메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-174

Determining Sample Size: Balancing Power, Precision, and Practicality

Author keywords

Careful planning; Computer intensive strategies; Confidence intervals; Estimating sample size; Multi level analysis; Power analysis; Repeated measures anova; Repeated measures manova; Replication; Structural equation modeling

Indexed keywords


EID: 84921543677     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315493.001.0001     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (166)

References (145)
  • 1
    • 0346789285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size determination: A review
    • Adcock, C. J. (1997). Sample size determination: A review. Statistician, 46(2), 261-283.
    • (1997) Statistician , vol.46 , Issue.2 , pp. 261-283
    • Adcock, C.J.1
  • 3
    • 0035535641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample sizes for confidence intervals on the increase in the squared multiple correlation coefficient
    • Algina, J., & Moulder, B. C. (2001). Sample sizes for confidence intervals on the increase in the squared multiple correlation coefficient. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 633-649.
    • (2001) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 633-649
    • Algina, J.1    Moulder, B.C.2
  • 4
    • 0034402611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining sample size for accurate estimation of the squared multiple correlation coefficient
    • Algina, J., & Olejnik, S. (2000). Determining sample size for accurate estimation of the squared multiple correlation coefficient. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(1), 119-137.
    • (2000) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-137
    • Algina, J.1    Olejnik, S.2
  • 5
    • 0344120629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size tables for correlation analysis with applications in partial correlation and multiple regression analysis
    • Algina, J., & Olejnik, S. (2003). Sample size tables for correlation analysis with applications in partial correlation and multiple regression analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38(3), 309-323.
    • (2003) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 309-323
    • Algina, J.1    Olejnik, S.2
  • 6
    • 0039910654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power and money: Designing statistically powerful studies while minimizing financial costs
    • Allison, D. B., Allison, R. L., Faith, M. S., Paultre, F., & Pi-sunyer, F. X. (1997). Power and money: Designing statistically powerful studies while minimizing financial costs. Psychological Methods, 2(1), 20-33.
    • (1997) Psychological Methods , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-33
    • Allison, D.B.1    Allison, R.L.2    Faith, M.S.3    Paultre, F.4    Pi-sunyer, F.X.5
  • 7
    • 0034712491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials
    • Assman, S. F., Pocock, S. J., Enos, L. E., & Kasten, L. E. (2000). Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials. Lancet, 355, 1064-1069.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1064-1069
    • Assman, S.F.1    Pocock, S.J.2    Enos, L.E.3    Kasten, L.E.4
  • 10
    • 0000233725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective power analysis
    • Baker, L. (1997). Retrospective power analysis. Conservation Biology, 11(1), 276-280.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 276-280
    • Baker, L.1
  • 11
    • 0013666579 scopus 로고
    • Personal construct theory and research method
    • P. Reason & J. Rowan (Eds.), Chichester, England:Wiley
    • Bannister, D. (1981) Personal construct theory and research method. In P. Reason & J. Rowan (Eds.), Human inquiry (pp. 191-199). Chichester, England:Wiley.
    • (1981) Human inquiry , pp. 191-199
    • Bannister, D.1
  • 13
    • 29144485926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ScoreRel CI: Software for computation of confidence intervals for commonly used score reliability coefficients
    • Barnette, J. (2005). ScoreRel CI: Software for computation of confidence intervals for commonly used score reliability coefficients. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 980-983.
    • (2005) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.65 , pp. 980-983
    • Barnette, J.1
  • 14
    • 0031032503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional power calculations for early acceptance of H0 embedded in sequential trials
    • Betensky, R. A. (1997). Conditional power calculations for early acceptance of H0 embedded in sequential trials. Statistics in Medicine, 16(4), 465-477.
    • (1997) Statistics in Medicine , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 465-477
    • Betensky, R.A.1
  • 15
    • 0036255595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals for effect sizes in analysis of variance
    • Bird, K. D. (2002). Confidence intervals for effect sizes in analysis of variance. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(2), 197-226.
    • (2002) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-226
    • Bird, K.D.1
  • 16
    • 0027946070 scopus 로고
    • The case for confidence intervals in controlled clinical trials
    • Borenstein, M. (1994). The case for confidence intervals in controlled clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 15(5), 411-428.
    • (1994) Controlled Clinical Trials , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 411-428
    • Borenstein, M.1
  • 17
    • 0001233581 scopus 로고
    • Alternative ways of assessing model fit
    • K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1993) Testing structural models , pp. 136-162
    • Browne, M.W.1    Cudeck, R.2
  • 18
    • 0028839815 scopus 로고
    • Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons
    • Campbell, M. J, Julious, S. A., & Altman, D. G. (1995). Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons. British Medical Journal, 311, 1145-1148.
    • (1995) British Medical Journal , vol.311 , pp. 1145-1148
    • Campbell, M.J.1    Julious, S.A.2    Altman, D.G.3
  • 19
    • 34248989532 scopus 로고
    • The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review
    • Cohen, J. (1962). The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 145-153.
    • (1962) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 145-153
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 23
    • 11944272254 scopus 로고
    • A power primer
    • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.112 , pp. 155-159
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 24
    • 0039802908 scopus 로고
    • The earth is round (p <.05)
    • Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p <.05). American Psychologist, 49(12), 997-102.
    • (1994) American Psychologist , vol.49 , Issue.12 , pp. 997-102
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 26
    • 0003396332 scopus 로고
    • Sampling techniques
    • New York: Wiley
    • Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques. New York: Wiley.
    • (1977)
    • Cochran, W.G.1
  • 30
    • 0035535636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primer on the understanding, use, and calculation of confidence intervals that are based on central and noncentral distributions
    • Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2001). A primer on the understanding, use, and calculation of confidence intervals that are based on central and noncentral distributions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 532-574.
    • (2001) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 532-574
    • Cumming, G.1    Finch, S.2
  • 31
    • 0035523804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power analysis for multivariate and repeated measures designs: A flexible approach using the SPSS MANOVA procedure
    • D'Amico, E. J., Neilands T. B., & Zambarano, R. (2001). Power analysis for multivariate and repeated measures designs: A flexible approach using the SPSS MANOVA procedure. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 33(4), 479-484.
    • (2001) Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 479-484
    • D'Amico, E.J.1    Neilands, T.B.2    Zambarano, R.3
  • 34
    • 0020748239 scopus 로고
    • Computer-intensive methods in statistics
    • Diaconis, P., & Efron, B. (1983). Computer-intensive methods in statistics. Scientific American, 48, 116-130.
    • (1983) Scientific American , vol.48 , pp. 116-130
    • Diaconis, P.1    Efron, B.2
  • 36
    • 0002344794 scopus 로고
    • Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife
    • Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7, 1-26.
    • (1979) Annals of Statistics , vol.7 , pp. 1-26
    • Efron, B.1
  • 39
    • 0038784071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performing multivariate group comparisons following a statistically significant MANOVA
    • Enders, C. K. (2003). Performing multivariate group comparisons following a statistically significant MANOVA. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 36, 40-56.
    • (2003) Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , vol.36 , pp. 40-56
    • Enders, C.K.1
  • 41
    • 0035535637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computing correct confidence intervals for ANOVA fixed- and random-effects effect sizes
    • Fidler, F., & Thompson, B. (2001). Computing correct confidence intervals for ANOVA fixed- and random-effects effect sizes. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 575-604.
    • (2001) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 575-604
    • Fidler, F.1    Thompson, B.2
  • 46
    • 0039318171 scopus 로고
    • A problem with confidence intervals
    • Frick, R. W. (1995). A problem with confidence intervals. American Psychologist, 50, 1102-1103.
    • (1995) American Psychologist , vol.50 , pp. 1102-1103
    • Frick, R.W.1
  • 47
    • 0024763561 scopus 로고
    • Multiple correlation: Exact power and sample size calculations
    • Gastonis, C., & Sampson, A. R. (1989). Multiple correlation: Exact power and sample size calculations. Psychological Bulletin, 106(3), 516-524.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 516-524
    • Gastonis, C.1    Sampson, A.R.2
  • 49
    • 1542498415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective power surveys
    • Gillett, R. (1996). Retrospective power surveys. Statistician, 45, 231-236.
    • (1996) Statistician , vol.45 , pp. 231-236
    • Gillett, R.1
  • 51
    • 0002100348 scopus 로고
    • Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research
    • Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5, 3-8.
    • (1976) Educational Researcher , vol.5 , pp. 3-8
    • Glass, G.V.1
  • 54
    • 3042771073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonprobability sampling in social work research: Dilemmas, consequences, and strategies
    • Guo, S., & Hussey, D. L. (2004). Nonprobability sampling in social work research: Dilemmas, consequences, and strategies. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(3), 1-18.
    • (2004) Journal of Social Service Research , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-18
    • Guo, S.1    Hussey, D.L.2
  • 55
    • 84982012537 scopus 로고
    • Tables and procedures for the determination of power and sample sizes in univariate and multivariate analyses of variance and regression
    • Hager, W., & Möller, H. (1986). Tables and procedures for the determination of power and sample sizes in univariate and multivariate analyses of variance and regression. Biometrical Journal, 28, 647-663.
    • (1986) Biometrical Journal , vol.28 , pp. 647-663
    • Hager, W.1    Möller, H.2
  • 56
    • 0035537305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power and sample size for the root mean square error of approximation test of not close fit in structural equation modeling
    • Hancock, G. R., & Freeman, M. J. (2001). Power and sample size for the root mean square error of approximation test of not close fit in structural equation modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(5), 741-758.
    • (2001) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.61 , Issue.5 , pp. 741-758
    • Hancock, G.R.1    Freeman, M.J.2
  • 57
    • 0021135218 scopus 로고
    • Regression modeling strategies for improved prognostic prediction
    • Harrell, F. E. (1984). Regression modeling strategies for improved prognostic prediction. Statistics in Medicine, 3, 143-152.
    • (1984) Statistics in Medicine , vol.3 , pp. 143-152
    • Harrell, F.E.1
  • 59
    • 84893387217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pitfalls of data analysis
    • Retrieved July 18, from
    • Helberg, C. (1996). Pitfalls of data analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 5(5). Retrieved July 18, 2006, from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=5&n=5.
    • (1996) Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation , vol.5 , Issue.5
    • Helberg, C.1
  • 62
    • 0035644173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The abuse of power: The pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis
    • Hoenig, J. M., & Heisey, D. M. (2001). The abuse of power: The pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. American Statistician, 55, 19-24.
    • (2001) American Statistician , vol.55 , pp. 19-24
    • Hoenig, J.M.1    Heisey, D.M.2
  • 66
    • 0024374956 scopus 로고
    • Sample size tables for logistic regression
    • Hsieh, F. Y. (1989). Sample size tables for logistic regression. Statistics in Medicine, 8, 795-802.
    • (1989) Statistics in Medicine , vol.8 , pp. 795-802
    • Hsieh, F.Y.1
  • 67
    • 0032581454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple method of sample size calculation for linear and logistic regression
    • Hsieh, F. Y., Bloch, D. A., & Larsen, M. D. (1998). A simple method of sample size calculation for linear and logistic regression. Statistics in Medicine, 17(1), 623-634.
    • (1998) Statistics in Medicine , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 623-634
    • Hsieh, F.Y.1    Bloch, D.A.2    Larsen, M.D.3
  • 69
    • 67650706330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
    • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
    • (1999) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.6 , pp. 1-55
    • Hu, L.1    Bentler, P.M.2
  • 70
    • 21344495607 scopus 로고
    • Historical origins of statistical testing practices: The treatment of Fisher versus Neyman-Pearson views in textbooks
    • Huberty, C. J. (1993). Historical origins of statistical testing practices: The treatment of Fisher versus Neyman-Pearson views in textbooks. Journal of Experimental Education, 61, 317-333.
    • (1993) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.61 , pp. 317-333
    • Huberty, C.J.1
  • 72
    • 58149370536 scopus 로고
    • Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses
    • Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 305-308.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.105 , pp. 305-308
    • Huberty, C.J.1    Morris, J.D.2
  • 75
    • 0030517592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical significance: A concept whose time has come
    • Kirk, R. E. (1996). Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 746-759.
    • (1996) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.56 , pp. 746-759
    • Kirk, R.E.1
  • 78
    • 0035146517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of sample size: Two-sided testing and one-sided thinking
    • Knottnerus, J. A., & Bouter, L. M. (2001). The ethics of sample size: Two-sided testing and one-sided thinking. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 109-110.
    • (2001) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.54 , pp. 109-110
    • Knottnerus, J.A.1    Bouter, L.M.2
  • 81
    • 0002801958 scopus 로고
    • The endogenous-exogeneous partition in attribution theory
    • Kruglanski, A. W. (1975). The endogenous-exogeneous partition in attribution theory. Psychological Review, 82, 387-406.
    • (1975) Psychological Review , vol.82 , pp. 387-406
    • Kruglanski, A.W.1
  • 82
    • 0000604775 scopus 로고
    • How appropriate are sample size formulas?
    • Kupper, L. L., & Hafner, K. B. (1989). How appropriate are sample size formulas? American Statistician, 43(2), 101-105.
    • (1989) American Statistician , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 101-105
    • Kupper, L.L.1    Hafner, K.B.2
  • 83
    • 25444474448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of methods for futility stopping based on conditional power
    • Lachin, J. M. (2005). A review of methods for futility stopping based on conditional power. Statistics in Medicine, 24, 2747-2764.
    • (2005) Statistics in Medicine , vol.24 , pp. 2747-2764
    • Lachin, J.M.1
  • 86
    • 0035640845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some practical guidelines for effective sample-size determination
    • Lenth, R. V. (2001). Some practical guidelines for effective sample-size determination. American Statistician, 55(3), 187-193.
    • (2001) American Statistician , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-193
    • Lenth, R.V.1
  • 88
    • 0027738240 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis
    • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993). The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 48, 1181-1209.
    • (1993) American Psychologist , vol.48 , pp. 1181-1209
    • Lipsey, M.W.1    Wilson, D.B.2
  • 90
    • 79955864438 scopus 로고
    • Using confidence intervals in withinsubject designs
    • Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in withinsubject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1(4), 476-490.
    • (1994) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 476-490
    • Loftus, G.R.1    Masson, M.E.J.2
  • 91
    • 0032372107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why permutation tests are superior to t and F tests in biomedical research
    • Ludbrook, J., & Dudley, H. (1998). Why permutation tests are superior to t and F tests in biomedical research. American Statistician, 52, 127-132.
    • (1998) American Statistician , vol.52 , pp. 127-132
    • Ludbrook, J.1    Dudley, H.2
  • 93
    • 0013118140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling
    • MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , pp. 130-149
    • MacCallum, R.C.1    Browne, M.W.2    Sugawara, H.M.3
  • 94
    • 0034576454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size and multiple regression analysis
    • Maxwell, S. E. (2000). Sample size and multiple regression analysis. Psychological Methods, 5(4), 434-458.
    • (2000) Psychological Methods , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 434-458
    • Maxwell, S.E.1
  • 95
    • 0007320721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal design in psychological research
    • McClelland, G. H. (1997). Optimal design in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 2(1), 3-19.
    • (1997) Psychological Methods , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-19
    • McClelland, G.H.1
  • 96
    • 0035535639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals, power calculation, and sample size estimation for the squared multiple correlation coefficient under the fixed and random regression models: A computer program and useful standard tables
    • Mendoza, J. L., & Stafford, K. L. (2001). Confidence intervals, power calculation, and sample size estimation for the squared multiple correlation coefficient under the fixed and random regression models: A computer program and useful standard tables. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 650-667.
    • (2001) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 650-667
    • Mendoza, J.L.1    Stafford, K.L.2
  • 98
  • 99
    • 84886337777 scopus 로고
    • Complex sample data in structural equation modeling
    • P. V. Marsden (Ed.), Oxford, England: Blackwell
    • Muthen, B., & Satorra, A. (1995). Complex sample data in structural equation modeling. In P. V. Marsden (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 267-316). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
    • (1995) Sociological methodology , pp. 267-316
    • Muthen, B.1    Satorra, A.2
  • 103
    • 0000992663 scopus 로고
    • On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for purposes of statistical inferences (Part 1)
    • Neyman, J., & Pearson, E. S. (1928). On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for purposes of statistical inferences (Part 1). Biometrika, 20A, 175-240.
    • (1928) Biometrika , vol.20 A , pp. 175-240
    • Neyman, J.1    Pearson, E.S.2
  • 105
    • 84921596067 scopus 로고
    • The problem of sample size estimation:Confidence intervals
    • Orme, J. G., & Hudson, W. W. (1995). The problem of sample size estimation:Confidence intervals. Social Work Research, 19(2), 121-127.
    • (1995) Social Work Research , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-127
    • Orme, J.G.1    Hudson, W.W.2
  • 106
    • 0043075806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size: More than calculations
    • Parker, R. A., & Berman, N. G. (2003). Sample size: More than calculations. The American Statistician, 57(3), 166-170.
    • (2003) The American Statistician , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 166-170
    • Parker, R.A.1    Berman, N.G.2
  • 107
    • 0016772924 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between the shape of population distribution and robustness or four simple testing statistics
    • Pearson, E. S., & Please, N. W. (1975). Relationship between the shape of population distribution and robustness or four simple testing statistics. Biometrika, 62, 223-241.
    • (1975) Biometrika , vol.62 , pp. 223-241
    • Pearson, E.S.1    Please, N.W.2
  • 108
    • 0010149974 scopus 로고
    • Pick a sample
    • Retrieved August 9, from
    • Peterson, I. (1991). Pick a sample. Science News. Retrieved August 9, 2006, from http://www.resample.com/content/teaching/texts/picksample.txt.
    • (1991) Science News
    • Peterson, I.1
  • 109
    • 31344459765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choosing between a rock and a hard place when data are scarce and questions important: A reply to Hooenbeck, DeRue, and Mannor (2006)
    • Peterson, R. S., Smith, B. D., & Martorana, P. V. (2006). Choosing between a rock and a hard place when data are scarce and questions important: A reply to Hooenbeck, DeRue, and Mannor (2006). Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(1), 6-8.
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-8
    • Peterson, R.S.1    Smith, B.D.2    Martorana, P.V.3
  • 110
    • 0023598472 scopus 로고
    • The analysis of multiple endpoints in clinical trials
    • Pocock, S. J., Geller, N. L., & Tsiatis, A. A. (1987). The analysis of multiple endpoints in clinical trials. Biometrics, 43, 487-498.
    • (1987) Biometrics , vol.43 , pp. 487-498
    • Pocock, S.J.1    Geller, N.L.2    Tsiatis, A.A.3
  • 111
    • 0033637709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interim analysis and sample size reassessment
    • Posch, M., & Bauer, P. (2000). Interim analysis and sample size reassessment. Biometrics, 56(4), 1170-1176.
    • (2000) Biometrics , vol.56 , Issue.4 , pp. 1170-1176
    • Posch, M.1    Bauer, P.2
  • 112
    • 11844254857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invited commentary: Ethics and sample size-Another view
    • Prentice, R. (2005). Invited commentary: Ethics and sample size-Another view. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(2), 111-112.
    • (2005) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.161 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-112
    • Prentice, R.1
  • 113
    • 0033265296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bootstrap, the jackknife, and the randomization test: A sample taxonomy
    • Rodgers, J. L. (1999). The bootstrap, the jackknife, and the randomization test: A sample taxonomy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34, 441-456.
    • (1999) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.34 , pp. 441-456
    • Rodgers, J.L.1
  • 114
    • 0000099239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other people's published data: General procedures for research consumers
    • Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other people's published data: General procedures for research consumers. Psychological Methods, 1, 331-340.
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , pp. 331-340
    • Rosnow, R.L.1    Rosenthal, R.2
  • 116
    • 84893347853 scopus 로고
    • Resampling: A marriage of computers and statistics
    • Retrieved July 17, from
    • Rudner, L. M., & Shafer, M. M. (1992). Resampling: A marriage of computers and statistics. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 3(5). Retrieved July 17, 2006, from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=3&n=5.
    • (1992) Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation , vol.3 , Issue.5
    • Rudner, L.M.1    Shafer, M.M.2
  • 117
    • 0002813537 scopus 로고
    • Power of the likelihood ratio test in covariance structure analysis
    • Satorra, A., & Saris, W. E. (1985). Power of the likelihood ratio test in covariance structure analysis. Psychometrika, 50, 83-90.
    • (1985) Psychometrika , vol.50 , pp. 83-90
    • Satorra, A.1    Saris, W.E.2
  • 118
    • 0027413406 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive algorithm for determining whether a run-in strategy will be a cost-effective design modification in a randomized clinical trial
    • Schechtman, K. B., & Gordon, M. E. (1993). A comprehensive algorithm for determining whether a run-in strategy will be a cost-effective design modification in a randomized clinical trial. Statistics in Medicine, 12, 111-128.
    • (1993) Statistics in Medicine , vol.12 , pp. 111-128
    • Schechtman, K.B.1    Gordon, M.E.2
  • 119
    • 0001994477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eight common but false objections to the discontinuation of significance testing in the analysis of research data
    • L. L. Harlow, S. A. Mulaik, & J. H. Steiger (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1997). Eight common but false objections to the discontinuation of significance testing in the analysis of research data. In L. L. Harlow, S. A. Mulaik, & J. H. Steiger (Eds.), What if there were no significance tests? (pp. 37-64). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1997) What if there were no significance tests? , pp. 37-64
    • Schmidt, F.L.1    Hunter, J.E.2
  • 120
    • 0035961473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size re-estimation: Journey for a decade
    • Shih, W. J. (2001). Sample size re-estimation: Journey for a decade. Statistics in Medicine, 20, 515-518.
    • (2001) Statistics in Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 515-518
    • Shih, W.J.1
  • 121
    • 0035535640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correct confidence intervals for various regression effect sizes and parameters: The importance of noncentral distributions in computing intervals
    • Smithson, M. (2001). Correct confidence intervals for various regression effect sizes and parameters: The importance of noncentral distributions in computing intervals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 605-632.
    • (2001) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 605-632
    • Smithson, M.1
  • 123
    • 0000935535 scopus 로고
    • Standard errors and sampling sizes for two-level research
    • Snijders, T. A., & Bosker, R. J. (1993). Standard errors and sampling sizes for two-level research. Journal of Educational Statistics, 18, 237-261.
    • (1993) Journal of Educational Statistics , vol.18 , pp. 237-261
    • Snijders, T.A.1    Bosker, R.J.2
  • 125
    • 2542513965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the F-test: Effect size confidence intervals and tests of close fit in the analysis of variance and contrast analysis
    • Steiger, J. H. (2004). Beyond the F-test: Effect size confidence intervals and tests of close fit in the analysis of variance and contrast analysis. Psychological Methods, 9(2), 164-182.
    • (2004) Psychological Methods , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 164-182
    • Steiger, J.H.1
  • 126
    • 0005909446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: Some comments and a reply to Hayduk and Glaser
    • Steiger, J. H. (2000) Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: Some comments and a reply to Hayduk and Glaser. Structural Equation Modeling, 7, 149-162.
    • (2000) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.7 , pp. 149-162
    • Steiger, J.H.1
  • 127
    • 84948889709 scopus 로고
    • Structural model evaluation and modifications: An interval estimation approach
    • Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modifications: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
    • (1990) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.25 , pp. 173-180
    • Steiger, J.H.1
  • 128
    • 0000103515 scopus 로고
    • R2: A computer program for interval estimation, power calculation, and hypothesis testing for the squared multiple correlation
    • Steiger, J. H., & Fouladi, R. T. (1992). R2: A computer program for interval estimation, power calculation, and hypothesis testing for the squared multiple correlation. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 4, 581-582.
    • (1992) Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , vol.4 , pp. 581-582
    • Steiger, J.H.1    Fouladi, R.T.2
  • 130
    • 84965631330 scopus 로고
    • An introduction to bootstrap methods: Examples and ideas
    • Stine, R. (1989). An introduction to bootstrap methods: Examples and ideas. Sociological Methods and Research, 8(2 & 3), 243-290.
    • (1989) Sociological Methods and Research , vol.8 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 243-290
    • Stine, R.1
  • 132
    • 27644544954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On confidence intervals of a common intraclass correlation coefficient
    • Tian, L. (2005). On confidence intervals of a common intraclass correlation coefficient. Statistics in Medicine, 24, 3311-3318.
    • (2005) Statistics in Medicine , vol.24 , pp. 3311-3318
    • Tian, L.1
  • 133
    • 84996149945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What future quantitative social science research could look like: Confidence intervals for effect sizes
    • Thompson, B. (2002). What future quantitative social science research could look like: Confidence intervals for effect sizes. Educational Researcher, 31(3), 25-32.
    • (2002) Educational Researcher , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 25-32
    • Thompson, B.1
  • 135
    • 84921591403 scopus 로고
    • Bias and confidence in not-quite large samples
    • C. L. Mallow, (Ed.), Monterey, CA: Wadsworth
    • Tukey, J. W. (1991). Bias and confidence in not-quite large samples. In C. L. Mallow, (Ed.), The collected works of John W. Tukey VI, more mathematical: 1938-1984 (pp. 391-393). Monterey, CA: Wadsworth.
    • (1991) The collected works of John W. Tukey VI, more mathematical: 1938-1984 , pp. 391-393
    • Tukey, J.W.1
  • 136
    • 2942639651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple approach to power and sample size calculations in logistic regression and Cox regression models
    • Vaeth, M., & Skovlund, E. (2004). A simple approach to power and sample size calculations in logistic regression and Cox regression models. Statistics in Medicine, 23(11), 1781-1792.
    • (2004) Statistics in Medicine , vol.23 , Issue.11 , pp. 1781-1792
    • Vaeth, M.1    Skovlund, E.2
  • 138
    • 4243185841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size and power estimation for studies with health related quality of life outcomes: A comparison of four methods using the SF-36
    • Retrieved July 2, from
    • Walters, S. J. (2004). Sample size and power estimation for studies with health related quality of life outcomes: A comparison of four methods using the SF-36. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from http://www.hqlo.com/content/2/1/26.
    • (2004) Health and Quality of Life Outcomes , pp. 2
    • Walters, S.J.1
  • 140
    • 84912790583 scopus 로고
    • Sample size for logistic regression with small response probability
    • Whittemore, A. S. (1981). Sample size for logistic regression with small response probability. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76, 27-32.
    • (1981) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.76 , pp. 27-32
    • Whittemore, A.S.1
  • 142
  • 143
    • 0036340211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics review 4: Sample size calculations
    • Whitley, E., & Ball, J. (2002). Statistics review 4: Sample size calculations. Critical Care, 6, 335-341.
    • (2002) Critical Care , vol.6 , pp. 335-341
    • Whitley, E.1    Ball, J.2
  • 144
    • 84921591402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power analysis for an analysis of covariance
    • Retrieved August 7, 2006, from
    • Wuensch, K. (2006). Power analysis for an analysis of covariance. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from http://core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/MV/LSANOVA/Power-ANCOV.doc.
    • (2006)
    • Wuensch, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.