Child Protection in America: Past, Present, and Future

Child Protection in America: Past, Present, and Future

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-318

  Myers, John E B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Child abuse; Child protection; Child protection system; Child welfare; Foster care; Juvenile court; Poverty

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922445184     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169355.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (221)

1. John E. B. Myers, Lucy Berliner, John Briere, C. Terry Hendrix, Carole Jenny, & Theresa A. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment, 2nd ed. (2002; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
2. Paul W. Howes & Dante Cicchetti, A Family/Relational Perspective on Maltreating Families: Parallel Processes Across Systems and Social Policy Implications. In Dante Cicchetti & Sheree L. Toth (Eds.), Child Abuse, Child Development, and Social Policy, pp. 249-299 (1993; Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub).
3. Jay Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment: A Developmental-Ecological Analysis, 114 Psychological Bulletin 413-434, p. 413 (1993).
4. Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment, p. at 421.
5. Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment, p. 422.
6. Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment, p. 424 (1993).
7. Kenvin Browne, Helga Hanks, Peter Stratton, Catherine Hamilton, Early Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse: A Handbook, pp. 217-232 (2002; New York: John Wiley & Sons);
8. Nelson J. Binggeli, Stuart N. Hart, Marla R. Brassard, Psychological Maltreatment of Children, p. 16 (2001; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
9. James Garbarino, The Psychologically Battered Child (1986; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass).
10. Katherine C. Pears & Deborah M. Capaldi, Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse: A Two-Generational Prospective Study of an At-Risk Sample, 25 Child Abuse & Neglect 1439-1461, p. 1440 (2001);
11. Joan Kaufman & Edward Zigler, Do Abused Children Become Abusive Parents? 57 American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 186-192, p. 190 (1987).
12. Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment, pp. 415-416.
13. James Garbarino, Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them, pp. 80-81 (1999; Free Press: New York; emphasis added).
14. T. Berry Brazelton & Stanley I. Greenspan, The Irreducible Needs of Children: What Every Child Must Have to Grow, Learn, and Flourish, pp. 1-2 (2000; Cambridge, MA: Perseus).
15. Margaret G. Smith & Rowena Fong, The Children of Neglect: When No One Cares (2004; New York: Brunner-Routledge);
16. Brassard & McNeill, Child Sexual Abuse:"Child sexual abuse does not appear to be related to social class, although reliable data are lacking" (p. 72).
17. DiLauro, Psychosocial Factors, p. 74.
18. Claire R. Hancock, A Study of Protective Services and the Problem of Neglect of Children in New Jersey, p. 4 (1958; Trenton, NJ: Department of Institutions and Agencies, State Board of Child Welfare).
19. Leroy H. Pelton, Child Abuse and Neglect: The Myth of Classlessness, 48 American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 608-617, pp. 609, 614 (1978).
20. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Robert J. Mills, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2003 (2004; Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau).
21. Lee Rainwater & Timothy M. Smeeding, Poor Kids in a Rich Country:America's Children in Comparative Perspective, p. 17 (2003; New York:Russell Sage Foundation).
22. Jacob A. Goldberg & Rosamond W. Goldberg, Girls on City Streets: A Study of 1400 Cases of Rape, p. 187 (1935; New York: American Social Hygiene Association).
23. Richard Famularo, Robert Kinscherff, Doris Bunshaft, Gayl Spivak, & Terrence Fenton, Parental Compliance to Court-Ordered Treatment Interventions in Cases of Child Maltreatment, 13 Child Abuse & Neglect 507-514 (1989).
24. J. Michael Murphy, Michael Jellinek, Dorothy Quinn, Gene Smith, Francis G. Poitrast, Marilyn Goshko, Substance Abuse and Serious Child Mistreatment: Prevalence, Risk, and Outcome in a Court Sample, 15 Child Abuse & Neglect 197-211, pp. 208-209 (1991).
25. Jan Bays, Substance Abuse and Child Abuse: The Impact of Addiction on the Child, 37 Pediatric Clinics of North America 81 (1990);
26. Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment, p. 422.
27. James Garbarino, Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment, p. 1 (1995; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass).
28. James Garbarino, Lost Boys, pp. 100, 108.
29. Clifton P. Flynn, Regional Differences in Spanking Experiences and Attitudes: A Comparison of Northeastern and Southern College Students, 11 Journal of Family Violence 59-80 (1996);
30. Jill E. Korbin, Culture and Child Maltreatment. In Mary Edna Helfer, Ruth S. Kempe, & Richard D. Krugman (Eds.), The Battered Child, 5th ed., pp. 29-48, at 38 (1997; Chicago: University of Chicago Press)
31. Roger W. Byard & Stephen D. Cohle, Homicide and Suicide. In Roger W. Byard (Ed.), Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence, 2nd ed., pp. 77-163, at 77 (2004; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press);
32. Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment, p. 421 (1993).
33. John E. B. Myers, Myers on Evidence in Child, Domestic, and Elder Abuse Cases (2005; New York: Aspen Law and Business).
34. Carter, Weithorn, Behrman, Domestic Violence and Children, p. 6.
35. Baker et al., Children Exposed to Violence, p. 17.
36. Bancroft & Silverman, The Batterer as Parent, pp. 47-48.
37. L. Silvern, J. Karyl, L. Waelde, W. F. Hodges, J. Starek, E. Heidt, K. Min, Retrospective Reports of Parental Partner Abuse: Relationships to Depression, Trauma Symptoms and Self-Esteem among College Students, 10 Journal of Family Violence 177-202 (1995).
38. Walsh, MacMillan, Jamieson, Relationship Between Parental Psychiatric Disorder, pp. 19, 12.
39. G.L. Campbell-Hewson, A. D'Amore, A. Busuttil, Non-Accidental Injury Inflicted on a Child with an Air Gun, 38 Medical Science and the Law 173-176 (1998);
40. Mary Edna Helfer, Ruth S. Kempe, & Richard D. Krugman (Eds.), The Battered Child, 5th ed. (1997; Chicago: University of Chicago Press);
41. Ron Rosenbaum, Degrees of Evil, The Atlantic Monthly 63, 68 (February 2002).
42. Nathan E. Cohen, Social Work in the American Tradition, pp. 68-69 (1958; New York: Dryden Press).
43. Carol Coohey, Letter to the Editor: Notes on the Origins of Social Work Education, 73 Social Service Review 418-422 (1999).
44. Ralph E. Pumphrey, & Muriel W. Pumphrey The Heritage of American Social Work, pp. 202, 255 (1961; New York: Columbia University Press).
45. Robert C. Reinders, Toynbee Hall and the American Settlement Movement, 56 Social Service Review 39-54, pp. 45-46, 49 (March, 1982).
46. Kathleen W. Jones, Taming the Troublesome Child: American Families, Child Guidance, and the Limits of Psychiatric Authority, p. 9 (1999; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
47. Margo Horn, Before It's Too Late: The Child Guidance Movement in the United States, 1922-1945, p. 2 (1989; Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
48. Lawrence T. Royster, The Care of the Dependent Child, 8 The National Humane Review 113 (June, 1920).
49. Susan Whitelaw Downs, & Michael W. Herraden The Orphan Asylum in the Nineteenth Century, 57 Social Service Review 272-290, p. 273 (1983).
50. Hastings H. Hart, Preventive Treatment of Neglected Children, pp. 67-68 (1910; New York: Charities Publication Committee).
51. David J. Rothman (Advisory Ed.), Poverty, U.S.A.: The Historical Record (1971; New York: Arno Press and the New York Times).
52. Rochelle Beck, The White House Conferences on Children: An Historical Perspective, 43 Harvard Educational Review 653-668 (1973).
53. Barbara Machtinger, The U.S. Children's Bureau and Mothers' Pensions Administration, 1912-1930, 73 Social Service Review 105-118, p. 115 (1999).
54. Dorothy Zietz, Child Welfare: Services and Perspectives, p. 255 (2nd ed., 1968; New York: John Wiley & Sons).
55. Florence Kelley, Some Ethical Gains Through Legislation, pp. 100-101 (1905; New York: MacMillan).
56. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Executive Order Number 6757. June 29, 1934.
57. Katharine F. Lenroot, Maternal and Child Welfare Provisions of the Social Security Act, Law and Contemporary Problems, pp. 253-262 (1936).
58. Ernest K. Coulter, The Children in the Shadow, p. 39 (1913; New York:McBride, Nast & Co.).
59. Herbert H. Lou, Juvenile Courts in the United States, p. 16 (1972; New York: Arno Press and the New York Times).
60. Coulter, Children in the Shadow, p. 33.
61. Julian W. Mack, The Juvenile Court, 23 Harvard Law Review 104-122, at 107 (1909).
62. Anderson, Good to be Done, p. 90 (emphases in original).
63. Ben B. Lindsey, Colorado's Contribution to the Juvenile Court. In The Child, the Clinic and the Court (Eds.), pp. 274-289, at 277 (1925; New York:New Republic).
64. Eugene Morgan, The Why and How of Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 6 The National Humane Review 186-187, p. 187 (October 1918).
65. Douglas P. Falconer, Child and Youth Protection. In Fred S. Hall, Social Work Yearbook, vol. 3, pp. 63-66, at 64 (1935; New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
66. Lee E. Teitel-baum & Aidan R. Gough (Eds.), Beyond Control: Status Offenders in the Juvenile Court, pp. 179-199 (1977; Cambridge, MA: Ballinger).
67. Sophonisba P. Breckendridge, & Edith Abbott The Delinquent Child and the Home (1912; New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
68. Hart, Preventive Treatment, p. 72.
69. Ray S. Hubbard, Child Protection. In Fred S. Hall (Ed.), Social Work Yearbook, vol. 1, pp. 65-67, at 67 (1929; New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
70. Douglas P. Falconer, Child and Youth Protection. In Fred S. Hall (Ed.), Social Work Yearbook, vol. 3, pp. 63-66, at 65 (1935; New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
71. Falconer, Child and Youth Protection, p. 65.
72. Carl C. Carstens, Children's Protective Work in a Community's Programs, Child Welfare League of America, 18(2) Bulletin 4 (February 1939).
73. Vincent De Francis, The Court and Protective Services: Their Respective Roles, p. 6 (1960; Denver, CO: American Humane Association).
74. De Francis, Child Protective Services, p. 15.
75. De Francis, Child Protective Services, pp. 7, 146, 169.
76. U.S. Children's Bureau, Trends and Developments in Public Child Welfare Services. Child Welfare Reports, no. 4, p. 14 (May 1949).
77. Vincent De Francis, Child Protective Services: A National Survey, p. 11 (1967; Denver, CO: American Humane Association).
78. Claire R. Hancock, A Study of Protective Services and the Problem of Neglect of Children in New Jersey, p. 36. (1958; State of New Jersey, Department of Institutions and Agencies, State Board of Child Welfare).
79. Marshall B. Jones, Decline of the American Orphanage, 1941-1980, 67(3) Social Service Review 459-480 (1993).
80. Matthew A. Crenson, Building the Invisible Orphanage: A Prehistory of the American Welfare System, p. 314 (1998; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
81. Alfred Kadushin, Child Welfare: Adoption and Foster Care. In John B. Turner (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Social Work, vol. 1, p. 115 (1977; Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers).
82. Dorothy Berkowitz, Protective Case Work and the Family Agency, 24(7) The Family 261-266, p. 261 (November 1943).
83. Vincent De Francis, The Fundamentals of Child Protection: A Statement of Basic Concepts and Principles in Child Protective Services, p. 25 (1955; Denver, CO: American Humane Association).
84. Frederic N. Silverman, The Roentgen Manifestations of Unrecognized Skeletal Trauma in Infants, 69(3) American Journal of Roentgenolgy 413-427, p. 413 (March 1953).
85. Paul V. Woolley, Jr. & William A. Evans, Jr., Significance of Skeletal Lesions in Infants Resembling Those of Traumatic Origin, 158 Journal of the American Medical Association 539-543, p. 540 (June 18, 1955).
86. Samuel H. Fisher, Skeletal Manifestations of Parent-Induced Trauma in Infants and Children, 51 Southern Medical Journal 956-960, p. 956 (August 1958).
87. Donald H. Altman & Richard L. Smith, Unrecognized Trauma in Infants and Children, 42-A(3) The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 407-413, p. 409 (April 1960).
88. Lester Adelson, Slaughter of the Innocents: A Study of Forty-Six Homicides in Which the Victims Were Children, 264(26) New England Journal of Medicine 1345-1349, pp. 1348-1349 (June 29, 1961).
89. Elizabeth Elmer, Abused Young Children Seen in Hospitals, 5(4) Social Work 98-102, p. 99 (October 1960).
90. Helen E. Boardman, A Project to Rescue Children from Inflicted Injuries, 7(1) Social Work 43-51, at 44 (January 1962).
91. Vincent De Francis, Who Said There's No More Cruelty to Children? 50 The National Humane Review 18-19 (March-April 1962).
92. David G. Gil, Violence Against Children: Physical Child Abuse in the United States (1970; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
93. Isabel Wolock & Bernard Horowitz, Child Maltreatment as a Social Problem: The Neglect of Neglect, 54 American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 530-543, pp. 531, 535 (1984).
94. Smith & Fong, Children of Neglect, pp. 4, 64.
95. Nelson J. Binggeli, Stuart N. Hart, & Marla R. Brassard, Psychological Maltreatment of Children, pp. 6-7 at 6 (2001; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
96. Robin A. McGee, David A. Wolfe, Sandra A. Yuen, Susan K. Wilson, & Jean Carnochan, The Measurement of Maltreatment: A Comparison of Appoaches, 19 Child Abuse & Neglect 233-249, p. 243 (1995).
97. Vincent J. Felitti et al., Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, 14 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 245-258 (1998).
98. Patricia M. Dietz et al., Unintended Pregnancy among Adult Women Exposed to Abuse or Household Dysfunction During Their Childhood, 282 Journal of the American Medical Association 1359-1364 (1999).
99. Howard Altstein & Ruth McRoy, Does Family Preservation Serve a Child's Best Interests? (2000; Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press).
100. Richard J. Gelles, The Book of David: How Preserving Families Can Cost Children's Lives (1996; New York: Basic Books).
101. Robert H. Bremner(Ed.), Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History, vol. 1, p. 104 (1970; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
102. Homer Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children (1902; New York: MacMillan Co.).
103. Bremner, Children and Youth, p. 123.
104. Clyde E. Buckingham, Early American Orphanages: Ebenezer and Bethesda, 26 Social Forces 311-321, p. 314 (1948).
105. Murray Levine. & Adeline Levine Helping Children: A Social History, p. 207 (1992; New York: Oxford University Press).
106. Maurice O. Hunt, Child Welfare. In Russell H. Kurtz (Ed.), Social Work Yearbook 1960, vol. 14 (1960; New York: Russell Sage Foundation);
107. June Axinn, & Mark J. Stern Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need, 5th ed. (2000; Boston: Allyn & Bacon).
108. Grace Abbott, The Child and the State, vol. 1, p. 5 (1938; Chicago:University of Chicago Press).
109. Homer Folks, The Removal of Children from Almshouses. In Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, p. 1 (1894; Boston).
110. Hastings H. Hart, Preventive Treatment of Neglected Children, p. 1 (1910; New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
111. Charles Dickens, American Notes, pp. 100-102 (1900 printing; New York:Oxford University Press).
112. Edwin G. Burrows, & Mike Wallace A History of New York City to 1898 (1999; New York: Oxford University Press).
113. Stephen O'Connor, Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed, p. 38 (2001; Boston: Houghton Mifflin);
114. Richard A. Meckel, Protecting the Innocents: Age Segregation and the Early Child Welfare Movement, 59 Social Service Review 455-475, at 462 (1985).
115. Burrows, & Wallace A History of New York City, p. 790.
116. Ashby, Endangered Children, p. 41 (1997; New York: Twayne).
117. Emma Brace, The Life of Charles Loring Brace, p. 156 (1894; New York:Charles Scribner's Sons).
118. Emma Brace, The Life of Charles Loring Brace, p. 191.
119. Charles Loring Brace, Dangerous Classes of New York, p. 228.
120. Richard Wexler, Take the Child and Run: Tales from the Age of AFSA, 36 New England Law Review 129 (2001).
121. Hart, Placing Out Children in the West, p. 150.
122. Charles Loring Brace, Dangerous Classes of New York, pp. 234-242.
123. David Finkelhor, Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse, 4 The Future of Children 31-53, pp. 32, 34 (1994; available online at www.future of children.org).
124. Finkelhor, Current Information, p. 45.
125. Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Linda Meyer Williams &, David Finkelhor, Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Findings, 113 Psychological Bulletin 164-180, p. 171 (1993).
126. John N. Briere & Diana M. Elliott, Immediate and Long-Term Impacts of Child Sexual Abuse, 4 The Future of Children 54-69, p. 57 (1994) (available online at www.futureofchildren.org).
127. Kendall-Tackett, Williams &Finkelhor, Impact on Sexual Abuse, p. 171, 165.
128. Kendall-Tackett, Williams &Finkelhor, Impact of Sexual Abuse, p. 165.
129. John Briere & Lisa Zaidi, Sexual Abuse Histories and Sequelae in Female Psychiatric Emergency Room Patients, 146 American Journal of Psychiatry 1602-1606 (1989);
130. David Finkelhor & Lucy Berliner, Research on the Treatment of Sexually Abused Children: A Review and Recommendations, 34 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1408-1423, at 1414 (1995).
131. Jeffrey Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud and Child Sexual Abuse, p. 10 (1984, 1992; New York: HarperCollins).
132. Leroy G. Schultz, Interviewing the Sex Offender's Victim, 50 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Political Science 448-452 (1959-1960).
133. Karl Abraham, The Experiencing of Sexual Traumas as a form of Sexual Activity. In Karl Abraham (Ed.), Selected Papers, pp. 47-62, at 48 (1927; London: Hograth).
134. Alfred Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin,&Paul H. Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, p. 118 (1953; Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders).
135. J. Weiss, E. Rogers, M. R. Darwin,&C. E. Dutton, A Study of Girl Sex Victims, 29 Psychiatric Quarterly 1-28 (1955);
136. Herman & Hirschman, Father-Daughter Incest, pp. 36, 42 (1981, 2000; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) (p. 42).
137. Anna C. Salter, Transforming Trauma: A Guide to Understanding and Treating Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, p. 161 (1995; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
138. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Law of England, p. 214 (1769; Oxford: Clarendon).
139. Edwin H. Sutherland, The Diffusion of Sexual Psychopath Laws, 56 American Journal of Sociology 142-148 (1950);
140. J. Edgar Hoover, War on the Sex Criminal, New York Herald Tribune (September 26, 1937).
141. Charles Harris, Sex Crimes: Their Cause and Cure, 20(4) Coronet 3-9, p. 4 (August 1946).
142. Robert A. Esser, Commitments Under the Criminal Sexual Psychopath Law in Criminal Court of Cook County, Illinois, 105 American Journal of Psychiatry 420-425 (1948).
143. David Finkelhor, Sexually Victimized Children, p. 1.
144. John E. B. Myers, Evidence in Child, Domestic, and Elder Abuse Cases (2005; New York: Aspen Law and Business).
145. Jan Graham, Attorney General, Utah Attorney General's Office, Ritual Crime in the State of Utah, p. 47 (1995).
146. Kenneth V. Lanning, Child Sex Rings: A Behavioral Analysis, p. 22 (1992; Washington, DC: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children).
147. Everson, Understanding Bizarre, p. 147.
148. Lisa M. Jones & David Finkelhor, Putting Together Evidence on Declining Trends in Sexual Abuse: A Complex Puzzle, 27 Child Abuse & Neglect 133-135 (2003).
149. David Finkelhor & Lisa M. Jones, Explanations for the Decline in Child Sexual Abuse Cases. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, p. 4 (January 2004; Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice).
150. Duncan Lindsey, The Welfare of Children, 2nd ed., pp. 26-27 (2003; New York: Oxford University Press).
151. Leroy H. Pelton, For Reasons of Poverty: A Critical Analysis of the Public Child Welfare System in the United States (1989; New York: Praeger);
152. Pelton, Child Welfare Policy and Practice: The Myth of Family Preservation, 67(4) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 545-553 (1997).
153. Elizabeth Bartholet, Nobody's Children: Abuse and Neglect, Foster Drift, and the Adoption Alternative, pp. 109, 177 (1999; Boston: Beacon Press).
154. Dorothy Roberts, Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare, p. 147 (2002; New York: Basic Books);
155. Martin Guggenheim, Somebody's Children: Sustaining the Family's Place in Child Welfare Policy, Book Review of Elizabeth Bartholet. (1999).
156. Bartholet, Nobody's Children, pp. 178-182 (emphasis in original).
157. Richard J. Gelles, The Book of David: How Preserving Families Can Cost Children's Lives (1996; New York: Basic Books).
158. Harry Specht & Mark E. Courtney, Unfaithful Angels: How Social Work has Abandoned Its Mission, pp. 4, 8 (1994; New York: The Free Press).
159. Jane Waldfogel, The Future of Child Protection: How to Break the Cycle of Abuse and Neglect, p. 138 (1998; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
160. Leroy Pelton, Book Review of Jane Waldfogel, The Future of Child Protection, 27 Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 184-187, p. 185 (2000).
161. L. Anthony Loman & Gary L. Siegel, Minnesota Alternative Response Evaluation, p. vi (2004; St. Louis, MO: Institute of Applied Research).
162. Gary B. Melton, Mandated Reporting: A Policy Without Reason, 29 Child Abuse & Neglect 9-18, pp. 10, 14 (2005).
163. David Finkelhor & Gail L. Zellman, Flexible Reporting Options for Skilled Child Abuse Professionals, 15 Child Abuse & Neglect 335-341, p. 335 (1991).
164. Marshall B. Jones, Decline of the American Orphanage, 1941-1980, 67 Social Service Review 459-480 (1993).
165. Henry S. Maas & Richard E. Engler Jr., Children in Need of Parents, p. 356 (1959; New York: Columbia University Press).
166. David Fanshel & Eugene B. Shinn, Children in Foster Care: A Longitudinal Investigation, p. 491 (1978; New York: Columbia University Press).
167. Mark E. Courtney, Amy Dworsky, Gretchen Ruth, Tom Keller, Judy Havicek, Noel Bost, Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Age 19, p. 3 (May 2005; Chapin Hall Working Paper, University of Chicago).
168. Andrea G. Zetlin & Lois A. Weinberg, Understanding the Plight of Foster Youth and Improving Their Educational Opportunities, 28 Child Abuse & Neglect 917-923, at 918 (2004).
169. Courtney et al., Midwest Evaluation, p. 71.
170. Mark Testa, Nancy Sidote Salyers, Mike Shaver, Jennifer Miller, Family Ties: Supporting Permanence for Children in Safe and Stable Foster Care with Relatives and Other Caregivers, p. 1 (2004; School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).
171. Mary Bissell & Jennifer L. Miller (Eds.), Using Subsidized Guardianship to Improve Outcomes for Children (2004; Washington, DC: Children's Defense Fund).
172. Gloria Hochman, Anndee Hochman, Jennifer Miller, Foster Care: Voices from the Inside, p. 5 (2004; Commissioned by the Pew Commission on Children in Foster Care).
173. Sigrid James, Why Do Foster Care Placements Distrupt? An Investigation of Reasons for Placement Change in Foster Care, 78(4) Social Service Review 601-625, p. 601 (December 2004).
174. Ray S. Hubbard, Crusading for Children, 1878-1943: The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, p. 43 (no date, probably 1943; Boston: MSPCC).
175. A. Fox, K. Frasch, J. D. Berrick, Listening to Children in Foster Care:An Empirically Based Curriculum (2000; Child Welfare Research Center, University of California, Berkeley).
176. Sarah H. Ramsey, Representation of the Child in Protective Proceedings: The Determination of Decision-Making Capacity, 17 Family Law Quarterly 287 (1983).
177. Rona K. Abramovitch, Michele Peterson-Badali, M. Rohan, Young People's Understanding and Assertion of Their Rights to Silence and Legal Counsel, 37 Canadian Journal of Criminology 1-18 (1995).
178. Melinda G. Schmidt, N. Dickon Reppucci, Jennifer L. Woolard, Effectiveness of Participation as a Defendant: The Attorney-Juvenile Client Relationship, 21 Behavioral Sciences and the Law 175-198, p. 181 (2003).
179. Martin Guggenheim, A Paradigm for Determining the Role of Counsel for Children, 64 Fordham Law Review 1399-1433, p. 1431 (1966).
180. Peter Margulies, The Lawyer as Caregiver: Child Clients Competence in Context, 64 Fordham Law Review 1473-1504, p. 1497 (1996).
181. Martin Guggenheim, Counseling Counsel for Children, 97 Michigan Law Review 1488-1511, p. 1508 (1999).
182. Jean Koh Peters, Representing Children in Child Protective Proceedings:Ethical and Practical Dimensions (1997; Charlottesville, VA: Lexis).
183. Emily Buss, Confronting Developmental Barriers to the Empowerment of Child Clients, 84 Cornell Law Review 896-966 (1999).
184. Mark Hardin, Family Group Conferences in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases: Learning from the Experience of New Zealand (1996; Washington, DC:American Bar Association).
185. Leroy H. Pelton, Resolving the Crisis in Child Welfare: Simply Expanding the Present System Is Not Enough, 48(4) Public Welfare 19-25, at 19 (1990).
186. Alvin L. Schorr, Comment on Policy: The Bleak Prospect for Public Child Welfare, 74 Social Service Review 124-135 (2000).
187. Henry Louis Mencken, "The Divine Afflatus," A Mencken Chrestomathy, p. 443 (1949; New York: Knopf).
188. U.S. Children's Bureau, National Study of Child Protective Services Systems and Reform Efforts, p. 3 (May 2003). Available on at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/CPS-status03/summary/.
189. Cameron Jahn, Hard Journey from Addiction to Inspiration, Sacramento Bee (March 12, 2005).
190. Insoo Kim Berg & Susan Kelly, Building Solutions in Child Protective Services, p.13 (2000; New York: W.W. Norton).
191. David Davis, The Unquiet Death of Eli Creekmore. Documentary film produced in 1987 by Public Television station KCTS, Seattle, Washington.
192. Olivia Waggoner, personal communication, 2004.
193. Ira M. Schwartz & Gideon Fishman, Kids Raised by the Government, p. 117 (1999; West-port, CT: Praeger).
194. Burton J. Cohen, Reforming the Child Welfare System: Competing Paradigms of Change, 27 Children and Youth Services Review 653-666, p. 654 (2005).
195. Lindsey, Welfare of Children, p. 319.
196. Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, Why Can't We Do What They Do? National Health Reform Abroad, 32 Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 433 (2004).
197. Jay Belsky, Etiology of Child Maltreatment: A Developmental-Ecological Analysis, 114 Psychological Bulletin 413-434, p. 416 (1993).
198. John M. Leventhal, Getting Prevention Right: Maintaining the Status Quo Is Not an Option, 29 Child Abuse & Neglect 209-213, at 209 (2005).
199. Harriet Kitzman, David L. Olds, et al., Enduring Effects of Nurse Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course, 283 Journal of the American Medical Association 1983-1989 (2000).
200. Children's Defense Fund, The State of America's Children 2005, pp. 66-67 at 65 (2004; Washington, DC: Children's Defense Fund).
201. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, p. 25 (emphasis in original) (2000; New York: Simon & Schuster).
202. Benjamin M. Spock & Michael B. Rothberg, Dr. Spock's Baby & Child Care, 40th ed., p. 359 (1985; Bristol, PA: Pocket Books).
203. Joan E. Durrant, Evaluating the Success of Sweden's Corporal Punishment Ban, 23 Child Abuse & Neglect 435-448 (1999);
204. Verna Hildebrand, Parenting: Rewards and Responsibilities, p. 512 (2000);
205. Holly Brisbane, The Developing Child: Understanding Children and Parenting, p. 239 (1997).
206. Verdene Ryder & Celia Decker, Parents and Their Children, p. 56 (1995).
207. Brisbane, Developing Child, p. 239.
208. Etta Angell Wheeler, The Story of Mary Ellen: Which Started the Child Saving Crusade Throughout the World, p. 1 (no date; Denver, CO: American Humane Association).
209. Wheeler, Story of Mary Ellen, pp. 2-3.
210. Wheeler, Story of Mary Ellen, p. 3.
211. Sidney H. Coleman, Humane Society Leaders in America, p. 74 (1924; Albany, NY: American Humane Association).
212. Lela B. Costin, Unraveling the Mary Ellen Legend: Origins of the "Cruelty" Movement, 65 Social Service Review 203-223 (1991).
213. Stephen Lazoritz, Whatever Happened to Mary Ellen? 14 Child Abuse & Neglect 143-149 (1990).
214. Roswell C. McCrea, The Humane Movement: A Descriptive Survey, pp. 139-140 (1910; New York: Columbia University Press).
215. Charles H. Warner, Handling Cases of Improper Guardianship, 5 The National Humane Review 173-174, p. 173 (September 1917).
216. Alfred J. Kahn, Planning Community Services for Children in Trouble, p. 314 (1963; New York: Columbia University Press).
217. E. Marguerite Gane, Child and Youth Protection. In Russell H. Kurtz (Ed.), Social Work Yearbook, vol. 4, pp. 57-61 (1937).
218. Sonya Michel, Children's Interests/Mothers' Rights: The Shaping of America's Child Care Policy, p. 14 (1999; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
219. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, p. 44 (1988; New York: Penguin Books).
220. Alfred M. Kerchley, The Enforcement of Medical Care for Children, 8 The National Humane Review 205 (November 1920).
221. Jacob A. Goldberg & Rosamond W. Goldberg, Girls on City Streets: A Study of 1400 Cases of Rape (1935; New York: American Social Hygiene Association).