Wide detection of Aedes flavivirus in north-eastern Italy – a European hotspot of emerging mosquitoborne diseases

Journal of General Virology

Volumn 96, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 420-430

  Grisenti, Michela ^a,b   Vázquez, Ana ^c   Herrero, Laura ^c   Cuevas, Laureano ^d   Perez Pastrana, Esperanza ^d   Arnoldi, Daniele ^a   Rosà, Roberto ^a   Capelli, Gioia ^e   Tenorio, Antonio ^c   Sánchez Seco, Maria Paz ^c   Rizzoli, Annapaola ^a  

^a RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CENTRE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^d INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^e ISTITUTO ZOOPROFILATTICO SPERIMENTALE DELLE VENEZIE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA FRAGMENT; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

AEDES; AEDES ALBOPICTUS; AEDES KOREICUS; AEDES VEXANS; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL CELL CULTURE; ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS; ARTICLE; CELL ISOLATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CULEX; CULEX HORTENSIS; CULEX MODESTUS; CULEX PIPIENS; CULEX TERRITANS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; FEMALE; FLAVIVIRUS; FLAVIVIRUS INFECTION; INSECT CELL; ITALY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; OCHLEROTATUS; OCHLEROTATUS CASPIUS; OCHLEROTATUS GENICULATUS; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SCREENING; TICK BORNE DISEASE; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS ISOLATION; ANIMAL; CELL LINE; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VIRION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS CULTURE;

AEDES ALBOPICTUS; CULEX PIPIENS; FLAVIVIRUS; HEXAPODA; USUTU VIRUS;

AEDES; ANIMALS; CELL LINE; CULEX; FEMALE; FLAVIVIRUS; ITALY; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, VIRAL; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; VIRION; VIRUS CULTIVATION;

EID: 84921774357     PISSN: 00221317     EISSN: 14652099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069625-0     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Barton, K. (2013). Package 'MuMIn'. http://cran. r-project. org/web/packages/MuMIn/MuMIn. pdf.
2. Barzon, L., Pacenti, M., Franchin, E., Squarzon, L., Lavezzo, E., Cattai, M., Cusinato, R. & Palù, G. (2013a). The complex epidemiological scenario of West Nile virus in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10, 4669-4689.
3. Barzon, L., Pacenti, M., Franchin, E., Pagni, S., Lavezzo, E., Squarzon, L., Martello, T., Russo, F., Nicoletti, L. & other authors (2013b). Large human outbreak of West Nile virus infection in northeastern Italy in 2012. Viruses 5, 2825-2839.
4. Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2010). Mosquitoes and Their Control, 2nd edn. London: Springer.
5. Benedict, M. Q., Levine, R. S., Hawley, W. A. & Lounibos, L. P. (2007). Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7, 76-85.
6. Bolling, B. G., Eisen, L., Moore, C. G. & Blair, C. D. (2011). Insectspecific flaviviruses from Culex mosquitoes in Colorado, with evidence of vertical transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85, 169-177.
7. Bolling, B. G., Olea-Popelka, F. J., Eisen, L., Moore, C. G. & Blair, C. D. (2012). Transmission dynamics of an insect-specific flavivirus in a naturally infected Culex pipiens laboratory colony and effects of coinfection on vector competence for West Nile virus. Virology 427, 90-97.
8. Bonizzoni, M., Gasperi, G., Chen, X. & James, A. A. (2013). The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol 29, 460-468.
9. Buchebner, N., Zenker, W., Wenker, C., Steinmetz, H. W., Sós, E., Lussy, H. & Nowotny, N. (2013). Low Usutu virus seroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe. BMC Vet Res 9, 153.
10. Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Springer.
11. Busani, L., Capelli, G., Cecchinato, M., Lorenzetto, M., Savini, G., Terregino, C., Vio, P., Bonfanti, L., Pozza, M. D. & Marangon, S. (2011). West Nile virus circulation in Veneto region in 2008-2009. Epidemiol Infect 139, 818-825.
12. Calistri, P., Giovannini, A., Savini, G., Monaco, F., Bonfanti, L., Ceolin, C., Terregino, C., Tamba, M., Cordioli, P. & Lelli, R. (2010). West Nile virus transmission in 2008 in north-eastern Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 57, 211-219.
13. Calzolari, M., Bonilauri, P., Bellini, R., Caimi, M., Defilippo, F., Maioli, G., Albieri, A., Medici, A., Veronesi, R. & other authors (2010a). Arboviral survey of mosquitoes in two northern Italian regions in 2007 and 2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10, 875-884.
14. Calzolari, M., Bonilauri, P., Bellini, R., Albieri, A., Defilippo, F., Maioli, G., Galletti, G., Gelati, A., Barbieri, I. & other authors (2010b). Evidence of simultaneous circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes sampled in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2009. PLoS ONE 5, e14324.
15. Calzolari, M., Gaibani, P., Bellini, R., Defilippo, F., Pierro, A., Albieri, A., Maioli, G., Luppi, A., Rossini, G. & other authors (2012a). Mosquito, bird and human surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010. PLoS ONE 7, e38058.
16. Calzolari, M., Zé-Zé, L., Růžek, D., Vázquez, A., Jeffries, C., Defilippo, F., Osório, H. C., Kilian, P., Ruíz, S. & other authors (2012b). Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe. J Gen Virol 93, 1215-1225.
17. Calzolari, M., Bonilauri, P., Bellini, R., Albieri, A., Defilippo, F., Tamba, M., Tassinari, M., Gelati, A., Cordioli, P. & other authors (2013a). Usutu virus persistence and West Nile virus inactivity in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2011. PLoS ONE 8, e63978.
18. Calzolari, M., Monaco, F., Montarsi, F., Bonilauri, P., Ravagnan, S., Bellini, R., Cattoli, G., Cordioli, P., Cazzin, S. & other authors (2013b). New incursions of West Nile virus lineage 2 in Italy in 2013: the value of the entomological surveillance as early warning system. Vet Ital 49, 315-319.
19. Cammisa-Parks, H., Cisar, L. A., Kane, A. & Stollar, V. (1992). The complete nucleotide sequence of cell fusing agent (CFA): homology between the nonstructural proteins encoded by CFA and the nonstructural proteins encoded by arthropod-borne flaviviruses. Virology 189, 511-524.
20. Cavrini, F., Gaibani, P., Longo, G., Pierro, A. M., Rossini, G., Bonilauri, P., Gerunda, G. E., Di Benedetto, F., Pasetto, A. & other authors (2009). Usutu virus infection in a patient who underwent orthotropic liver transplantation, Italy, August-September 2009. Euro Surveill 14, 19448.
21. Cerutti, F., Giacobini, M., Mosca, A., Grasso, I., Rambozzi, L., Rossi, L. & Bertolotti, L. (2012). Evidence of mosquito-transmitted flavivirus circulation in Piedmont, north-western Italy. Parasit Vectors 5, 99.
22. Chen, Y. Y., Lin, J. W., Fan, Y. C., Tu, W. C., Chang, G. J. & Chiou, S. S. (2013). First detection of the Africa/Caribbean/Latin American subtype of Culex flavivirus in Asian country, Taiwan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36, 387-396.
23. Ciccozzi, M., Peletto, S., Cella, E., Giovanetti, M., Lai, A., Gabanelli, E., Acutis, P. L., Modesto, P., Rezza, G. & other authors (2013). Epidemiological history and phylogeography of West Nile virus lineage 2. Infect Genet Evol 17, 46-50.
24. Cook, S., Bennett, S. N., Holmes, E. C., De Chesse, R., Moureau, G. & de Lamballerie, X. (2006). Isolation of a new strain of the flavivirus cell fusing agent virus in a natural mosquito population from Puerto Rico. J Gen Virol 87, 735-748.
25. Cook, S., Moureau, G., Harbach, R. E., Mukwaya, L., Goodger, K., Ssenfuka, F., Gould, E., Holmes, E. C. & de Lamballerie, X. (2009). Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda. J Gen Virol 90, 2669-2678.
26. Cook, S., Moureau, G., Kitchen, A., Gould, E. A., de Lamballerie, X., Holmes, E. C. & Harbach, R. E. (2012). Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 93, 223-234.
27. Cook, S., Chung, B. Y.-W., Bass, D., Moureau, G., Tang, S., McAlister, E., Culverwell, C. L., Glücksman, E., Wang, H. & other authors (2013). Novel virus discovery and genome reconstruction from field RNA samples reveals highly divergent viruses in dipteran hosts. PLoS ONE 8, e80720.
28. Crochu, S., Cook, S., Attoui, H., Charrel, R. N., De Chesse, R., Belhouchet, M., Lemasson, J. J., de Micco, P. & de Lamballerie, X. (2004). Sequences of flavivirus-related RNA viruses persist in DNA form integrated in the genome of Aedes spp. mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 85, 1971-1980.
29. Crockett, R. K., Burkhalter, K., Mead, D., Kelly, R., Brown, J., Varnado, W., Roy, A., Horiuchi, K., Biggerstaff, B. J. & other authors (2012). Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus in Culex quinquefasciatus populations in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 49, 165-174.
30. Dietzgen, R. G. & Kuzmin, I. V. (editors) (2012). Rhabdoviruses: Molecular Taxonomy, Evolution, Genomics, Ecology, Host-Vector Interactions, Cytopathology and Control. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press.
31. Engler, O., Savini, G., Papa, A., Figuerola, J., Groschup, M. H., Kampen, H., Medlock, J., Vaux, A., Wilson, A. J. & other authors (2013). European surveillance for West Nile virus in mosquito populations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10, 4869-4895.
32. Enserink, M. (2008). Entomology. A mosquito goes global. Science 320, 864-866.
33. Espinoza-Gómez, F., López-Lemus, A. U., Rodriguez-Sanchez, I. P., Martinez-Fierro, M. L., Newton-Sánchez, O. A., Chávez-Flores, E. & Delgado-Enciso, I. (2011). Detection of sequences from a potentially novel strain of cell fusing agent virus in Mexican Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti mosquitoes. Arch Virol 156, 1263-1267.
34. Farfan-Ale, J. A., Loroño-Pino, M. A., Garcia-Rejon, J. E., Hovav, E., Powers, A. M., Lin, M., Dorman, K. S., Platt, K. B., Bartholomay, L. C. & other authors (2009). Detection of RNA from a novel West Nilelike virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80, 85-95.
35. Farfan-Ale, J. A., Loroño-Pino, M. A., Garcia-Rejon, J. E., Soto, V., Lin, M., Staley, M., Dorman, K. S., Bartholomay, L. C., Hovav, E. & Blitvich, B. J. (2010). Detection of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico in 2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10, 777-783.
36. Ferreira, D. D., Cook, S., Lopes, Â., de Matos, A. P., Esteves, A., Abecasis, A., de Almeida, A. P., Piedade, J. & Parreira, R. (2013). Characterization of an insect-specific flavivirus (OCFVPT) coisolated from Ochlerotatus caspius collected in southern Portugal along with a putative new Negev-like virus. Virus Genes 47, 532-545.
37. Filipponi, G., Lelli, R., Savini, G., Giovannini, A., Guberti, A., Santucci, U., Romi, R., Toma, L., Goffredo, M. & Caporale, V. (2005). West Nile Virus surveillance in Italy: results of three years activities. In National Conference on West Nile Virus in the United States. Teramo: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale G. Caporale.
38. Filipponi, G., Ciarrocca, E., Savini, G., Corsi, I., Dell'Ariccia, G. & Lelli, R. (2007). West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Italy. In IMED International Meeting on Emerging Diseases and Surveillance. Teramo: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale G. Caporale.
39. Gaibani, P., Pierro, A., Alicino, R., Rossini, G., Cavrini, F., Landini, M. P. & Sambri, V. (2012). Detection of Usutu-virus-specific IgG in blood donors from northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12, 431-433.
40. Gaibani, P., Cavrini, F., Gould, E. A., Rossini, G., Pierro, A., Landini, M. P. & Sambri, V. (2013). Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the first Usutu virus isolate from a human patient presenting with neurological symptoms. PLoS ONE 8, e64761.
41. Gobbi, F., Capelli, G., Angheben, A., Giobbia, M., Conforto, M., Franzetti, M., Cattelan, A. M., Raise, E., Rovere, P. & other authors (2014). Human and entomological surveillance of West Nile fever, dengue and chikungunya in Veneto Region, Italy, 2010-2012. BMC Infect Dis 14, 60.
42. Grisenti, M., Arnoldi, D., Rizzolli, F., Giacobini, M., Bertolotti, L. & Rizzoli, A. (2013). Lack of identification of Flaviviruses in oral and cloacal swabs from long-and short-distance migratory birds in Trentino-Alto Adige (North-eastern Italy). Virol J 10, 306.
43. Gubler, D. J., Kuno, G. & Markhoff, L. (2007). Flaviviruses. In Fields Virology, 5th edn, pp. 1153-1252. Edited by D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. A. Martin, B. Roizman & S. E. Strauss. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
44. Haddow, A. D., Guzmán, H., Popov, V. L., Wood, T. G., Widen, S. G., Haddow, A. D., Tesh, R. B. & Weaver, S. C. (2013). First isolation of Aedes flavivirus in the Western Hemisphere and evidence of vertical transmission in the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Virology 440, 134-139.
45. Hawley, W. A., Reiter, P., Copeland, R. S., Pumpuni, C. B. & Craig, G. B., Jr (1987). Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science 236, 1114-1116.
46. Hobson-Peters, J., Yam, A. W. Y., Lu, J. W. F., Setoh, Y. X., May, F. J., Kurucz, N., Walsh, S., Prow, N. A., Davis, S. S. & other authors (2013). A new insect-specific flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells. PLoS ONE 8, e56534.
47. Höfle, U., Gamino, V., de Mera, I. G., Mangold, A. J., Ortíz, J. A. & de la Fuente, J. (2013). Usutu virus in migratory song thrushes, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 19, 1173-1175.
48. Hoshino, K., Isawa, H., Tsuda, Y., Sawabe, K. & Kobayashi, M. (2009). Isolation and characterization of a new insect flavivirus from Aedes albopictus and Aedes flavopictus mosquitoes in Japan. Virology 391, 119-129.
49. Huhtamo, E., Moureau, G., Cook, S., Julkunen, O., Putkuri, N., Kurkela, S., Uzcátegui, N. Y., Harbach, R. E., Gould, E. A. & other authors (2012). Novel insect-specific flavivirus isolated from northern Europe. Virology 433, 471-478.
50. Ishikawa, T. & Konishi, E. (2011). [Flaviviruses]. Uirusu 61, 221-238 (in Japanese).
51. Kenney, J. L., Solberg, O. D., Langevin, S. A. & Brault, A. C. (2014). Characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from Brazil: potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 95, 2796-2808.
52. Kent, R. J., Crabtree, M. B. & Miller, B. R. (2010). Transmission of West Nile virus by Culex quinquefasciatus Say infected with Culex flavivirus Izabal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4, e671.
53. Kihara, Y., Satho, T., Eshita, Y., Sakai, K., Kotaki, A., Takasaki, T., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., Srisawat, R. & other authors (2007). Rapid determination of viral RNA sequences in mosquitoes collected in the field. J Virol Methods 146, 372-374.
54. Kim, D. Y., Guzmán, H., Bueno, R., Jr, Dennett, J. A., Auguste, A. J., Carrington, C. V., Popov, V. L., Weaver, S. C., Beasley, D. W. & Tesh, R. B. (2009). Characterization of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) strains isolated from mosquitoes in the United States and Trinidad. Virology 386, 154-159.
55. Kuno, G. (2007). Host range specificity of flaviviruses: correlation with in vitro replication. J Med Entomol 44, 93-101.
56. Lee, Y. M., Tscherne, D. M., Yun, S. I., Frolov, I. & Rice, C. M. (2005). Dual mechanisms of pestiviral superinfection exclusion at entry and RNA replication. J Virol 79, 3231-3242.
57. Lelli, R., Savini, G., Teodori, L., Filipponi, G., Di Gennaro, A., Leone, A., Di Gialleonardo, L., Venturi, L. & Caporale, V. (2008). Serological evidence of USUTU virus occurrence in north-eastern Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 55, 361-367.
58. Lindenbach, B. D., Thiel, H.-J. & Rice, C. M. (2006). Flaviviridae: the viruses and thier replication. In Fields Virology, 5th edn, pp. 1101-1152. Edited by D. M. Knipe & P. M. Howley. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
59. Machado, D. C., Mondini, A., dos Santos Santana, V., Yonamine, P. T., Chiaravalloti Neto, F., Zanotto, P. M. & Nogueira, M. L. (2012). First identification of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) in Brazil. Intervirology 55, 475-483.
60. Manarolla, G., Bakonyi, T., Gallazzi, D., Crosta, L., Weissenböck, H., Dorrestein, G. M. & Nowotny, N. (2010). Usutu virus in wild birds in northern Italy. Vet Microbiol 141, 159-163.
61. Moureau, G., Bichaud, L., Salez, N., Ninove, L., Hamrioui, B., Belazzoug, S., de Lamballerie, X., Izri, A. & Charrel, R. N. (2010). Molecular and serological evidence for the presence of novel phleboviruses in sandflies from northern Algeria. Open Virol J 4, 15-21.
62. Newman, C. M., Cerutti, F., Anderson, T. K., Hamer, G. L., Walker, E. D., Kitron, U. D., Ruíz, M. O., Brawn, J. D. & Goldberg, T. L. (2011). Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus mosquito coinfection and positive ecological association in Chicago, United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11, 1099-1105.
63. Obara-Nagoya, M., Yamauchi, T., Watanabe, M., Hasegawa, S., Iwai-Itamochi, M., Horimoto, E., Takizawa, T., Takashima, I. & Kariwa, H. (2013). Ecological and genetic analyses of the complete genomes of Culex flavivirus strains isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) group mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 50, 300-309.
64. Papa, A., Papadopoulou, E., Kalaitzopoulou, S., Tsioka, K. & Mourelatos, S. (2014). Detection of West Nile virus and insectspecific flavivirus RNA in Culex mosquitoes, central Macedonia, Greece. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108, 555-559.
65. Parreira, R., Cook, S., Lopes, A., de Matos, A. P., de Almeida, A. P., Piedade, J. & Esteves, A. (2012). Genetic characterization of an insect-specific flavivirus isolated from Culex theileri mosquitoes collected in southern Portugal. Virus Res 167, 152-161.
66. Pautasso, A., Desiato, R., Bertolini, S., Vitale, N., Radaelli, M. C., Mancini, M., Rizzo, F., Mosca, A., Calzolari, M. & other authors (2013). Mosquito surveillance in northwestern Italy to monitor the occurrence of tropical vector-borne diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 60 (Suppl 2), 154-161.
67. Pecorari, M., Longo, G., Gennari, W., Grottola, A., Sabbatini, A. M., Tagliazucchi, S., Savini, G., Monaco, F., Simone, M. L. & other authors (2009). First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August-September 2009. Euro Surveill 14, 19446.
68. Peletto, S., Lo Presti, A., Modesto, P., Cella, E., Acutis, P. L., Farchi, F., Ciotti, M., Zehender, G. & Ciccozzi, M. (2012). Genetic diversity of Usutu virus. New Microbiol 35, 167-174.
69. Pierro, A., Gaibani, P., Spadafora, C., Ruggeri, D., Randi, V., Parenti, S., Finarelli, A. C., Rossini, G., Landini, M. P. & Sambri, V. (2013). Detection of specific antibodies against West Nile and Usutu viruses in healthy blood donors in northern Italy, 2010-2011. Clin Microbiol Infect 19, E451-E453.
70. Rai, K. S. (1991). Aedes albopictus in the Americas. Annu Rev Entomol 36, 459-484.
71. Ravanini, P., Huhtamo, E., Ilaria, V., Crobu, M. G., Nicosia, A. M., Servino, L., Rivasi, F., Allegrini, S., Miglio, U. & other authors (2012). Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveill 17, 20221.
72. Regione del Veneto (2011). Regional WNV Surveillance Plan 2010: D. D. R. n. 66 del 26 marzo 2010. http://bur. regione. veneto. it/BurvServices/Pubblica/DettaglioDgr. aspx?id=235166 (in Italian).
73. Regione del Veneto (2013). Regional Vector Borne Diseases Surveillance Plan-Annual Report 2012. http://www. azisanrovigo. it/media//Dip_Prevenzione/Piano_vettori_2013. pdf (in Italian).
74. Rizzo, C., Salcuni, P., Nicoletti, L., Ciufolini, M. G., Russo, F., Masala, R., Frongia, O., Finarelli, A. C., Gramegna, M. & other authors (2012). Epidemiological surveillance of West Nile neuroinvasive diseases in Italy, 2008 to 2011. Euro Surveill 17, 20172.
75. Rizzoli, A., Rosà, R., Rosso, F., Buckley, A. & Gould, E. (2007). West Nile virus circulation detected in northern Italy in sentinel chickens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7, 411-417.
76. Roiz, D., Vázquez, A., Seco, M. P., Tenorio, A. & Rizzoli, A. (2009). Detection of novel insect flavivirus sequences integrated in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Italy. Virol J 6, 93.
77. Roiz, D., Rosà, R., Arnoldi, D. & Rizzoli, A. (2010). Effects of temperature and rainfall on the activity and dynamics of host-seeking Aedes albopictus females in northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10, 811-816.
78. Roiz, D., Neteler, M., Castellani, C., Arnoldi, D. & Rizzoli, A. (2011). Climatic factors driving invasion of the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) into new areas of Trentino, northern Italy. PLoS ONE 6, e14800.
79. Roiz, D., Vázquez, A., Rosso, F., Arnoldi, D., Girardi, M., Cuevas, L., Perez-Pastrana, E., Sánchez-Seco, M. P., Tenorio, A. & Rizzoli, A. (2012). Detection of a new insect flavivirus and isolation of Aedes flavivirus in Northern Italy. Parasit Vectors 5, 223.
80. Saiyasombat, R., Bolling, B. G., Brault, A. C., Bartholomay, L. C. & Blitvich, B. J. (2011). Evidence of efficient transovarial transmission of Culex flavivirus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 48, 1031-1038.
81. Sánchez-Seco, M. P., Rosario, D., Domingo, C., Hernández, L., Valdés, K., Guzmán, M. G. & Tenorio, A. (2005). Generic RT-nested-PCR for detection of flaviviruses using degenerated primers and internal control followed by sequencing for specific identification. J Virol Methods 126, 101-109.
82. Sánchez-Seco, M. P., Vázquez, A., Collao, X., Hernández, L., Aranda, C., Ruíz, S., Escosa, R., Marqués, E., Bustillo, M. A. & other authors (2010). Surveillance of arboviruses in Spanish wetlands: detection of new flavi-and phleboviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10, 203-206.
83. Sánchez-Vargas, I., Travanty, E. A., Keene, K. M., Franz, A. W., Beaty, B. J., Blair, C. D. & Olson, K. E. (2004). RNA interference, arthropodborne viruses, and mosquitoes. Virus Res 102, 65-74.
84. Savini, G., Monaco, F., Terregino, C., Di Gennaro, A., Bano, L., Pinoni, C., De Nardi, R., Bonilauri, P., Pecorari, M. & other authors (2011). Usutu virus in Italy: an emergence or a silent infection? Vet Microbiol 151, 264-274.
85. Schaffner, F., Angel, G., Geoffroy, B., Hervy, J. P., Rhaiem, A. & Brunhes, J. (2011). The Mosquitoes of Europe/Les Moustiques d'Europe: An Identification and Training Programme [CD ROM]. Montpellier: Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement Éditions & EID Méditerranée.
86. Stollar, V. & Thomas, V. L. (1975). An agent in the Aedes aegypti cell line (Peleg) which causes fusion of Aedes albopictus cells. Virology 64, 367-377.
87. Tamba, M., Bonilauri, P., Bellini, R., Calzolari, M., Albieri, A., Sambri, V., Dottori, M. & Angelini, P. (2011). Detection of Usutu virus within a West Nile virus surveillance program in Northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11, 551-557.
88. Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28, 2731-2739.
89. Trawinski, P. R. & Mackay, D. S. (2010). Identification of environmental covariates of West Nile virus vector mosquito population abundance. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10, 515-526.
90. Tyler, S., Bolling, B. G., Blair, C. D., Brault, A. C., Pabbaraju, K., Armijos, M. V., Clark, D. C., Calisher, C. H. & Drebot, M. A. (2011). Distribution and phylogenetic comparisons of a novel mosquito flavivirus sequence present in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes from western Canada with viruses isolated in California and Colorado. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85, 162-168.
91. Vázquez, A., Jimenez-Clavero, M. A., Franco, L., Donoso-Mantke, O., Sambri, V., Niedrig, M., Zeller, H. & Tenorio, A. (2011). Usutu virus: potential risk of human disease in Europe. Euro Surveill 16, 19935.
92. Vázquez, A., Sánchez-Seco, M. P., Palacios, G., Molero, F., Reyes, N., Ruíz, S., Aranda, C., Marqués, E., Escosa, R. & other authors (2012). Novel flaviviruses detected in different species of mosquitoes in Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12, 223-229.
93. Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Kaic, B., Barbic, L., Pem-Novosel, I., Slavic-Vrzic, V., Lesnikar, V., Kurecic-Filipovic, S., Babic-Erceg, A., Listes, E. & other authors (2014). First evidence of simultaneous occurrence of West Nile virus and Usutu virus neuroinvasive disease in humans in Croatia during the 2013 outbreak. Infection 42, 689-695.
94. Weissenböck, H., Kolodziejek, J., Url, A., Lussy, H., Rebel-Bauder, B. & Nowotny, N. (2002). Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 8, 652-656.
95. Weissenböck, H., Chvala, S., Bakonyi, T. & Nowotny, N. (2007). Emergence of Usutu virus in central Europe: diagnosis, surveillance and epizoology. In Emerging Pests and Vector-Borne Disease in Europe, pp. 153-168. Edited by W. Takken & B. Knols. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
96. Weissenböck, H., Bakonyi, T., Rossi, G., Mani, P. & Nowotny, N. (2013). Usutu virus, Italy, 1996. Emerg Infect Dis 19, 274-277.
97. Williams, M. C., Simpson, D. I., Haddow, A. J. & Knight, E. M. (1964). The isolation of a West Nile virus from man and Usutu virus from the bird-biting mosquito Mansonia aurites (Theobald) in the Entebbe area of Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 58, 367-374.
98. Zuo, S., Zhao, Q., Guo, X., Zhou, H., Cao, W. & Zhang, J. (2014). Detection of Quang Binh virus from mosquitoes in China. Virus Res 180, 31-38.