Challenges and advances in quantum dot fluorescent probes to detect reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: A review

Analytica Chimica Acta

Volumn 862, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-13

  Adegoke, Oluwasesan ^a   Forbes, Patricia B C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Fluorescence; Quantum dots; Reactive nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species; Sensing

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; FLUORESCENCE; FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY; GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS; NANOCRYSTALS; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; PROBES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

BIOLOGICAL MATRIXES; EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE; FLUORESCENT PROBES; PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES; SCIENTIFIC FIELDS; SENSING;

SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS;

FLUORESCENT DYE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; HYPOCHLOROUS ACID; NITRIC OXIDE; PEROXYNITRITE; QUANTUM DOT; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SUPEROXIDE;

COMPARATIVE STUDY; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; HUMAN; IMMUNOSENSOR; LIMIT OF DETECTION; LIMIT OF QUANTITATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; QUANTUM YIELD; REVIEW; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY;

ANIMALS; FLUORESCENT DYES; HUMANS; QUANTUM DOTS; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 84922540751     PISSN: 00032670     EISSN: 18734324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.036     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Kehrer J.P. Free-radicals as mediators of tissue-injury and disease. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1993, 23:21-48.
2. B. Halliwell, J.M.C. Gutteridge, Reactive oxygen species: a radical role in development? Free Radical Biol. Med. Claredon Press, Oxford, 1989.
3. Liu D., Liu J., Sun D., Alcock N.W., Wen J. Spinal cord injury increases iron levels: catalytic production of hydroxyl radical. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2003, 34:64-71.
4. Valko M., Izakovic M., Mazur M., Rhodes C.J., Telser J. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004, 266:37-56.
5. Nathan C. Specificity of a third kind: reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in cell signalling. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 111:769-778.
6. Ames N.B., Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M. Oxidants antioxidants, and the degenerative disease of aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993, 90:7915-7922.
7. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C., Cross C.E. Free-radicals antioxidants, and human-disease - where are we now. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1992, 119:598-620.
8. Bove P.F., van der Vliet A. Nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species in airway epithelial signaling and inflammation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2006, 41:515-527.
9. Fink M.P. Role of reactive oxygen species in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 2002, 8:6-11.
10. Hernández-García D., Wood C.D., Castro-Obregón S., Covarrubias L. Reactive oxygen species: a radical role in development?. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2010, 49:130-143.
11. Gomes A., Fernandes E., Lima José L.F.C. Use of fluorescence probes for detection of reactive nitrogen species: a review. J. Fluoresc. 2006, 16:119-139.
12. Schmitt F.-J., Renger G., Friedrich T., Kreslavski V.D., Zharmukhamedov S.K., Los D.A., Kuznetsov V.V., Allakhverdiev S.I. Reactive oxygen species: re-evaluation of generation, monitoring and role in stress-signaling in phototrophic organisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1837:835-848.
13. Dizdaroglu M. Chemical determination of free radical-induced damage to DNA. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1991, 10:225-242.
14. Winterbourn C.C. The challenges of using fluorescent probes to detect and quantify specific reactive oxygen species in living cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1840:730-738.
15. Leichert L.I., Gehrke F., Gudiseva H.V., Blackwell T., Ilbert M., Walker A.K., Strahler J.R., Andrews P.C., Jakob U. Quantifying changes in the thiol redox proteome upon oxidative stress in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:8197-8202.
16. Niki E. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation in clinical material. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1840:809-817.
17. Cadet J., Douki T., Gasparutto D., Ravanat J.L. Oxidative damage to DNA: formation, measurement and biochemical features. Mutat. Res. 2003, 531:5-23.
18. Thornalley P.J., Rabbani N. Detection of oxidized and glycated proteins in clinical samples using mass spectrometry - a user's perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1840:818-829.
19. Zielonka J., Zielonka M., Sikora A., Adamus J., Joseph J., Hardy M., Ouari O., Dranka B.P., Kalyanaraman B. Global profiling of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in biological systems: high-throughput real-time analyses. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:2984-2995.
20. Winterbourn C.C., Kettle A.J. Biomarkers of myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000, 29:403-409.
21. Feeney M.B., Schoneich C. Proteomic approaches to analyze protein tyrosine nitration. Antiox. Redox Sign. 2013, 23:157-221.
22. Kettle A.J., Albrett A.M., Chapman A.L., Dickerhof N., Forbes L.V., Khalilova I., Turner R. Measuring chlorine bleach in biology and medicine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1840:781-793.
23. Radi R. Nitric oxide oxidants, and protein tyrosine nitration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101:4003-4008.
24. Schäferling M., Grögel D.B.M., Schreml S. Luminescent probes for detection and imaging of hydrogen peroxide. Microchim. Acta 2010, 174:1-8.
25. Wardman P. Fluorescent and luminescent probes for measurement of oxidative and nitrosative species in cells and tissues: progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2007, 43:995-1022.
26. Tarpey M.M., Wink D.A., Grisham M.B. Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations. Am. J. Physiol. 2004, 286:R431-R444.
27. Dikalov S.I., Harrison D.G. Methods for detection of mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species. Antiox. Redox Sign. 2012, 20:372-382. (Epub).
28. Maghzal G.J., Krause K.H., Stocker R., Jaquet V. Detection of reactive oxygen species derived from the family of NOX NADPH oxidases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 53:1903-1918.
29. Kalyanaraman B., Darley-Usmar K.J., Dennery P.A., Forman H.J., Grisham M.B., Mann G.E., Moore K., Roberts L.J., Ischiropoulos H. Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 52:1-6.
30. Alivisatos A.P. Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 1996, 271:933-937.
31. Murray C.B., Norris D.J., Bawendi M.G. Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115:8706-8715.
32. Bruchez M., Moronne M., Gin P., Weiss S., Alivisatos A.P. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 1998, 281:2013-2016.
33. Peng Z.A., Peng X. Formation of high-quality CdTe CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123:183-184.
34. Gaponik N., Talapin D.V., Rogach A.L., Hoppe K., Shevchenko E.V., Kornowski A., Eychmuller A., Weller H. Thiol-capping of CdTe nanocrystals: an alternative to organometallic synthetic routes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106:7177-7185.
35. Chan W.C.W., Nie S.M. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 1998, 281:2016-2018.
36. Gaponenko S.V. Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanocrystals 1998, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
37. Gill R., Zayats M., Willner I. Semiconductor quantum dots for bioanalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47:7602-7625.
38. Reiss P., Protiére M., Li L. Core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals. Small 2009, 5:154-168.
39. Hempel S.L., Buettner G.R., O'Malley Y.Q., Wessels D.A., Flaherty D.M. Dihydrofluorescein diacetate is superior for detecting intracellular oxidants: comparison with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 5(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and dihydrorhodamine 123. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1999, 27:146-159.
40. Kim G., Lee Y.-E.K., Xu H., Philbert M.A., Kopelman R. Nano-encapsulation method for high selectivity sensing of hydrogen peroxide inside live cells. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82:2165-2169.
41. Lo L.-C., Chu C.-Y. Development of highly selective and sensitive probes for hydrogen peroxide. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2728-2729.
42. Chang M.C.Y., Pralle A., Isacoff E.Y., Chang C.J. A selective, cell-permeable optical probe for hydrogen peroxide in living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126:15392-15393.
43. Pou S., Huang Y.-I., Bhan A., Bhadti V.S., Hosmane R.S., Wu S.Y., Cao G.-L., Rosen G.M. A fluorophore-containing nitroxide as a probe to detect superoxide and hydroxyl radical generated by stimulated neutrofils. Anal. Biochem. 1993, 212:85-90.
44. Yang X.-F., Guo X.-Q. Study of nitroxide-linked naphthalene as a fluorescence probe for hydroxyl radicals. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 434:169-177.
45. Yang X.-F., Guo X.-Q. Investigation of the anthracene-nitroxide hybrid molecule as a probe for hydroxyl radicals. Analyst 2001, 126:1800-1804.
46. {filled circle}OH in living cells: effectively avoiding the interference of peroxynitrite. Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16:1834-1840.
47. Gao J.J., Xu K.H., Tang B., Yin L.L., Yang G.W., An L.G. Selective detection of superoxide anion radicals generated from macrophages by using a novel fluorescent probe. FEBS J. 2007, 274:1725-1733.
48. Medvedeva N., Martin V.V., Weis A.L., Likhtenshten G.I. Dual fluorophore-nitronyl probe for investigation of superoxide dynamics and antioxidant status of biological systems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2004, 163:45-51.
49. Olojo R.O., Xia R.H., Abramson J.J. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric assay for superoxide ion using 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Anal. Biochem. 2005, 339:338-344.
50. Tang B., Zhang L., Hu J.-X., Li P., Zhang H., Zhao Y.-X. Indirect determination of superoxide anion radical in the plant of red sage based on vanillin-8-aminoquinoline with fluorescence. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 502:125-131.
51. Maeda H., Yamamoto K., Nomura Y., Kohno I., Hafsi L., Ueda N., Yoshida S., Fukuda M., Fukuyasu Y., Yamauchi Y., Itoh N. Probes for superoxide based on nonredox mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127:68-69.
52. Tarpey M.M., Wink D.A., Grisham M.B. Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004, 286:R431-R444.
53. Misko T.P., Schilling R.J., Salvemini D., Moore W.M., Currie M.G. A fluorometric assay for the measurement of nitrite in biological samples. Anal. Biochem. 1993, 214:11-16.
54. Nakatsubo N., Kojima H., Sakurai K., Kikuchi K., Nagoshi H., Hirata Y., Akaike T., Maeda H., Urano Y., Higuchi T., Nagano T. Improved nitric oxide detection using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and its application to the evaluation of novel nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 21:1247-1250.
55. Gonzalez-Santiago L., Lopez-Ongil S., Rodriguez-Puyol M., Rodriguez-Puyol D. Decreased nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells cultured on type I collagen. Circ. Res. 2002, 90:539-545.
56. Kooy N.W., Royall J.A., Ischiropoulos H., Beckman J.S. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1994, 16:149-156.
57. Gunasekar P.G., Kanthasamy A.G., Borowitz J.L., Isom G.E. Monitoring intracellular nitric oxide formation by dichlorofluorescin in neuronal cells. J. Neurosci. Methods 1995, 61:15-21.
58. Rosenthal S.J., McBride J., Pennycock S.J., Feldman L.C. Synthesis surface studies, composition and structural characterization of CdSe, core/shell and biologically active nanocrystals. Surf. Sci. Rep. 2007, 62:111-157.
59. Freeman R., Willner I. Optical molecular sensing with semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41:4067-4085.
60. Hild W.A., Breunig M., Goepferich A. Quantum dots-nano-sized probes for the exploration of cellular and intracellular targeting. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 68:153-168.
61. Azzazy H.M.E., Mansour M.M.H., Kazmierczak S.C. From diagnostics to therapy: prospects of quantum dots. Clin. Biochem. 2007, 40:917-927.
62. Frigerio C., Ribeiro D.S.M., Rodrigues S.S.M., Abreu V.L.R.G., Barboza J.A.C., Prior J.A.V., Marques K.L., Santos J.L.M. Application of quantum dots as analytical tools in automated chemical analysis: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 735:9-22.
63. Algar W.R., Tavares A.J., Krull U.J. Beyond labels: a review of the application of quantum dots as integrated components of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors utilizing optical transduction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 673:1-25.
64. Mattoussi H., Palui G., Na H.B. Luminescent quantum dots as platforms for probing in vitro and in vivo biological processes. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 2012, 64:138-166.
65. Jamieson T., Bakhshi R., Patrova D., Pocock R., Imani M., Seifalian A.M. Biological applications of quantum dots. Biomaterials 2007, 28:4717-4732.
66. Zhang Y., Wang T.-H. Quantum dot enabled molecular sensing and diagnostics. Theranostics 2012, 2:631-654.
67. Delehanty J.B., Susumu K., Manthe R.L., Algar W.R., Medintz I.L. Active cellular sensing with quantum dots: transitioning from research tool to reality; a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 750:63-81.
68. Lakowicz J.R. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1999, Kluwer Academic Press, New York. second ed.
69. Carter K.P., Young A.M., Palmer A.E. Fluorescent sensors for measuring metal ions in living systems. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114:4564-4601.
70. Godley B.F., Shamsi F.A., Liang F.Q., Jarrett S.G., Davies S., Boulton M. Blue light induces mitochondrial DNA damage and free radical production in epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:21061-21066.
71. 2, a necessary evil for cell signalling. Science 2006, 312:1882-1883.
72. Finkel T. Oxidant signals and oxidative stress. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2003, 15:247-254.
73. Stone J.R., Yang S. Hydrogen peroxide: a signaling messenger. Antioxid. Redox Sign. 2006, 8:243-270.
74. Chen X., Tian X., Shin I., Yoon J. Fluorescent and luminescent probes for detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40:4783-4804.
75. Lobnik A., Cajlakovic M. Sol-gel based optical sensor for continuous determination of dissolved hydrogen peroxide. Sens. Actuators B 2001, 74:194-199.
76. Trinder P. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1969, 6:24-27.
77. Gallati H. Aktivitätsbestimmung von peroxidase mit hilfe des trinder-reagenz. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1977, 15:699-793.
78. Mizoguchi M., Ishiyama M., Shiga M. Water-soluble chromogenic reagent for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide - an alternative to 4-aminoantipyrine working at a long wavelength. Anal. Commun. 1998, 35:71-74.
79. Mascini M., Moscone D. Amperometric acetylcholine and choline sensors with immobilized enzymes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1986, 179:439-444.
80. Moody G.J., Sanghera G.S., Thomas J.D.R. Modified platinum wire glucose oxidase amperometric electrode. Analyst 1986, 111:1235-1238.
81. Wang J. Electrochemical glucose biosensors. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108:814-825.
82. Miller E.W., Chang C.J. Fluorescent probes for nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in cell signalling. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2007, 11:620-625.
83. 2: the molecule that is a necessary evil in the cell. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48:3022-3024.
84. Chang M.C.Y., Pralle A., Isacoff E.Y., Chang C.J. A selective, cell-permeable optical probe for hydrogen peroxide in living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126:15392-15393.
85. Miller E.W., Albers A.E., Pralle A., Isacoff E.Y., Chang C.J. Boronate-based fluorescent probes for imaging cellular hydrogen peroxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127:16652-16659.
86. 2-sensitive quantum dots for the label-free detection of glucose. Talanta 2010, 82:997-1002.
87. 2-sensitive quantum dots. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 28:50-55.
88. 2 quantum dots-based fluorescence turn off/on probe for detection of melamine. Talanta 2012, 101:368-373.
89. Yang L., Ren X., Mang X., Li H., Tang F. Optical analysis of lactate dehydrogenase and glucose by CdTe quantum dots and their dual simultaneous detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26:3488-3493.
90. 2- and pH-sensitive CdTe quantum dots as fluorescence probes for the detection of glucose. Luminescence 2013, 28:667-672.
91. Mancini M.C., Kairdolf B.A., Smith A.M., Nie S. Oxidative quenching and degradation of polymer-encapsulated quantum dots: new insights into the long-term fate and toxicity of nanocrystals in vivo. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130:10836-10837.
92. Kettle A.J., Carr A.C., Winterbourn C.C. Assays using horseradish peroxidase and phenolic substrates require superoxide dismutase for accurate determination of hydrogen peroxide production by neutrophils. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1994, 17:161-164.
93. Yuan J., Guo W., Wang E. Utilizing a CdTe quantum dots-enzyme hybrid system for the determination of both phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80:1141-1145.
94. Zhao J.G., Henkens R.W., Stonehuerner J., Daly J.P.O., Crumbliss A.L. Direct electron transfer at horseradish peroxidase-colloidal gold modified electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 327:109-119.
95. Huang X., Wang J., Liu H., Lan T., Ren J. Quantum dot-based FRET for sensitive determination of hydrogen peroxide and glucose using tyramide reaction. Talanta 2013, 106:79-84.
96. Adegoke O., Khene S., Nyokong T. Fluorescence switch on of conjugates of CdTe@ZnS quantum dots with Al, Ni and Zn tetraamino-phthalocyanines by hydrogen peroxide: characterization and applications as luminescent nanosensors. J. Fluoresc. 2013, 23:963-974.
97. Rodrigues S.S.M., Ribeiro D.S.M., Molina-Garcia L., Medina A.R., Prior J.A.V., Santos J.L.M. Fluorescence enhancement of CdTe MPA-capped quantum dots by glutathione for hydrogen peroxide determination. Talanta 2014, 122:157-165.
98. Wardman P. Fluorescent and luminescent probes for measurement of oxidative and nitrosative species in cells and tissues: progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2007, 43:995-1022.
99. Imlay J.A. Pathways of oxidative damage. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2003, 57:395-418.
100. Tan A.S., Berridge M.V. Superoxide produced by activated neutrophils efficiently reduces the tetrazolium salt, WST-1 to produce a soluble formazan: a simple colorimetric assay for measuring respiratory burst activation and for screening anti-inflammatory agents. J. Immunol. Methods 2000, 238:59-68.
101. 2 sensing. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47:8539-8541.
102. Cao M., Cao C., Liu M., Wang P., Zhu C. Selective fluorometry of cytochrome c using glutathione-capped CdTe quantum dots in weakly basic medium. Michrochim. Acta 2009, 165:341-346.
103. Qin L.-W., Ma W., Li D.-W., Li Y., Chen X., Kraatz H.-B., James T.D., Long Y.-T. Coenzyme Q functionalized CdTe/ZnS quantum dots for reactive oxygen species (ROS) imaging. Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17:5262-5271.
104. Adegoke O., Antunes E., Nyokong T. Nanoconjugates of CdTe@ZnS quantum dots with cobalt tetraamino-phthalocyanine: characterization and implications for the fluorescence recognition of superoxide anion. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2013, 257:11-19.
105. Adegoke O., Nyokong T. Effects of analytes on the fluorescence properties of CdTe@ZnS quantum dots decorated with cobalt tetraamino-phthalocyanine. J. Lumin. 2014, 146:275-283.
106. Nathan C. Specificity of a third kind: reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in cell signalling. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 111:769-778.
107. Morgan P.E., Pattison I., Davies M.J. Quantification of hydroxyl radical-derived oxidation products in peptides containing glycine alanine, valine, and proline. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 52:328-339.
108. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C. Biologically relevant metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radical generation - an update. FEBS Lett. 1992, 307:108-112.
109. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C. Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: some problems and concepts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1986, 246:501-514.
110. Chen S.-X., Schopfer P. Hydroxyl-radical production in physiological reactions. A novel function of peroxidise. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 260:726-735.
111. Bektaşoğlu B., Ǒzyürek M., Güçlü K., Apak R. Hydroxyl radical detection with a salicylate probe using modified CUPRAC spectrophotometry and HPLC. Talanta 2008, 77:90-97.
112. 2+. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81:6252-6257.
113. Adegoke O., Nyokong T. A comparative study on the sensitive detection of hydroxyl radical using thiol-capped CdTe and CdTe/ZnS quantum dots. J. Fluoresc. 2012, 22:1513-1519.
114. Davies M.J., Hawkins C.L., Pattison D.I., Rees M.D. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid. Redox Sign. 2008, 10:1199-1234.
115. Winterbourn C.C. Biological reactivity and biomarkers of the neutrophil oxidanthypochlorous acid. Toxicology 2002, 181-182:223-227.
116. Winterbourn C.C. Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2008, 4:278-286.
117. Yan Y., Wang S., Liu Z., Wang H., Huang D. CdSe-ZnS quantum dots for selective and sensitive detection and quantification of hypochlorite. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82:9775-9781.
118. Yang Y.-C., Lu H.-H., Wang W.-T., Liau I. Selective and absolute quantification of endogenous hypochlorous acid with quantum-dot conjugated microbeads. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83:8267-8272.
119. Liu Z., Yan Y., Wang S., Ong W.-Y., Ong C.N., Huang D. Assaying myeloperoxidase inhibitors and hypochlorous acid scavengers in HL60 cell line using quantum dots. Am. J. Biomed. Sci. 2013, 2:140-153.
120. Ignarro L.J., Buga G.M., Wood K.S., Byrns R.E., Chaudhuri G. Endotheliumderived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1987, 84:9265-9269.
121. Palmer R.M.J., Ferrige A.G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelial-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987, 327:524-526.
122. Thomson L.L., Lawton F.G., Knowles R.G., Basley J.E., Riversomoreno V., Moncada S. NO synthase activity in human gynecological cancer. Cancer Res. 1994, 54:1352-1354.
123. Taysi S., Uslu C., Akcay F., Sutbeyaz M.Y. MDA and nitric oxide in the plasma of patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. Surg. Today 2003, 9:651-654.
124. Cabs C.S., Brenman J.E., Aldape K.D., Bredt D.S., Isrnael M.A. Expression of NOS in human central nervous system tumors. Cancer Res. 1995, 55:727-730.
125. Reveneau S., Arnould L., Jolimoy G., Hilpert S., Lejeune P., Saint-Giorgio V., Belichard C., Jeannin J.F. Nitric oxide synthase in human breast cancer is associated with tumor grade proliferation rate, and expression of progesterone receptor. Lab. Invest. 1999, 79:1215-1225.
126. Prazma J., Pertrusz P., Mims W., Ball S.S., Weissler M.C. Immunohistochemical characterization of NOS activity in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1995, 113:541-549.
127. Kauffer F.-A., Merlin C., Balan L., Schneider R. Incidence of the core composition on the stability, the ROS production and the toxicity of CdSe quantum dots. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 268:246-255.
128. Tan L., Wan A., Li H., Lu Q. Novel quantum dots - carboxymethyl chitosan nanocomposite nitric oxide donors capable of detecting release of nitric oxide in situ. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:3744-3752.
129. Tan L., Wan A., Li H. Quantum dots-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hybrid nanogel diazeniumdiolates as donors and real-time probes of nitric oxide. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138:956-962.
130. Yan X.Q., Shang Z.B., Zhang Z., Wang Y., Jin W.J. Fluorescence sensing of nitric oxide in aqueous solution by triethanolamine-modified CdSe quantum dots. Luminescence 2009, 24:255-259.
131. x by fluorescence spectroscopy. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2012, 381:212-217.
132. Tan L., Wan A., Li H., Zhang H., Lu Q. Biocompatible quantum dotsechitosan nanocomposites for fluorescence detection of nitric oxide. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2012, 134:562-566.
133. Ding L., Li T., Zhong Y., Fan C., Huang J. Synthesis and characterization of a novel nitric oxide fluorescent probe CdS-PMMA nanocomposite via in-situ bulk polymerization. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2014, 35:29-35.
134. Simões E.F.C., Leităo J.M.M., Esteves da Silva J.C.G. NO fluorescence quantification by chitosan CdSe quantum dots nanocomposites. J. Fluoresc. 2014, 24:639-648.
135. Liu S., Jin L., Chronakis I.S., Li X., Ge M. Hyperbranched polyether hybrid nanospheres with CdSe quantum dots incorporated for selective detection of nitric oxide. Mater. Lett. 2014, 123:104-106.
136. Yoshimura I., Miyahara Y., Kasagi N., Yamane H., Ojida A., Hamachi I. Molecular recognition in a supramolecular hydrogel to afford a semi-wet sensor chip. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126:12204-12205.
137. Wadhavane P.D., Izquierdo M.A., Galindo F., Burguete M.I., Luis S.V. Organogel-quantum dots hybrid materials displaying fluorescence sensitivity and structural stability towards nitric oxide. Soft Matter 2012, 8:4373-4381.
138. Wang S., Han M.-Y., Huang D. Nitric oxide switches on the photoluminescence of molecularly engineered quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131:11692-11694.
139. Priyam A., Bhattacharya S.C., Saha A. Volatile interface of biological oxidant and luminescent CdTe quantum dots: implications in nanodiagnostics. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11:520-529.
140. Valdez L.B., lvarez T.Á., Zaobornyj T., Boveris A. Polyphenols and red wine as antioxidants against peroxynitrite and other oxidants. Biol. Res. 2004, 37:279-286.
141. {filled circle}- toward NADH. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2000, 13:736-741.
142. Adegoke O., Nyokong T. Probing the sensitive and selective luminescent detection of peroxynitrite using thiol-capped CdTe and CdTe@ZnS quantum dots. J. Lumin. 2013, 134:448-455.