of L. fulvus and to scents of different species of lemuriformes. Z. Tierpsychol. 1979, 49:1-9.
110. Havlíček J., Roberts S.C. MHC-correlated mate choice in humans: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34:497-512.
111. Havlíček J., Dvořáková R., Bartoš L., Flegr J. Non-advertized does not mean concealed: body odour changes across the human menstrual cycle. Ethology 2006, 112:81-90.
112. Hayes R.A., Morelli T.L., Wright P.C. Anogenital gland secretions of Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi coquereli: a preliminary chemical examination. Am. J. Primatol. 2004, 63:49-62.
113. Hayes R.A., Morelli T.L., Wright P.C. Volatile components of lemur scent secretions vary throughout the year. Am. J. Primatol. 2006, 68:1-6.
114. Hennessy M.B., Coe C.L., Mendoza S.P., Lowe E.L., Levine S. Scent-marking and olfactory investigatory behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Behav. Biol. 1978, 24:57-67.
115. Hepper P.G., Wells D.L. Individually identifiable body odors are produced by the gorilla and discriminated by humans. Chem. Senses 2010, 35:263-268.
116. Hepper P.G., Wells D.L. Olfactory discrimination in the western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Primates 2012, 53:121-126.
117. Heymann E.W. Sex differences in olfactory communication in a primate, the moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax (Callitrichinae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1998, 43:37-45.
118. Heymann E.W. Scent marking, paternal care, and sexual selection in Callitrichines. Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Primates: New Perspectives and Directions 2003, 305-325. The American Society of Primatologists, Norman, Oklahoma. C.B. Jones (Ed.).
119. Heymann E.W. The neglected sense - olfaction in primate behaviour, ecology and evolution. Am. J. Primatol. 2006, 68:519-524.
120. Hill W.C.O. Primates: comparative anatomy and taxonomy: a monograph. Cynopithecinae: Papio, Mandrillus, Theropithecus 1970, vol. VIII. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
121. Hohenbrink P., Mundy N.I., Zimmermann E., Radespiel U. First evidence for functional vomeronasal 2 receptor genes in primates. Biol. Lett. 2013, 9:20121006.
122. Huck M., Löttker P., Heymann E.W. Proximate mechanisms of reproductive monopolization in male moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax). Am. J. Primatol. 2004, 64:39-56.
123. Hurst J.L., Rich T.J. Scent marks as competitive signals of mate quality. Advances in Chemical Communication in Vertebrates 1999, 209-223. Kluwer Academic, New York. R.E. Johnston, D. Müller-Schwarze, P. Sorensen (Eds.).
124. Irwin M.T., Samonds K.E., Raharison J.-L., Wright P.C. Lemur latrines: observations of latrine behavior in wild primates and possible ecological significance. J. Mammal. 2004, 85:420-427.
125. Jolly A. Lemur Behavior: A Madagascar Field Study 1966, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
126. Kappeler P.M. Social status and scent-marking behaviour in Lemur catta. Anim. Behav. 1990, 40:774-776.
127. Kappeler P.M. To whom it may concern: the transmission and function of chemical signals in Lemur catta. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1998, 42:411-421.
128. Katsir Z., Crewe R.M. Chemical communication in Galago crassicaudatus: investigation of the chest gland secretion. S. Afr. J. Zool. 1980, 15:249-254.
129. Keller M., Baumb M.J., Brock O., Brennand P.A., Bakker J. The main and the accessory olfactory systems interact in the control of mate recognition and sexual behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 200:268-276.
130. Keverne E.B. Sex attractants in primates. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1976, 27:257-269.
131. Keverne E.B. Chemical communication in primate reproduction. Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals 1983, 79-92. Academic Press, New York. J.G. Vandenbergh (Ed.).
132. Klailova M., Lee P.C. Wild western lowland gorillas signal selectively using odor. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(7):e99554.
133. Klein L.L. Observations on copulation and seasonal reproduction of two species of spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth and A. geoffroyi. Folia Primatol. 1971, 15:233-248.
134. Knapp L.A., Ha J.C., Sackett G.P. Parental MHC antigen sharing and pregnancy wastage in captive pigtailed macaques. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1996, 32:73-88.
135. Knapp L.A., Robson J., Waterhouse J.S. Olfactory signals and the MHC: a review and a case study in Lemur catta. Am. J. Primatol. 2006, 68:568-584.
136. Kraus C., Heistermann M., Kappeler P.M. Physiological suppression of sexual function of subordinate males: a subtle form of intrasexual competition among male sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi)?. Physiol. Behav. 1999, 66:855-861.
137. Kulahci I.G., Drea C.M., Rubenstein D.I., Ghazanfar A.A. Individual recognition through auditory-olfactory matching in lemurs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2014, 281:20140071.
138. Kuukasjärvi S., Eriksson C.P., Koskela E., Mappes T., Nissinen K., Rantala M.J. Attractiveness of women's body odors over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex. Behav. Ecol. 2004, 15:579-584.
139. Kwatra S.G., Drea C.M. Proteomic analysis of ringtailed lemur scent gland secretions: glandular- and individual-specific protein profiles. Am. J. Primatol. 2007, 69(Suppl. 1):108-109.
140. Lacher T.E., Bouchardet da Fonseca G.A., Alves C., Magalhaes-Castro B. Exudate-eating, scent-marking, and territoriality in wild populations of marmosets. Anim. Behav. 1981, 29:306-307.
141. Laska M., Seibt A. Olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols in squirrel monkeys and pigtail macaques. J. Exp. Biol. 2002, 205(11):1633-1643.
142. Laska M., Teubner P. Odor structure-activity relationships of carboxylic acids correspond between squirrel monkeys and humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1998, 274:R1639-R1645.
143. Laska M., Seibt A., Weber A. 'Microsmatic' primates revisited: olfactory sensitivity in the squirrel monkey. Chem. Senses 2000, 25:47-53.
144. Laska M., Wieser A., Bautista R.M.R., Salazar L.T.H. Olfactory sensitivity for carboxylic acids in spider monkeys and pigtail macaques. Chem. Senses 2004, 29:101-109.
145. Laska M., Wieser A., Salazar L.T.H. Olfactory responsiveness to two odorous steroids in three species of nonhuman primates. Chem. Senses 2005, 30:505-511.
146. Laska M., Wieser A., Salazar L.T.H. Sex-specific differences in olfactory sensitivity for putative human pheromones in nonhuman primates. J. Comp. Psychol. 2006, 120:106-112.
147. Lazaro-Perea C., Snowdon C.T., Arruda M.D. Scent-marking behavior in wild groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1999, 46:313-324.
148. Lewis R.J. Sex differences in scent-marking in sifaka: mating conflict or male services?. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2005, 128:389-398.
149. Lewis R.J. Chest staining variation as a signal of testosterone levels in male Verreaux's sifaka. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 96:586-592.
150. Lewis R.J., van Schaik C.P. Bimorphism in male Verreaux's sifaka in the Kirindy Forest of Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 2007, 28:159-182.
151. Liberles S.D., Buck L.B. A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Nature 2006, 442:645-650.
152. Liman E.R., Innan H. Relaxed selective pressure on an essential component of pheromone transduction in primate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:3328-3332.
153. Linnankoski I., Hytönen Y., Leinonen L., Hyvärinen J. Determinants of sexual behavior of Macaca arctoides in a laboratory colony. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1981, 10:207-222.
154. MacDonald E.A., Fernandez-Duque E., Evans S., Hagey L.R. Sex, age, and family differences in the chemical composition of owl monkey (Aotus nancymaae) subcaudal scent secretions. Am. J. Primatol. 2008, 70:12-18.
155. MacKinnon J., MacKinnon K. The behavior of wild spectral tarsiers. Int. J. Primatol. 1980, 1:361-379.
156. Marler P. The logical analysis of animal communication. J. Theor. Biol. 1961, 1:295-317.
157. Martin R.D. Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction 1990, Chapman and Hall, London.
158. Mass V., Heistermann M., Kappeler P.M. Mate-guarding as a male reproductive tactic in Propithecus verreauxi. Int. J. Primatol. 2009, 30:389-409.
159. Matsui A., Go Y., Niimura Y. Degeneration of olfactory receptor gene repertories in primates: no direct link to full trichromatic vision. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 27:1192-1200.
160. Matsumoto-Oda A., Oda R., Hayashi Y., Murakami H., Maeda N., Kumazaki K., Shimizu K., Matsuzawa T. Vaginal fatty acids produced by chimpanzees during menstrual cycles. Folia Primatol. 2003, 74:75-79.
161. Matsumoto-Oda A., Kutsukake N., Hosaka K., Matsusaka T. Sniffing behaviors in Mahale chimpanzees. Primates 2007, 48:81-85.
162. McClintock M.K. Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature 1971, 229:244-245.
163. Mertl A.S. Discrimination of individuals by scent in a primate. Behav. Biol. 1975, 14:505-509.
164. Mertl A.S. Olfactory and visual cues in social interactions of Lemur catta. Folia Primatol. 1976, 26:151-161.
165. Mertl A.S. Habituation to territorial scent marks in the field by Lemur catta. Behav. Biol. 1977, 21:500-507.
166. Michael R.P. Hormonal steroids and sexual communication in primates. J. Steroid Biochem. 1975, 6:161-170.
167. Michael R.P., Keverne E.B. Pheromones in the communication of sexual status in primates. Nature 1968, 218:746-749.
168. Michael R.P., Keverne E.B. Primate sex pheromones of vaginal origin. Nature 1970, 225:84-85.
169. Michael R.P., Keverne E.B., Bonsall R.W. Pheromones: Isolation of male sex attractants from a female primate. Science 1971, 172:964-966.
170. Michael R.P., Bonsall R.W., Warner P. Human vaginal secretions: volatile fatty acid content. Science 1974, 186:1217-1219.
171. Michael R.P., Bonsall R.W., Zumpe D. Evidence for chemical communication in primates. Vitam. Horm. 1976, 34:137-186.
172. Michael R.P., Bonsall R.W., Zumpe D. "Lack of effects of vaginal fatty acids, etc.": A reply to Goldfoot et al. Horm. Behav. 1976, 7:365-367.
173. Miller S.L., Maner J.K. Scent of a woman: men's testosterone responses to olfactory ovulation cues. Psychol. Sci. 2010, 21:276-283.
174. Miller K.E., Laszlo K., Dietz J.M. The role of scent marking in the social communication of wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. Anim. Behav. 2003, 65:795-803.
175. Montagna W. Skin of nonhuman primates. Am. Zool. 1972, 12:109-124.
176. Montagna W., Yun J.S. The skin of primates. X. The skin of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1962, 20:95-117.
177. Montagna W., Yun J.S. The skin of primates. XV. The skin of the chimpanzee (Pan satyrus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1963, 21:189-203.
178. Montagna W., Machida H., Perkins E. The skin of primates. XXVIII. The stump-tailed macaque (Macaca speciosa). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1966, 24:71-85.
179. Monti-Bloch L., Jennings-White C., Dolberg D.S., Berliner D.L. The human vomeronasal system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994, 19:673-686.
180. Morelli T.L., Hayes A.R., Nahrung H.F., Goodwin T.E., Harelimana I.H., Macdonald L.J., Wright P.C. Relatedness communicated in lemur scent. Naturwissenschaften 2013, 100:769-777.
181. Nagle H.T., Schiffman S.S., Gutierrez-Osuna R. The how and why of electronic noses. IEEE Spectr. 1998, 35:22-34.
182. Newell T.G. Social encounters in two prosimian species: Galago crassicaudatus and Nycticebus coucang. Psychon. Sci. 1971, 24:128-130.
183. Nishida T. Social behavior and relationship among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali Mountains. Primates 1970, 11:47-87.
184. Norscia I., Antonacci D., Palagi E. Mating first, mating more: biological market fluctuation in a wild prosimian. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(3):e4679.
185. Nunn C.L. The evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings in primates and the graded-signal hypothesis. Anim. Behav. 1999, 58:229-246.
186. Ober C. Studies of HLA, fertility and mate choice in a human isolate. Hum. Reprod. Update 1999, 5:103-107.
187. Ober C., Weitkamp L.R., Cox N., Dytch H., Kostyu D., Elias S. HLA and mate choice in humans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1997, 61:497-504.
188. Oda R. Scent marking and contact call production in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Folia Primatol. 1999, 70:121-124.
189. Olsson M.J., Lundström J.N., Diamantopoulou S., Esteves F. A putative female pheromone affects mood in men differently depending on social context. Eur. Rev. Appl. Psychol. 2006, 56:27-284.
190. Palagi E., Dapporto L. Beyond odor discrimination: demonstrating individual recognition by scent in Lemur catta. Chem. Senses 2006, 31:437-443.
191. Palagi E., Telara S., Tarli S.M.B. Sniffing behavior in Lemur catta: seasonality, sex, and rank. Int. J. Primatol. 2003, 24:335-350.
192. Palagi E., Telara S., Tarli S.M.B. Reproductive strategies in Lemur catta: balance among sending, receiving, and countermarking scent signals. Int. J. Primatol. 2004, 25:1019-1031.
193. Partan S., Marler P. Communication goes multimodal. Science 1999, 283:1272-1273.
194. Patel E.R. Acoustic and olfactory communication in Eastern sifakas (Propithecus sp.) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mullata [sic]) 2012, (Doctoral dissertation), Cornell University, NY, (160 pp.).
195. Pause B.M. Are androgen steroids acting as pheromones in humans?. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 83:21-29.
196. Penn D., Potts W.K. Chemical signals and parasite-mediated sexual selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1998, 13:391-395.
197. Penn D.J., Potts W.K. The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes. Am. Nat. 1999, 153:145-164.
198. Penn D.J., Oberzaucher E., Grammer K., Fischer G., Soini H.A., Wiesler D., Novotny M.V., Dixon S.J., Xu Y., Brereton R.G. Individual and gender fingerprints in human body odour. J. R. Soc. Interface 2007, 4:331-340.
199. Perret M. Environmental and social determinants of sexual function in the male lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Folia Primatol. 1992, 59:1-25.
200. Perret M. Chemocommunication in the reproductive function of mouse lemurs. Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians 1995, 377-392. Plenum Press, New York. G.A. Doyle, L. Alterman, M.K. Izard (Eds.).
201. Perret M. Manipulation of sex ratio at birth by urinary cues in a prosimian primate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1996, 38:259-266.
202. Perret M., Schilling A. Sexual responses to urinary chemosignals depend on photoperiod in a male primate. Physiol. Behav. 1995, 58:633-639.
203. Petter J.-J., Albignac R., Rumpler Y. Faune de Madagascar 44: mammifères lémuriens (Primates Prosimiens) 1977, ORSTROM/CNRS, Paris, France.
204. Petty J.M., Drea C.M. Female rule in lemurs is ancestral and hormonally mediated 2014, (under review).
205. Pochron S.T., Morelli T.L., Scirbona J., Wright P. Sex differences in scent marking in Propithecus edwardsi of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 2005, 66:97-110.
206. Pochron S.T., Morelli T.L., Terranova P., Scirbona J., Cohen J., Kunapareddy G., Rakotonirina G., Ratsimbazafy R., Rakotosoa R., Wright P. Patterns of male scent-marking in Propithecus edwardsi of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 2005, 65:103-115.
207. Porter R.H. Olfaction and human kin recognition. Genetica 1998, 104:259-263.
208. Powzyk J.A. Scent wars. Nat. Hist. 2002, 111:82-85.
209. Preti G., Huggins G.R. Cyclical changes in volatile acidic metabolites of human vaginal secretions and their relation to ovulation. J. Chem. Ecol. 1975, 1:361-376.
210. Preti G., Cutler W.B., Garcia C.R., Krieger A., Huggins G.R., Lawley H.J. Human axillary secretions influence women's menstrual cycles: the role of donor extracts of females. Horm. Behav. 1986, 20:474-482.
211. Preti G., Wysocki C.J., Barnhart K.T., Sondheimer S.J., Leyden J.J. Male axillary extracts contain pheromones that affect pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and mood in women recipients. Biol. Reprod. 2003, 68:2107-2113.
212. Price E.C., Feistner A.T.C. Responses of captive aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) to the scent of conspecifics: a preliminary investigation. Folia Primatol. 1994, 62:170-174.
213. Rigaill L., Higham J.P., Lee P.C., Blin A., Garcia C. Multimodal sexual signaling and mating behavior in olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am. J. Primatol. 2013, 75:774-787.
214. Rikowski A., Grammer K. Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1999, 266:869-874.
215. Roberts S.C., Gosling L.M., Carter V., Petrie M. MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2008, 275:2715-2722.
216. Roberts S.C., Kralevich A., Ferdenzi C., Saxton T.K., Jones B.C., DeBruine L.M., Little A.C., Havlicek J. Body odor quality predicts behavioral attractiveness in humans. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2011, 40:1111-1117.
217. Roberts E.K., Lu A., Bergman T.J., Beehner J.C. A Bruce effect in wild geladas. Science 2012, 335:1222-1225.
218. Rogel M.J. A critical evaluation of the possibility of higher primate reproductive and sexual pheromones. Psychol. Bull. 1978, 85:810-830.
219. Roney J.R., Simmons Z.L. Men smelling women: null effects of exposure to ovulatory sweat on men's testosterone. Evol. Psychol. 2012, 10:703-713.
220. Rylands A.B. Tree-gouging and scent-marking by marmosets. Anim. Behav. 1985, 33:1365-1367.
221. Savage A., Ziegler T.E., Snowdon C.T. Sociosexual development, pair bond formation, and mechanisms of fertility suppression in female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Am. J. Primatol. 1988, 14:345-359.
222. Schaal B. Mammary odor cues and pheromones: mammalian infant-directed communication about maternal state, mammae, and milk. Vitam. Horm. 2010, 83:83-136.
223. Schaal B., Porter R.H. "Microsmatic humans" revisited: the generation and perception of chemical signals. Adv. Study Behav. 1991, 20:135-199.
224. Schiffman S.S. Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. JAMA 1997, 278:1357-1362.
225. Schilling A. A study of marking behaviour in Lemur catta. Prosimian Biology 1974, 347-362. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh. R.D. Martin, G.A. Doyle, A.C. Walker (Eds.).
226. Schilling A. Olfactory communication in prosimians. The Study of Prosimian Behavior 1979, 461-542. Academic Press, New York. G.A. Doyle, R.D. Martin (Eds.).
227. Schilling A. The possible role of urine in territoriality of some nocturnal prosimians. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1980, 45:165-193.
228. Schilling A., Perret M. Chemical signals and reproductive capacity in a male prosimian primate (Microcebus murinus). Chem. Senses 1987, 12:143-158.
229. Scordato E.S., Drea C.M. Scents and sensibility: information content of olfactory signals in the ringtailed lemur, Lemur catta. Anim. Behav. 2007, 73:301-314.
230. Scordato E.S., Dubay G., Drea C.M. Chemical composition of scent marks in the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta): glandular differences, seasonal variation, and individual signatures. Chem. Senses 2007, 32:493-504.
231. Setchell J.M., Dixson A.F. Changes in the secondary sexual adornments of male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are associated with gain and loss of alpha status. Horm. Behav. 2001, 39:177-184.
232. Setchell J.M., Huchard E. The hidden benefits of sex: Evidence for MHC-associated mate choice in primate societies. Bioessays 2010, 32:940-948.
233. Setchell J.M., Kappeler P.M. Selection in relation to sex in primates. Adv. Study Behav. 2003, 33:87-174.
234. Setchell J.M., Vaglio S., Moggi-Cecchi J., Boscaro F., Calamai L., Knapp L.A. Chemical composition of scent-gland secretions in an old world monkey (Mandrillus sphinx): influence of sex, male status, and individual identity. Chem. Senses 2010, 35:205-220.
235. Setchell J.M., Vaglio S., Abbott K.M., Moggi-Cecchi J., Boscaro F., Pieraccini G., Knapp L.A. Odour signals major histocompatibility complex genotype in an Old World monkey. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2011, 278:274-280.
236. Shepherd G.M. The human sense of smell: are we better than we think?. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2:572-575.
237. Simons E.L., Rumpler Y. Eulemur: new generic name for species of Lemur other than Lemur catta. C. R. Acad. Sci. III Sci. Vie 1988, 307:547-551.
238. Singh D., Bronstad P.M. Female body odour is a potential cue to ovulation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2001, 268:797-801.
239. Smith T.E., Abbott D.H. Behavioral discrimination between circumgenital odor from peri-ovulatory dominant and anovulatory female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am. J. Primatol. 1998, 46:265-284.
240. Smith T.D., Bhatnagar K.P. Microsmatic primates: reconsidering how and when size matters. Anat. Rec. B New Anat. 2004, 279B:24-31.
241. Smith T.E., Gordon S.J. Sex differences in olfactory communication in Saguinus labiatus. Int. J. Primatol. 2002, 23:429-441.
242. Smith A.B., Belcher A.M., Epple G., Jurs P.C., Lavine B. Computerized pattern recognition: a new technique for the analysis of chemical communication. Science 1985, 228:175.
243. Smith T.E., Abbott D.H., Tomlinson A.J., Mlotkiewicz J.A. Differential display of investigative behavior permits discrimination of scent signatures from familiar and unfamiliar socially dominant female marmoset monkeys (Callitrhix jacchus). J. Chem. Ecol. 1997, 23:2523-2546.
244. Smith T.E., Tomlinson A.J., Mlotkiewicz J.A., Abbott D.H. Female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) can be identified from the chemical composition of their scent marks. Chem. Senses 2001, 26:449-458.
245. Smith T.D., Siegel M.I., Bhatnagar K.P. Reappraisal of the vomeronasal system of catarrhine primates: ontogeny, morphology, functionality, and persisting questions. Anat. Rec. 2001, 265:176-192.
246. Smith T.D., Bhatnagar K.P., Tuladhar P., Burrows A.M. Distribution of olfactory epithelium in the primate nasal cavity: are microsmia and macrosmia valid morphological concepts?. Anat. Rec. Part A 2004, 281A:1173-1181.
247. Smith T.D., Rossie J.B., Bhatnagar K.P. Evolution of the nose and nasal skeleton in primates. Evol. Anthropol. 2007, 16:132-146.
248. Snowdon C.T., Ziegler T.E., Widowski T.M. Further hormonal suppression of eldest daughter cotton-top tamarins following birth of infants. Am. J. Primatol. 1993, 31:11-21.
249. Snowdon C.T., Ziegler T.E., Schultz-Darken N.J., Ferris C.F. Social odours, sexual arousal and pairbonding in primates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2006, 361:2079-2089.
250. Stoddart D.M. The Scented Ape: The Biology and Culture of Human Odour 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
251. Surridge A.K., Osorio D., Mundy N.I. Evolution and selection of trichromatic vision in primates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2003, 18:198-205.
252. Swaney W.T., Keverne E.B. The evolution of pheromonal communication. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 200:239-247.
253. Thornhill R., Gangestad S.W. The scent of symmetry: a human sex pheromone that signals fitness?. Evol. Hum. Behav. 1999, 20:175-201.
254. Thysen B., Elliott W.H., Katzman P.A. Identification of estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol (estratetraenol) from the urine of pregnant women (1). Steroids 1968, 11:73-87.
255. Ueno Y. Responses to urine odor in the tufted capuchin (Cebus apella). J. Ethol. 1994, 12:81-87.
256. Vaglio S., Minicozzi P., Bonometti E., Mello G., Chiarelli B. Volatile signals during pregnancy: a possible chemical basis for mother-infant recognition. J. Chem. Ecol. 2009, 35:131-139.
257. Van Belle S., Estrada A., Ziegler T.E., Strier K.B. Sexual behavior across ovarian cycles in wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra): male mate guarding and female mate choice. Am. J. Primatol. 2009, 71:153-164.
258. van der Lee S., Boot L.M. Spontaneous pseudopregnancy in mice II. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 1955, 4:442-443.
259. Vandenbergh J.G. Effect of the presence of the male on the sexual maturation of female mice. Endocrinology 1967, 81:345-349.
260. Wallace P. Individual discrimination of humans by odor. Physiol. Behav. 1977, 19:577-579.
261. Waltman R., Tricomi V., Wilson G.E., Lewin A.H., Goldberg N.L., Chang M.M.Y. Volatile fatty acids in vaginal secretions: human pheromones?. Lancet 1973, 302:496.
262. Washabaugh K., Snowdon C.T. Chemical communication of reproductive status in female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Am. J. Primatol. 1998, 45:337-349.
263. Wedekind C., Füri S. Body odour preferences in men and women: do they aim for specific MHC combinations or simply heterozygosity?. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1997, 264:1471-1479.
264. Wedekind C., Seebeck T., Bettens F., Paepke A.J. MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1995, 260:245-249.
265. Weisfeld G.E., Czilli T., Phillips K.A., Gall J.A., Lichtman C.M. Possible olfaction-based mechanisms in human kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 2003, 85:279-295.
266. Wheeler J.W., Blum M.S., Clark A. β-(p-Hydroxyphenyl) ethanol in the chest gland secretion of a galago (Galago crassicaudatus). Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 1977, 33:988-989.
267. Whitten W.K. Modification of the estrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. J. Endocrinol. 1956, 13:399-404.
268. Widowski T.M., Ziegler T.E., Elowson A.M., Snowdon C.T. The role of males in the stimulation of reproductive function in female cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus o. oedipus. Anim. Behav. 1990, 40:731-741.
269. Wolovich C.K., Evans S. Sociosexual behavior and chemical communication of Aotus nancymaae. Int. J. Primatol. 2007, 28:1299-1313.
270. Wright P.C., Toyama L.M., Simons E.L. Courtship and copulation in Tarsius bancanus. Folia Primatol. 1986, 46:142-148.
271. Wysocki C.J., Preti G. Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones. Anat. Rec. A: Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 2004, 281:1201-1211.
272. Yarger R.G., Smith A.B., Preti G., Epple G. The major volatile constituents of the scent mark of a South American primate Saguinus fuscicollis, Callithricidae. J. Chem. Ecol. 1977, 3:45-56.
273. Zhang J., Webb D.M. Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:8337-8341.
274. Zhou W., Yang X., Chen K., Cai P., He S., Jiang Y. Chemosensory communication of gender through two human steroids in a sexually dimorphic manner. Curr. Biol. 2014, 24:1091-1095.
275. Ziegler T.E. Social effects via olfactory sensory stimuli on reproductive function and dysfunction in cooperative breeding marmosets and tamarins. Am. J. Primatol. 2013, 75:202-211.
276. Ziegler T.E., Epple G., Snowdon C.T., Porter T.A., Belcher A.M., Kuderling I. Detection of the chemical signals of ovulation in the cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Anim. Behav. 1993, 45:313-322.
277. Ziegler T.E., Schultz-Darken N.J., Scott J.J., Snowdon C.T., Ferris C.F. Neuroendocrine response to female ovulatory odors depends upon social condition in male common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. Horm. Behav. 2005, 47:56-64.