Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: Randomized controlled trial

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2015, Pages e1-

  Irvine, A Blair ^a   Russell, Holly ^a   Manocchia, Michael ^b,c   Mino, David E ^d   Glassen, Terri Cox ^e   Morgan, Rebecca ^a   Gau, Jeff M ^f   Birney, Amelia J ^a   Ary, Dennis V ^a  

^a ORCAS   (United States)

^b CIGNA Health Care   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^d Cigna   (United States)

^e Cigna Healthcare   (United States)

^f OREGON RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

App; Computers; Internet; Low back pain; Mobile; Prevention; Self treatment

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALGESIA; CONTROLLED STUDY; E-MAIL; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNET; LOW BACK PAIN; MALE; MOBILE APPLICATION; PROCEDURES; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF CARE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADULT; ELECTRONIC MAIL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNET; LOGISTIC MODELS; LOW BACK PAIN; MALE; MOBILE APPLICATIONS; PAIN MANAGEMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; SELF CARE;

EID: 84922272273     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14388871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3130     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guidelines Panel. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007 Oct 2;147(7):478-491. [Medline: 17909209]
2. Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J 2008;8(1):8-20. [doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.005] [Medline: 18164449]
3. Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI. Back pain prevalence and visit rates: estimates from U.S. national surveys, 2002. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2724-2727. [doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000244618.06877.cd] [Medline: 17077742]
4. Strine TW, Hootman JM. US national prevalence and correlates of low back and neck pain among adults. Arthritis Rheum 2007 May 15;57(4):656-665 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1002/art.22684] [Medline: 17471542]
5. Nachemson AL, Jonsson E. Neck and Back Pain: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
6. Pruitt SD, Von Korff M. Improving the management of low back pain: a paradigm shift for primary care. In: Turk DC, Gatchel RJ, editors. Psychological Approaches to Pain Management: A Practitioner's Handbook. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002:301-316.
7. Bratton RL. Assessment and management of acute low back pain. Am Fam Physician 1999 Nov 15;60(8):2299-2308 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 10593321]
8. Wright AR, Gatchel RJ. Occupational musculoskeletal pain and disability. In: Turk DC, Gatchel RJ, editors. Psychological Approaches to Pain Management: A Practitioner's Handbook. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002:349-364.
9. Luo X, Pietrobon R, Sun SX, Liu GG, Hey L. Estimates and patterns of direct health care expenditures among individuals with back pain in the United States. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 Jan 1;29(1):79-86. [doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000105527.13866.0F] [Medline: 14699281]
10. Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Turner JA, Comstock BA, Hollingworth W, et al. Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. JAMA 2008 Feb 13;299(6):656-664. [doi: 10.1001/jama.299.6.656] [Medline: 18270354]
11. Atlas SJ, Wasiak R, van den Ancker M, Webster B, Pransky G. Primary care involvement and outcomes of care in patients with a workers' compensation claim for back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 May 1;29(9):1041-1048. [Medline: 15105679]
12. Turunen JH, Mäntyselkä PT, Kumpusalo EA, Ahonen RS. How do people ease their pain? A population-based study. J Pain 2004 Nov;5(9):498-504. [doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.08.003] [Medline: 15556828]
13. Wolsko PM, Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Kessler R, Phillips RS. Patterns and perceptions of care for treatment of back and neck pain: results of a national survey. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003 Feb 1;28(3):292-7; discussion 298. [doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000042225.88095.7C] [Medline: 12567035]
14. Savigny P, Watson P, Underwood M, Guideline Development Group. Early management of persistent non-specific low back pain: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2009;338:b1805. [Medline: 19502217]
15. Gatchel RJ. Clinical Essentials of Pain Management. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association (APA); 2005.
16. Collins JJ, Baase CM, Sharda CE, Ozminkowski RJ, Nicholson S, Billotti GM, et al. The assessment of chronic health conditions on work performance, absence, and total economic impact for employers. J Occup Environ Med 2005 Jun;47(6):547-557. [Medline: 15951714]
17. Working Knowledge: Harvard Business School; 2004. Help your employees fight illness. A presenteeism report card URL: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/4518.html [accessed 2013-12-12] [WebCite Cache ID 6LouRktAY]
18. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D. Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: results from the American Productivity Audit. J Occup Environ Med 2003 Dec;45(12):1234-1246. [doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000099999.27348.78] [Medline: 14665809]
19. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. JAMA 2003 Nov 12;290(18):2443-2454. [doi: 10.1001/jama.290.18.2443] [Medline: 14612481]
20. Linton SJ. A cognitive-behavioral approach to the prevention of chronic back pain. In: Turk DC, Gatchel RJ, editors. Psychological Approaches to Pain Management: A Practitioner's Handbook. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002:317-333.
21. Thorn BE. Cognitive therapy for chronic pain: a step-by-step guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2004.
22. Jensen IB, Bergström G, Ljungquist T, Bodin L. A 3-year follow-up of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for back and neck pain. Pain 2005 Jun;115(3):273-283. [doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.005] [Medline: 15911154]
23. Storrø S, Moen J, Svebak S. Effects on sick-leave of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for chronic low back, neck or shoulder pain: comparison with usual treatment. J Rehabil Med 2004 Jan;36(1):12-16. [Medline: 15074433]
24. van den Hout JH, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Zijlema JH, Wijnen JA. Secondary prevention of work-related disability in nonspecific low back pain: does problem-solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain 2003;19(2):87-96. [Medline: 12616178]
25. Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, Yao GL, Bryan S, Raftery JP, Mullis R, et al. A brief pain management program compared with physical therapy for low back pain: results from an economic analysis alongside a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2007 Apr 15;57(3):466-473 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1002/art.22606] [Medline: 17394176]
26. Keefe FJ, Abernethy AP, C Campbell L. Psychological approaches to understanding and treating disease-related pain. Annu Rev Psychol 2005;56:601-630. [doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070302] [Medline: 15709948]
27. Lethem JS, Slade PD, Troup JD, Bentley G. Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception-I. Behav Res and Ther 1983 Jan;21(4):401-408. [doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(83)90009-8]
28. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000 Apr;85(3):317-332. [doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00242-0]
29. Lang E, Liebig K, Kastner S, Neundörfer B, Heuschmann P. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation versus usual care for chronic low back pain in the community: effects on quality of life. Spine J 2003;3(4):270-276. [Medline: 14589185]
30. Kent PM, Keating JL, Taylor NF. Primary care clinicians use variable methods to assess acute nonspecific low back pain and usually focus on impairments. Man Ther 2009 Feb;14(1):88-100. [doi: 10.1016/j.math.2007.12.006] [Medline: 18316237]
31. Keefe FJ, Rumble ME, Scipio CD, Giordano LA, Perri LM. Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science. J Pain 2004 May;5(4):195-211. [doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.02.576] [Medline: 15162342]
32. Veterans Health Administration/Department of Defense. VHA/DOD Clinical practice guideline for management of low back pain or sciatica in the primary care setting. 2005. URL: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ [accessed 2013-12-12] [WebCite Cache ID 6LowcSOfU]
33. Sheldon P, Huesler C. Adobe Experience Manager. 7 ways to simplify your mobile strategy. URL: http://success.adobe.com/en/na/programs/products/digitalmarketing/offers/nov/1211-25958-forrester-respdesign-webinar-marketing.html?SDID=KHOTK&s-cid=701a0000000lbmLAAQ&s-iid=701a0000000lNnqAAE&skwcid=AL!3085!3!24741916867!b!!g!!responsive%20design%20web&ef-id=UnPtWwAAAGxzhvU@:20131101181229:s [accessed 2013-11-01] [WebCite Cache ID 6LowpmUBg]
34. Latimer AE, Salovey P, Rothman AJ. The effectiveness of gain-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behavior: is all hope lost? J Health Commun 2007;12(7):645-649. [doi: 10.1080/10810730701619695] [Medline: 17934941]
35. Rothman AJ, Salovey P. Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: the role of message framing. Psychol Bull 1997 Jan;121(1):3-19. [Medline: 9000890]
36. Irvine AB, Philips L, Seeley J, Wyant S, Duncan S, Moore RW. Get Moving: a web site that increases physical activity of sedentary employees. Am J Health Promot 2011;25(3):199-206 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.4278/ajhp.04121736] [Medline: 21192750]
37. Irvine AB, Gelatt VA, Seeley JR, Macfarlane P, Gau JM. Web-based intervention to promote physical activity by sedentary older adults: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(2):e19 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.2158] [Medline: 23470322]
38. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 1977 Mar;84(2):191-215. [Medline: 847061]
39. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall; 1986.
40. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1991 Dec;50(2):179-211. [doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T]
41. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. New York: Psychology Press; 2009.
42. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J Med Internet Res 2010;12(1):e4 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1376] [Medline: 20164043]
43. Wong D, Hockenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein M, Schwartz P. Wong's essentials of pediatric nursing. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Mosby; 2005.
44. WebMD. Back Pain Health Center. 2013. URL: http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/default.htm [accessed 2013-12-12] [WebCite Cache ID 6LoyAm6PZ]
45. Mayo Clinic. Back Pain. URL: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/back-pain/DS00171 [accessed 2013-11-25] [WebCite Cache ID 6LoyHhOCS]
46. Wikipedia. Back Pain. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-pain [accessed 2013-11-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6LoyLKyAO]
47. MedlinePlus. Back Pain. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/backpain.html [accessed 2013-11-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6LoyOqSHi]
48. OrthoInfo. Low Back Pain. URL: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00311 [accessed 2014-11-06] [WebCite Cache ID 6TtGO4BIA]
49. Gelatt VA, Adler-Baeder F, Seeley JR. An interactive Web-based program for parents in stepfamilies: Development and evaluation of efficacy. Fam Relat 2010;59(5):572-586. [doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00624.x]
50. Dominick SA, Irvine AB, Beauchamp N, Seeley JR, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Doka KJ, et al. An internet tool to normalize grief. Omega (Westport) 2009;60(1):71-87 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 20039532]
51. Swartz LH, Sherman CA, Harvey SM, Blanchard J, Vawter F, Gau J. Midlife women online: evaluation of an internet-based program to prevent unintended pregnancy & STIs. J Women Aging 2011 Oct;23(4):342-359. [doi: 10.1080/08952841.2011.613255] [Medline: 22014222]
52. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, IMMPACT. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 2005 Jan;113(1-2):9-19. [doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.012] [Medline: 15621359]
53. Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE. The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain 1985 Dec;23(4):345-356. [Medline: 4088697]
54. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994 Mar;23(2):129-138. [Medline: 8080219]
55. Nelson E, Wasson J, Kirk J, Keller A, Clark D, Dietrich A, et al. Assessment of function in routine clinical practice: description of the COOP Chart method and preliminary findings. J Chronic Dis 1987;40 Suppl 1:55S-69S. [Medline: 3597698]
56. Lerner D, Amick BC, Rogers WH, Malspeis S, Bungay K, Cynn D. The Work Limitations Questionnaire. Med Care 2001 Jan;39(1):72-85. [Medline: 11176545]
57. Koopman C, Pelletier KR, Murray JF, Sharda CE, Berger ML, Turpin RS, et al. Stanford Presenteeism Scale: Health status and employee productivity. J Occup Environ Med 2002 Jan;44(1):14-20. [Medline: 11802460]
58. Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M. Development and testing of a short form of the Patient Activation Measure. Health Serv Res 2005 Dec;40(6 Pt 1):1918-1930 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00438.x] [Medline: 16336556]
59. Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Mahoney ER, Tusler M. Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Serv Res 2004 Aug;39(4 Pt 1):1005-1026 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00269.x] [Medline: 15230939]
60. Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Brandenburg N, Carr DB, et al. Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 2003 Dec;106(3):337-345. [Medline: 14659516]
61. Tait RC, Chibnall JT. Development of a brief version of the Survey of Pain Attitudes. Pain 1997 Apr;70(2-3):229-235. [Medline: 9150298]
62. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM. What is the maximum number of levels needed in pain intensity measurement? Pain 1994 Sep;58(3):387-392. [Medline: 7838588]
63. Burwinkle T, Robinson JP, Turk DC. Fear of movement: factor structure of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain 2005 Jun;6(6):384-391. [doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.01.355] [Medline: 15943960]
64. Sauro J. Measuring usability with the System Usability Scale (SUS). 2011 Feb 2. URL: http://www.measuringusability.com/sus.php [accessed 2011-08-24] [WebCite Cache ID 6LozhVbHC]
65. Bangor A, Kortum K, Miller J. Determining what individual SUS scores mean: adding an adjective rating scale. JUS 2009;4(3):114-123 [FREE Full text] [WebCite Cache]
66. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
67. Schafer JL, Graham JW. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods 2002 Jun;7(2):147-177. [Medline: 12090408]
68. Raghunathan T, Solenberger P, Van Hoewyk J. IVEware: Imputation and Variance Estimation Software User Guide. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research; 2002.
69. Abayomi K, Gelman A, Levy M. Diagnostics for multivariate imputations. J Royal Statistical Soc C 2008 Jun;57(3):273-291. [doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2007.00613.x]
70. Schneider F, de Vries H, Candel M, van de Kar A, van Osch L. Periodic email prompts to re-use an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle program: influence of prompt content and timing. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(1):e23 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.2151] [Medline: 23363466]
71. Fisher RJ. Social desirability bias and the validity of indirect questioning. J Consum Res 1993 Sep;20(2):303-315 [FREE Full text] [WebCite Cache]
72. Zickuhr K, Smith A. Pew Research Internet Project. 2012. Digital differences URL: http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Digital-differences.aspx [accessed 2013-11-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6Lp0TXdwC]
73. Glasgow RE, Vogt TM, Boles SM. Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am J Public Health 1999 Sep;89(9):1322-1327. [doi: 10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1322]
74. Eysenbach G, CONSORT-EHEALTH Group. CONSORT-EHEALTH: improving and standardizing evaluation reports of Web-based and mobile health interventions. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(4):e126 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1923] [Medline: 22209829]