Sentinel node biopsy for lymph nodal staging of uterine cervix cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pertinent literature

European Journal of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-20

  Kadkhodayan, S ^a   Hasanzadeh, M ^a   Treglia, G ^b   Azad, A ^a   Yousefi, Z ^a   Zarifmahmoudi, L ^c   Sadeghi, R ^c  

^a MASHHAD UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b ONCOLOGY INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN SWITZERLAND   (Switzerland)

^c MASHHAD UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Cervical cancer; Evidence based; Lymphatic mapping; Meta analysis; Sentinel node

Indexed keywords

DYE; TRACER;

CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER STAGING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FERTILITY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCOPUS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE MAPPING; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TUMOR VOLUME; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; ADENOCARCINOMA; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; FEMALE; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; META ANALYSIS; PATHOLOGY; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS;

ADENOCARCINOMA; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84922525976     PISSN: 07487983     EISSN: 15322157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.010     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Creasman WT, Kohler MF. Is lymph vascular space involvement an independent prognostic factor in early cervical cancer? Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:525-9.
2. Biewenga P, van der Velden J, Mol BW, et al. Prognostic model for survival in patients with early stage cervical cancer. Cancer 2011; 117:768-76.
3. Macdonald OK, Chen J, Dodson M, Lee CM, Gaffney DK. Prognostic significance of histology and positive lymph node involvement following radical hysterectomy in carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Clin Oncol 2009;32:411-6.
4. Marin F, Plesca M, Bordea CI, et al. Postoperative surgical complications of lymphadenohysterocolpectomy. J Med Life 2014;7: 60-6.
5. Burke TW. Treatment options in stage IB cervical cancer: radical hysterectomy and radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 1994;4:34- 40.
6. Berveiller P, Mir O, Veyrie N, Barranger E. The sentinel-node concept: A dramatic improvement in breast-cancer surgery. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:906.
7. Hassanzade M, Attaran M, Treglia G, Yousefi Z, Sadeghi R. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2013;130:237-45.
8. Ansari M, Rad MA, Hassanzadeh M, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in endometrial cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2013;34:387-401.
9. Bats AS, Mathevet P, Buenerd A, et al. The sentinel node technique detects unexpected drainage pathways and allows nodal ultrastaging in early cervical cancer: insights from the multicenter prospective SENTICOL study. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:413-22.
10. Altgassen C, Gottschild D, Durst M, Schneider A. Sentinel lymph node detection in women with cervical cancers, a prospective multicenter study, uterus III (AGO). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2002;62: 358-62.
11. Zaal A, Zweemer RP, Zikan M, et al. Pelvic lymphadenectomy improves survival in patients with cervical cancer with low-volume disease in the sentinel node: A retrospective multicenter cohort study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014;24:303-11.
12. Quality assessment of the diagnostic studies. In: OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. "The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2". Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o1/45653. Accessed 4 Sep 2014.
13. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7:177-88.
14. Egger M, Davey-Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in metaanalysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34.
15. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000;56:455-63.
16. Zamora J, Abraira V, Muriel A, Khan K, Coomarasamy A. Meta- DiSc: A software for meta-analysis of test accuracy data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006;6:31.
17. Schwendinger V, Muller-Holzner E, Zeimet AG, Marth C. Sentinel node detection with the blue dye technique in early cervical cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2006;27:359-62.
18. Lantzsch T, Wolters M, Grimm J, et al. Sentinel node procedure in Ib cervical cancer: A preliminary series. Br J Cancer 2001;85:791-4.
19. van Dam PA, Hauspy J, Vanderheyden T, et al. Intraoperative sentinel node identification with Technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix: A feasibility study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003;13:182-6.
20. dos Reis R, Tavares EB, Amaral B, et al. Sentinel lymph node identification in patients with stage IB1 invasive cervical carcinoma. Curr Cancer Ther Rev 2007;3:209-14.
21. Vieira SC, Sousa RB, Tavares MB, et al. Preoperative pelvic lymphoscintigraphy is of limited usefulness for sentinel lymph node detection in cervical cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145:96-9.
22. Vieira SC, Zeferino LC, Silva BB, et al. Sentinel node study with patent blue in cervical cancer. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2004;50:302-4.
23. Silva LB, Silva-Filho AL, Traiman P, et al. Sentinel node detection in cervical cancer with (99m)Tc-phytate. Gynecol Oncol 2005;97:588- 95.
24. Khinkova N, Gorchev G, Tsvetkov C, Tomov S. Sentinel lymph dissection in cervical cancereprognostic factors. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia) 2005;44:13-8.
25. Belhocine TZ, Prefontaine M, Lanvin D, et al. Added-value of SPECT/CT to lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in gynaecological cancers. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013;3: 182-93.
26. Roy M, Bouchard-Fortier G, Popa I, et al. Value of sentinel node mapping in cancer of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2011;122:269-74.
27. Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, et al. Simple vaginal trachelectomy in early-stage low-risk cervical cancer: A pilot study of 16 cases and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;23:916-22.
28. Hauspy J, Beiner M, Harley I, Ehrlich L, Rasty G, Covens A. Sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007;105:285-90.
29. Li B, Zhang WH, Liu L, Wu LY, Zhang R, Li N. Sentinel lymph node identification in patients with early stage cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004;117:867-70.
30. Yuan SH, Xiong Y, Wei M, et al. Sentinel lymph node detection using methylene blue in patients with early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007;106:147-52.
31. Zhu T, Lou HM, Yang ZY. Sentinel lymph node detection in patientswith early stage cervical cancer. Chin J Cancer Prev Treat 2011;18:805-7.
32. Sheng XG, Li DP, Liu NF, et al. Clinical significance of sentinel lymph nodes detection in patients with early stage cervical cancer. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2004;39:10-3.
33. Du XL, Sheng XG, Jiang T, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy as guidance for radical trachelectomy in young patients with early stage cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2011;11:157.
34. Wang HY, Sun JM, Lu HF, et al. Micrometastases detected by cytokeratin 19 expression in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with earlystage cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:643-8.
35. Zhang Z, Chang Q. Clinical analysis of sentinel lymph node identification in patients with cervical cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2014; 35:26-31.
36. Liu KJ, Lv XW, Liu Q, et al. Application of carbon nanoparticles in the laparoscopic sentinel lymph node detection in patients with cervical cancer. Acta Acad Med Sin 2013;35:150-4.
37. Rob L, Strnad P, Robova H, et al. Study of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification in early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005;98:281-8.
38. Holub Z, Jabor A, Lukac J, Kliment L. Laparoscopic detection of sentinel lymph nodes using blue dye in women with cervical and endometrial cancer. Med Sci Monit 2004;10:CR587-91.
39. Bournaud C, Le-Bail-Carval K, Scheiber C, de-Charry C, Mathevet P, Moreau-Triby C. Value of SPECT/CT in lymphatic mapping in cervix and endometrial cancer. Medecine Nucleaire 2013;37:387-96.
40. Dargent D, Martin X, Mathevet P. Laparoscopic assessment of the sentinel lymph node in early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2000;79:411-5.
41. Marchiole P, Buenerd A, Scoazec JY, Dargent D, Mathevet P. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is not accurate in predicting lymph node status for patients with cervical carcinoma. Cancer 2004;100:2154-9.
42. Lambaudie E, Collinet P, Narducci F, et al. Laparoscopic identification of sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer: prospective study using a combination of patent blue dye injection and technetium radiocolloid injection. Gynecol Oncol 2003;89:84-7.
43. Lecuru F, Mathevet P, Querleu D, et al. Bilateral negative sentinel nodes accurately predict absence of lymph node metastasis in early cervical cancer: results of the SENTICOL study. J Clin Oncol 2011;29: 1686-91.
44. Bats AS, Lavoue V, Rouzier R, Coutant C, Kerrou K, Darai E. Limits of day-before lymphoscintigraphy to localize sentinel nodes in women with cervical cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:2173-9.
45. Lelievre L, Camatte S, Le-Frere-belda MA, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cervix and corpus uteri cancers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004;14:271-8.
46. Klapdor R, Mucke J, Schneider M, et al. Value and advantages of preoperative sentinel lymph node imaging with SPECT/CT in cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014;24:295-302.
47. Altgassen C, Hertel H, Brandstadt A, Kohler C, Durst M, Schneider A. Multicenter validation study of the sentinel lymph node concept in cervical cancer: AGO Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2943-51.
48. Fotiou S, Zarganis P, Vorgias G, et al. Clinical value of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in patients with early cervical cancer considered for intraoperative lymphatic mapping. Anticancer Res 2010;30:183-8.
49. Somashekhar SP, Naikoo ZA, Zaveri SS, Parameswaran RV, Jaka RC. Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early cervical cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2012;3:317-20.
50. Rajaram S, Sharma H, Bhargava SK, Tripathi RP, Goel N, Mehta S. Mapping the extent of disease by multislice computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and sentinel node evaluation in stage I and II cervical carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2010;6:267-71.
51. Angioli R, Palaia I, Cipriani C, et al. Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure in cervical cancer: A critical point of view. Gynecol Oncol 2005;96:504-9.
52. Shiravani Z, Hasanzadeh M, Yousefi Z, et al. The value of lateral lymphoscintigraphy images of the pelvis for gynecological cancers: Are they necessary. Iran J Nucl Med 2014;22:46-50.
53. Yamashita T, Katayama H, Kato Y, et al. Management of pelvic lymph nodes by sentinel node navigation surgery in the treatment of invasive cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:1113-8.
54. Ogawa S, Kobayashi H, Amada S, et al. Sentinel node detection with (99m)Tc phytate alone is satisfactory for cervical cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Int J Clin Oncol 2010;15:52-8.
55. Furukawa N, Oi H, Yoshida S, Shigetomi H, Kanayama S, Kobayashi H. The usefulness of photodynamic eye for sentinel lymph node identification in patients with cervical cancer. Tumori 2010;96:936-40.
56. Kato H, Todo Y, Minobe S, et al. Previous conization on patient eligibility of sentinel lymph node detection for early invasive cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011;21:1491-4.
57. Niikura H, Okamura C, Akahira J, et al. Sentinel lymph node detection in early cervical cancer with combination 99mTc phytate and patent blue. Gynecol Oncol 2004;94:528-32.
58. Seong SJ, Park H, Yang KM, et al. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with early stage cervical cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:105-9.
59. Lee YS, Rhim CC, Lee HN, Lee KH, Park JS, Namkoong SE. HPV status in sentinel nodes might be a prognostic factor in cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007;105:351-7.
60. Maffuz A, Quijano F, Lopez D, Hernandez-Ramirez D. Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in early cervical cancer. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2010;78: 345-51.
61. Cibula D, Abu-Rustum NR, Dusek L, et al. Bilateral ultrastaging of sentinel lymph node in cervical cancer: lowering the false-negative rate and improving the detection of micrometastasis. Gynecol Oncol 2012;127:462-6.
62. Acharya BC, Jihong L. Sentinel lymph node detection in patients with early cervical cancer. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2009;48: 287-91.
63. Sniadecki M, Sawicki S, Wojtylak S, Liro M, Wydra D. Clinical feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of detecting micrometastatic lymph node disease in sentinel and non-sentinel lyph nodes in cervical cancer: outcomes and implications. Ginekol Pol 2014;85:10-3.
64. Wydra D, Sawicki S, Wojtylak S, Bandurski T, Emerich J. Sentinel node identification in cervical cancer patients undergoing transperitoneal radical hysterectomy: A study of 100 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:649-54.
65. Basta A, Pitynski K, Basta P, Hubaiewska-Hola A, Opawski M, Przeszlakowski D. Sentinel node in gynaecological oncology. Reports Pract Oncol Radiother 2005;10:91-4.
66. Di Stefano AB, Acquaviva G, Garozzo G, et al. Lymph node mapping and sentinel node detection in patients with cervical carcinoma: A 2-year experience. Gynecol Oncol 2005;99:671-9.
67. Diaz-Feijoo B, Perez-Benavente MA, Cabrera-Diaz S, et al. Change in clinical management of sentinel lymph node location in early stage cervical cancer: the role of SPECT/CT. Gynecol Oncol 2011;120: 353-7.
68. Fuste P, Ortega M, Vidal S, Mancebo G, Alameda F, Carreras R. Feasibility of the sentinel lymph node technique in cervical and vulvar cancers. Med Clin (Barc) 2007;128:569-71.
69. Diaz-Feijoo B, Gil-Moreno A, Perez-Benavente MA, Morchon S, Martinez-Palones JM, Xercavins J. Sentinel lymph node identification and radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy in early stage cervical cancer: laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008;15:531-7.
70. Vidal-Sicart S, Domenech B, Lujan B, et al. Sentinel node in gynaecological cancers. Our experience. Rev Esp Med Nucl 2009;28: 221-8.
71. Darlin L, Persson J, Bossmar T, et al. The sentinel node concept in early cervical cancer performs well in tumors smaller than 2 cm. Gynecol Oncol 2010;117:266-9.
72. Lin YS, Tzeng CC, Huang KF, Kang CY, Chia CC, Hsieh JF. Sentinel node detection with radiocolloid lymphatic mapping in early invasive cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005;15:273-7.
73. Crane LM, Themelis G, Pleijhuis RG, et al. Intraoperative multispectral fluorescence imaging for the detection of the sentinel lymph node in cervical cancer: A novel concept. Mol Imaging Biol 2011;13: 1043-9.
74. van der Vorst JR, Hutteman M, Gaarenstroom KN, et al. Optimization of near-infrared fluorescent sentinel lymph node mapping in cervical cancer patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011;21:1472-8.
75. Schaafsma BE, van der Vorst JR, Gaarenstroom KN, et al. Randomized comparison of near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic tracers for sentinel lymph node mapping of cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012;127:126-30.
76. Kara PP, Ayhan A, Caner B, et al. Sentinel lymph node detection in early stage cervical cancer: A prospective study comparing preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe, and blue dye. Ann Nucl Med 2008;22:487-94.
77. Devaja O, Mehra G, Coutts M, et al. A prospective single-center study of sentinel lymph node detection in cervical carcinoma: is there a place in clinical practice? Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012;22:1044-9.
78. Fader AN, Edwards RP, Cost M, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage cervical cancer: utility of intraoperative versus postoperative assessment. Gynecol Oncol 2008;111:13-7.
79. O'Boyle JD, Coleman RL, Bernstein SG, Lifshitz S, Muller CY, Miller DS. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping in cervix cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy: A pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 2000;79:238-43.
80. Levenback C, Coleman RL, Burke TW, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification in patients with cervix cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:688-93.
81. Frumovitz M, Euscher ED, Deavers MT, et al. "Triple injection" lymphatic mapping technique to determine if parametrial nodes are the true sentinel lymph nodes in women with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012;127:467-71.
82. Echt ML, Finan MA, Hoffman MS, Kline RC, Roberts WS, Fiorica JV. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes with lymphazurin in cervical, uterine, and vulvar malignancies. South Med J 1999;92: 204-8.
83. Kushner DM, Connor JP, Wilson MA, et al. Laparoscopic sentinel lymph node mapping for cervix cancerea detailed evaluation and time analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2007;106:507-12.
84. Dabbagh-Kakhki VR, Bagheri R, Tehranian S, et al. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy in esophageal carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pertinent literature. Surg Today 2014;44: 607-19.
85. Javan H, Gholami H, Assadi M, Pakdel AF, Sadeghi R, Keshtgar M. The accuracy of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with the history of previous surgical biopsy of the primary lesion: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012;38:95-109.
86. Sadeghi R, Gholami H, Zakavi SR, Kakhki VR, Tabasi KT, Horenblas S. Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for inguinal lymph node staging of penile squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Urol 2012;187:25-31.
87. Sadeghi R, Tabasi KT, Bazaz SM, et al. Sentinel node mapping in the prostate cancer. Meta-analysis. Nuklearmedizin 2011;50:107-15.
88. Jangjoo A, Forghani MN, Mehrabibahar M, Sadeghi R. Anaphylaxis reaction of a breast cancer patient to methylene blue during breast surgery with sentinel node mapping. Acta Oncol 2010;49:877-8.
89. Dabbagh-Kakhki VR, Aliakbarian H, Fattahi A, et al. Effect of radiotracer injection volume on the success of sentinel node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer patients. Nucl Med Commun 2013;34: 660-3.
90. Jangjoo A, Forghani MN, Mehrabibahar M, et al. Comparison of early and delayed lymphoscintigraphy images of early breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel node mapping. Nucl Med Commun 2010;31:521-5.
91. Wydra D, Sawicki S, Emerich J, Romanowicz G. The influence of depth of marker administration on sentinel node detection in cervical cancer. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur 2003;6:131-3.
92. Altgassen C, Paseka A, Urbanczyk H, et al. Dilution of dye improves parametrial SLN detection in patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007;105:329-34.
93. Kraft O, Sevcik L, Klat J, Koliba P, Curik R, Kriozva H. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in cervical cancer. A comparison of two protocols. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur 2006;9:65-8.
94. Kropp J, Stein A, Hackert I, et al. Accuracy of the intra-operative radioguided localization of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) 24 hours after lymphoscintigraphy in patients with malignant melanoma. Nuklearmedizin 2001;40:86-90.
95. Ali J, Alireza R, Mostafa M, Naser FM, Bahram M, Ramin S. Comparison between one day and two days protocols for sentinel node mapping of breast cancer patients. Hell J Nucl Med 2011;14:313-5.
96. Cibula D, Slama J, Svarovsky J, et al. Abdominal radical trachelectomy in fertility-sparing treatment of early-stage cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:1407-11.
97. Rob L, Pluta M, Strnad P, et al. A less radical treatment option to the fertility-sparing radical trachelectomy in patients with stage I cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008;111:S116-S120.
98. Abu-Rustum NR, Neubauer N, Sonoda Y, et al. Surgical and pathologic outcomes of fertility-sparing radical abdominal trachelectomy for FIGO stage IB1 cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111:261-4.
99. Strnad P, Robova H, Skapa P, et al. A prospective study of sentinel lymph node status and parametrial involvement in patients with small tumour volume cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008;109:280-4.
100. Klat J, Sevcik L, Simetka O, Graf P, Dvorackova J, Kraft O. What is the risk for parametrial involvement in women with early-stage cervical cancer with tumour <20 mm and with negative sentinel lymph nodes? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012;52:540-4.
101. Darai E, Lavoue V, Rouzier R, Coutant C, Barranger E, Bats AS. Contribution of the sentinel node procedure to tailoring the radicality of hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007;106:251-6.
102. Cormier B, Diaz JP, Shih K, et al. Establishing a sentinel lymph node mapping algorithm for the treatment of early cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2011;122:275-80.
103. Slama J, Dundr P, Dusek L, Cibula D. High false negative rate of frozen section examination of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013;129:384-8.
104. Zarganis P, Kondi-Pafiti A, Arapantoni-Dadioti P, et al. The sentinel node in cervical cancer patients: role of tumor size and invasion of lymphatic vascular space. In Vivo 2009;23:469-73.
105. Plante M, Renaud MC, Tetu B, Harel F, Roy M. Laparoscopic sentinel node mapping in early-stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2003;91:494-503.
106. Sadeghi R, Hasanzadeh M. Sentinel lymph node biopsy algorithm: can it be a universal method for midline tumors? Gynecol Oncol 2014;132:273-4.
107. Tehranian S, Treglia G, Krag DN, et al. Sentinel node mapping in anal canal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013;22:321-8.
108. Ouldamer L, Marret H, Acker O, Barillot I, Body G. Unusual localizations of sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer: A review. Surg Oncol 2012;21:e153-7.
109. Ouldamer L, Marret H, Acker O, Barillot I, Body G. Extrapelvic sentinel lymph nodes in cervical cancer: A review. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2012;40:296-300.
110. Frumovitz M, Coleman RL, Gayed IW, et al. Usefulness of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in patients who undergo radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1186-93. discussion 93e5.
111. Kadkhodayan S, Hosseini-Farahabadi E, Yousefi Z, Hasanzadeh M, Sadeghi R. Inappropriate intra-cervical injection of radiotracer for Sentinel lymph node mapping in a uterine cervical cancer patient: importance of lymphoscintigraphy and blue dye injection. Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol 2014;2(2):135-7.
112. Pandit-Taskar N, Gemignani ML, Lyall A, Larson SM, Barakat RR, Abu Rustum NR. Single photon emission computed tomography SPECT-CT improves sentinel node detection and localization in cervical and uterine malignancy. Gynecol Oncol 2010;117:59-64.
113. Kraft O, Havel M. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gynecologic tumours by planar scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2012;21:47-55.
114. Hoogendam JP, Hobbelink MG, Veldhuis WB, Verheijen RH, van Diest PJ, Zweemer RP. Preoperative sentinel node mapping with (99 m)Tc-nanocolloid SPECT-CT significantly reduces the intraoperative sentinel node retrieval time in robot assisted laparoscopic cervical cancer surgery. Gynecol Oncol 2013;129:389-94.
115. Slama J, Dundr P, Dusek L, et al. Sentinel lymph node status in patients with locally advanced cervical cancers and impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2012;125:303-6.
116. Abdollahi A, Jangjoo A, Dabbagh Kakhki VR, et al. Factors affecting sentinel lymph node detection failure in breast cancer patients using intradermal injection of the tracer. Rev Esp Med Nucl 2010;29:73-7.
117. Sadeghi R, Forghani MN, Memar B, et al. How long the lymphoscintigraphy imaging should be continued for sentinel lymph node mapping? Ann Nucl Med 2009;23:507-10.
118. Leijte JA, van der Ploeg IM, Valdes Olmos RA, Nieweg OE, Horenblas S. Visualization of tumor blockage and rerouting of lymphatic drainage in penile cancer patients by use of SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med 2009;50:364-7.
119. East JM, Valentine CS, Kanchev E, Blake GO. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer using methylene blue dye manifests a short learning curve among experienced surgeons: A prospective tabular cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis. BMC Surg 2009;9:2.