North America's net terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere 1990-2009

Biogeosciences

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 399-414

  King, A W ^a   Andres, R J ^a   Davis, K J ^b   Hafer, M ^c   Hayes, D J ^a   Huntzinger, D N ^d   De Jong, B ^e   Kurz, W A ^c   McGuire, A D ^f   Vargas, R ^g   Wei, Y ^a   West, T O ^h   Woodall, C W ⁱ  

^a OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

^d NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e EL COLEGIO DE LA FRONTERA SUR   (Mexico)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^h PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

ⁱ USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON FLUX; CARBON SINK; FOSSIL FUEL; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; SOURCE-SINK DYNAMICS;

CANADA; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84921526543     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-399-2015     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Amiro, B. D., Barr, A. G., Barr, J. G., Black, T. A., Bracho, R., Brown, M., Chen, J., Clark, K. L., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Dore, S., Engel, V., Fuentes, J. D., Goldstein, A. H., Goulden, M. L., Kolb, T. E., Lavigne, M. B., Law, B. E., Margolis, H. A., Martin, T., McCaughey, J. H., Misson, L., Montes-Helu, M., Noormets, A., Randerson, J. T., Starr, G., and Xiao, J.: Ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes after disturbance in forests of North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G00K02, doi:10.1029/2010JG001390, 2010.
2. Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Breón, F.-M., Ciais, P., Davis, S., Erickson, D., Gregg, J. S., Jacobson, A., Marland, G., Miller, J., Oda, T., Olivier, J. G. J., Raupach, M. R., Rayner, P., and Treanton, K.: A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, Biogeosciences, 9, 1845-1871, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1845-2012, 2012.
3. Baker, D. F., Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Rayner, P., Peylin, P., Denning, A. S., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y. H., Ciais, P., Fung, I. Y., Heimann, M., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Prather, M., Pak, B., Taguchi, S., and Zhu, Z.: TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regional CO2 fluxes 1988-2003, Global Biogeochem. Cy. 20, GB1002;doi;10.1029/2004GB002439,2006
4. Bechtold, W. A. and Patterson, P. J.: The enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis program-national sampling design and estimation procedures, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SRS-8, 85 pp., 2005.
5. Boden, T. A., Andres, R. J., and Marland, G.: Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions: 1751-2010, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, 2013.
6. Butler, M. P., Davis, K. J., Denning, A. S., and Kawa, S. R.: Using continental observations in global atmospheric inversions of CO2: North American carbon sources and sinks, Tellus B, 62, 550-572, 2010.
7. Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Gurney, K., Le Quéré, C., Piao, S., Raupach, M. R., and Sabine, C. L.: An International Effort to Quantify Regional Carbon Fluxes, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 92, 81-82, 2011.
8. Canadell, J. P., Dickinson, R., Hibbard, K., Raupach, M., and O. Young (Eds.): Global Carbon Project: Science framework and implementation, Rep. 1/Global Carbon Project Rep. 1, 69 pp., Earth Syst. Sci. Partnership, Canberra, ACT, Australia, available at: http://www.globalcarbonproject.org, 2003.
9. Chapin, F. S., III, Woodwell, G. M., Randerson, J. T., Rastetter, E. B., Lovett, G. M., Baldocchi, D. D., Clark, D. A., Harmon, M. E., Schimel, D. S., Valentini, R., Wirth, C., Aber, J. D., Cole, J. J., Goulden, M. L., Harden, J.W., Heimann, M., Howarth, R.W., Matson, P. A., McGuire, A. D., Melillo, J. M., Mooney, H. A., Neff, J. C., Houghton, R. A., Pace, M. L., Ryan, M. G., Running, S. W., Sala, O. E., Schlesinger, W. H., and Schulze, E. D.: Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods, Ecosystems, 9, 1041-1050, 2006.
10. Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Luyssaert, S., Chevallier, F., Shvidenko, A., Poussi, Z., Jonas, M., Peylin, P., King, A.W., Schulze, E.-D., Piao, S., Rödenbeck, C., Peters, W., and Breón, F.-M.: Can we reconcile atmospheric estimates of the Northern terrestrial carbon sink with land-based accounting?, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 225-230, 2010.
11. Ciais, P., Rayner, P., Chevallier, F., Bousquet, P., Logan, M., Peylin, P., and Ramonet, M.: Atmospheric inversions for estimating CO2 fluxes: methods and perspectives, in: Greenhouse Gas Inventories, edited by: Jonas, M., Nahorski, Z., Nilsson, S., and Whiter, T., Springer, Netherlands, 69-92, 2011.
12. de Jong, B., Anaya, C., Masera, O., Olguín, M., Paz, F., Etchevers, J., Martínez, R. D., Guerrero, G., and Balbontín, C.: Greenhouse gas emissions between 1993 and 2002 from land-use change and forestry in Mexico, Forest Ecol. Manag., 260, 1689-1701, 2010.
13. Dolman, A. J., Shvidenko, A., Schepaschenko, D., Ciais, P., Tchebakova, N., Chen, T., van der Molen, M. K., Belelli Marchesini, L., Maximov, T. C., Maksyutov, S., and Schulze, E.-D.: An estimate of the terrestrial carbon budget of Russia using inventory-based, eddy covariance and inversion methods, Biogeosciences, 9, 5323-5340, doi:10.5194/bg-9-5323-2012, 2012.
14. Enting, I. G.: Inverse problems in atmospheric constituent transport, Cambridge University Press, 392 pp., 2002.
15. Enting, I. G., Rayner, P. J., and Ciais, P.: Carbon Cycle Uncertainty in REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP), Biogeosciences, 9, 2889-2904, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2889-2012, 2012.
16. Environment Canada: National Inventory Report 1990-2011: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, The Government of Canada's Submission to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Environment Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 538 pp., 2013.
17. Environment Canada: National Inventory Report: 1990-2012, greenhouse gas sources and sinks in Canada, Environment Canada, Greenhouse Gas Division, Ottowa, Ontario, 507 pp., 2014.
18. Field, C. B., Sarmiento, J., and Hales, B.: The Carbon Cycle of North America in a Global Context, in: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, A Report by the USA Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, edited by: King, A. W., Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G. P., Fairman, D. M., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., and Wilbanks, T. J., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA, 21-28, 2007.
19. Global Carbon Atlas: available at: http://www.globalcarbonatlas. org/?q=en/emissions (last access: 21 November 2014), 2014.
20. Gloor, M., Gatti, L., Brienen, R., Feldpausch, T. R., Phillips, O. L., Miller, J., Ometto, J. P., Rocha, H., Baker, T., de Jong, B., Houghton, R. A., Malhi, Y., Aragaõ, L. E. O. C., Guyot, J.-L., Zhao, K., Jackson, R., Peylin, P., Sitch, S., Poulter, B., Lomas, M., Zaehle, S., Huntingford, C., Levy, P., and Lloyd, J.: The carbon balance of South America: a review of the status, decadal trends and main determinants, Biogeosciences, 9, 5407-5430, doi:10.5194/bg-9-5407-2012, 2012.
21. Goodale, C. L., Apps, M. J., Birdsey, R. A., Field, C. B., Heath, L. S., Houghton, R. A., Jenkins, J. C., Kohlmaier, G. H., Kurz, W., Liu, S., Nabuurs, G.-J., Nilsson, S., and Shvidenko, A. Z.: Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere, Ecol. Appl., 12, 891-899, 2002.
22. Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y., Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Randerson, J., Sarmiento, J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C.-W.: Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626-630, 2002.
23. Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y., Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Kowalczyk, E., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Sarmiento, J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C.-W.: TransCom 3 CO2 inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information, Tellus B, 55, 555-579, 2003.
24. Gurney, K. R., Baker, D., Rayner, P., and Denning, S.: Interannual variations in continental-scale net carbon exchange and sensitivity to observing networks estimated from atmospheric CO2 inversions for the period 1980 to 2005, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3025, doi:10.1029/2007GB003082, 2008.
25. Harmon, M. E., Bond-Lamberty, B., Tang, J., and Vargas, R.: Heterotrophic respiration in disturbed forests: A review with examples from North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G00K04, doi:10.1029/2010JG001495, 2011.
26. Haverd, V., Raupach, M. R., Briggs, P. R., J. G. Canadell., Davis, S. J., Law, R. M., Meyer, C. P., Peters, G. P., Pickett-Heaps, C., and Sherman, B.: The Australian terrestrial carbon budget, Biogeosciences, 10, 851-869, doi:10.5194/bg-10-851-2013, 2013.
27. Hayes, D. and Turner, D.: The need for "apples-to-apples" comparisons of carbon dioxide source and sink estimates, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 93, 404-405, 2012.
28. Hayes, D. J., Turner, D. P., Stinson, G., McGuire, A. D., Wei, Y., West, T. O., Heath, L. S., de Jong, B., McConkey, B. G., Birdsey, R. A., Kurz, W. A., Jacobson, A. R., Huntzinger, D. N., Pan, Y., Post, W. M., and Cook, R. B.: Reconciling estimates of the contemporary North American carbon balance among terrestrial biosphere models, atmospheric inversions, and a new approach for estimating net ecosystem exchange from inventory-based data, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 1282-1299, 2012.
29. Huntzinger, D. N., Post, W. M., Wei, Y., Michalak, A. M., West, T. O., Jacobson, A. R., Baker, I. T., Chen, J. M., Davis, K. J., Hayes, D. J., Hoffman, F. M., Jain, A. K., Liu, S., McGuire, A. D., Neilson, R. P., Potter, C., Poulter, B., Price, D., Raczka, B. M., Tian, H. Q., Thornton, P., Tomelleri, E., Viovy, N., Xiao, J., Yuan, W., Zeng, N., Zhao, M., and Cook, R.: North American Carbon Program (NACP) regional interim synthesis: Terrestrial biospheric model intercomparison, Ecol. Model., 232, 144-157, 2012.
30. IPCC: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, edited by: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K., IGES, Japan, 593 pp., 2006.
31. Kasischke, E. S., Amiro, B. D., Barger, N. N., French, N. H. F., Goetz, S. J., Grosse, G., Harmon, M. E., Hicke, J. A., Liu, S., and Masek, J. G.: Impacts of disturbance on the terrestrial carbon budget of North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 303-316, 2013.
32. Keppel-Aleks, G., Wolf, A. S., Mu, M., Doney, S. C., Morton, D. C., Kasibhatla, P. S., Miller, J. B., Dlugokencky, E. J., and Randerson, J. T.: Separating the influence of temperature, drought and fire on interannual variability in atmospheric CO2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1295-1310, doi:10.1002/2014GB004890, 2014.
33. King, A. W., Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G. P., Fairman, D. M., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., and Wilbanks, T. J.: Executive Summary, in: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, A Report by the USA Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, edited by: King, A. W., Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G. P., Fairman, D. M., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., and Wilbanks, T. J., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA, 1-14, 2007a.
34. King, A. W., Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G. P., Fairman, D. M., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., and Wilbanks, T. J.: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, A Report by the USA Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA, 242 pp., 2007b.
35. King, A. W., Hayes, D. J., Huntzinger, D. N., West, T. O., and Post, W. M.: North American carbon dioxide sources and sinks: magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty, Front. Ecol. Environ., 10, 512-519, 2012.
36. Kurz, W. A., Stinson, G., Rampley, G. J., Dymond, C. C., and Neilson, E. T.: Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada's forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 1551-1555, 2008.
37. Kurz, W. A., Dymond, C. C., White, T. M., Stinson, G., Shaw, C. H., Rampley, G. J., Smyth, C., Simpson, B. N., Neilson, E. T., Trofymow, J. A., Metsaranta, J., and Apps, M. J.: CBM-CFS3: A model of carbon-dynamics in forestry and land-use change implementing IPCC standards, Ecol. Model., 220, 480-504, 2009.
38. Kurz, W. A., Shaw, C. H., Boisvenue, C., Stinson, G., Metsaranta, J., Leckie, D., Dyk, A., Smyth, C., and Neilson, E. T.: Carbon in Canada's boreal forest-A synthesis, Environ. Rev., 21, 260-292, 2013.
39. Le Quéré, C., Andres, R. J., Boden, T., Conway, T., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Marland, G., Peters, G. P., van der Werf, G. R., Ahlström, A., Andrew, R. M., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Doney, S. C., Enright, C., Friedlingstein, P., Huntingford, C., Jain, A. K., Jourdain, C., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Levis, S., Levy, P., Lomas, M., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Schwinger, J., Sitch, S., Stocker, B. D., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: The global carbon budget 1959-2011, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 165-185, 2013, http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/5/165/2013/.
40. Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, S. D., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Boden, T. A., Bopp, L., Bozec, Y., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Cosca, C. E., Harris, I., Hoppema, M., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Jain, A., Johannessen, T., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Marland, G., Mathis, J. T., Metzl, N., Nojiri, Y., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Peters, W., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Salisbury, J. E., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Segschneider, J., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Wang, Y. P., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., and Zeng, N.: Global carbon budget 2014, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 7, 521-610, 2014, http://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/7/521/2014/.
41. Liu, S., Bond-Lamberty, B., Hicke, J. A., Vargas, R., Zhao, S., Chen, J., Edburg, S. L., Hu, Y., Liu, J., McGuire, A. D., Xiao, J., Keane, R., Yuan, W., Tang, J., Luo, Y., Potter, C., and Oeding, J.: Simulating the impacts of disturbances on forest carbon cycling in North America: Processes, data, models, and challenges, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G00K08, doi:10.1029/2009JG001585, 2011.
42. Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E. D., Wingate, L., Matteucci, G., Aragao, L., Aubinet, M., Beer, C., Bernhofer, C., Black, K. G., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J. M., Chambers, J., Ciais, P., Cook, B., Davis, K. J., Dolman, A. J., Gielen, B., Goulden, M., Grace, J., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Griffis, T., GrÜNwald, T., Guidolotti, G., Hanson, P. J., Harding, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Hutyra, L. R., Kolari, P., Kruijt, B., Kutsch, W., Lagergren, F., Laurila, T., Law, B. E., Le Maire, G., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Malhi, Y., Mateus, J., Migliavacca, M., Misson, L., Montagnani, L., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Nikinmaa, E., Ollinger, S. V., Pita, G., Rebmann, C., Roupsard, O., Saigusa, N., Sanz, M. J., Seufert, G., Sierra, C., Smith, M. L., Tang, J., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Janssens, I. A.: CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2509-2537, 2007.
43. Luyssaert, S., Abril, G., Andres, R., Bastviken, D., Bellassen, V., Bergamaschi, P., Bousquet, P., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Corazza, M., Dechow, R., Erb, K.-H., Etiope, G., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Grassi, G., Hartmann, J., Jung, M., Lathière, J., Lohila, A., Mayorga, E., Moosdorf, N., Njakou, D. S., Otto, J., Papale, D., Peters, W., Peylin, P., Raymond, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saarnio, S., Schulze, E.-D., Szopa, S., Thompson, R., Verkerk, P. J., Vuichard, N., Wang, R., Wattenbach, M., and Zaehle, S.: The European land and inland water CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balance between 2001 and 2005, Biogeosciences, 9, 3357-3380, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3357-2012, 2012.
44. McGuire, A. D., Christensen, T. R., Hayes, D., Heroult, A., Euskirchen, E., Kimball, J. S., Koven, C., Lafleur, P., Miller, P. A., Oechel, W., Peylin, P., Williams, M., and Yi, Y.: An assessment of the carbon balance of Arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions, Biogeosciences, 9, 3185-3204, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3185-2012, 2012.
45. Myneni, R. B., Dong, J., Tucker, C. J., Kaufmann, R. K., Kauppi, P. E., Liski, J., Zhou, L., Alexeyev, V., and Hughes, M. K.: A large carbon sink in the woody biomass of Northern forests, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, 14784-14789, 2001.
46. Pacala, S., Birdsey, R. A., Bridgham, S. D., Conant, R. T., Davis, K., Hales, B., Houghton, R. A., Jenkins, J. C., Johnston, M., Marland, G., and Paustian, K.: The North American Carbon Budget Past and Present, in: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle, A Report by the USA Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, edited by: King, A. W., Dilling, L., Zimmerman, G. P., Fairman, D. M., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Rose, A. Z., and Wilbanks, T. J., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA, 29-36, 2007.
47. Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Pacala, S. W., McGuire, A. D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., and Hayes, D.: A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in theWorld's Forests, Science, 333, 988-993, 2011.
48. Patra, P. K., Canadell, J. G., Houghton, R. A., Piao, S. L., Oh, N.-H., Ciais, P., Manjunath, K. R., Chhabra, A.,Wang, T., Bhattacharya, T., Bousquet, P., Hartman, J., Ito, A., Mayorga, E., Niwa, Y., Raymond, P. A., Sarma, V. V. S. S., and Lasco, R.: The carbon budget of South Asia, Biogeosciences, 10, 513-527, doi:10.5194/bg-10-513-2013, 2013.
49. Peters, W., Jacobson, A. R., Sweeney, C., Andrews, A. E., Conway, T. J., Masarie, K., Miller, J. B., Bruhwiler, L. M. P., Pétron, G., Hirsch, A. I.,Worthy, D. E. J.,Werf, G. R. v. d., Randerson, J. T., Wennberg, P. O., Krol, M. C., and Tans, P. P.: An Atmospheric Perspective on North American Carbon Dioxide Exchange: CarbonTracker, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 18925-18930, 2007.
50. Peylin, P., Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Chevallier, F., Jacobson, A. R., Maki, T., Niwa, Y., Patra, P. K., Peters, W., Rayner, P. J., Rödenbeck, C., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., and Zhang, X.: Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO2 inversions, Biogeosciences, 10, 6699-6720, doi:10.5194/bg-10-6699-2013, 2013.
51. Piao, S. L., Ito, A., Li, S. G., Huang, Y., Ciais, P., Wang, X. H., Peng, S. S., Nan, H. J., Zhao, C., Ahlström, A., Andres, R. J., Chevallier, F., Fang, J. Y., Hartmann, J., Huntingford, C., Jeong, S., Levis, S., Levy, P. E., Li, J. S., Lomas, M. R., Mao, J. F., Mayorga, E., Mohammat, A., Muraoka, H., Peng, C. H., Peylin, P., Poulter, B., Shen, Z. H., Shi, X., Sitch, S., Tao, S., Tian, H. Q.,Wu, X. P., Xu, M., Yu, G. R., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zhu, B.: The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia over the last two decades, Biogeosciences, 9, 3571-3586, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3571-2012, 2012.
52. Poulter, B., Frank, D., Ciais, P., Myneni, R. B., Andela, N., Bi, J., Broquet, G., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Liu, Y. Y., Running, S. W., Sitch, S., and van der Werf, G. R.: Contribution of semiarid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle, Nature, 509, 600-603, 2014.
53. Raczka, B. M., Davis, K. J., Huntzinger, D., Neilson, R. P., Poulter, B., Richardson, A. D., Xiao, J., Baker, I., Ciais, P., Keenan, T. F., Law, B., Post, W. M., Ricciuto, D., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Tomelleri, E., Verbeeck, H., and Viovy, N.: Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations, Ecol. Monogr., 83, 531-556, 2013.
54. Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Collatz, G. J., Giglio, L., Still, C. J., Kasibhatla, P., Miller, J. B., White, J. W. C., De-Fries, R. S., and Kasischke, E. S.: Fire emissions from C3 and C4 vegetation and their influence on interannual variability of atmospheric CO2 and-13CO2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2019, doi:10.1029/2004GB002366, 2005.
55. Schuh, A. E., Lauvaux, T., West, T. O., Denning, A. S., Davis, K. J., Miles, N., Richardson, S., Uliasz, M., Lokupitiya, E., Cooley, D., Andrews, A., and Ogle, S.: Evaluating atmospheric CO2 inversions at multiple scales over a highly inventoried agricultural landscape, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 1424-1439, 2013.
56. Schulze, E. D., Wirth, C., and Heimann, M.: Managing Forests After Kyoto, Science, 289, 2058-2059, 2000.
57. Schulze, E. D., Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Freibauer, A., Janssens, I. A., Soussana, J. F., Smith, P., Grace, J., Levin, I., Thiruchittampalam, B., Heimann, M., Dolman, A. J., Valentini, R., Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Peters,W., Rödenbeck, C., Etiope, G., Vuichard, N., Wattenbach, M., Nabuurs, G. J., Poussi, Z., Nieschulze, J., Gash, J. H., and the CarboEurope Team: Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe's terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance, Nat. Geosci., 2, 842-850, 2009.
58. Schulze, E. D., Ciais, P., Luyssaert, S., Schrumpf, M., Janssens, I. A., Thiruchittampalam, B., Theloke, J., Saurat, M., Bringezu, S., Lelieveld, J., Lohila, A., Rebmann, C., Jung, M., Bastviken, D., Abril, G., Grassi, G., Leip, A., Freibauer, A., Kutsch, W., Don, A., Nieschulze, J., BÖRner, A., Gash, J. H., and Dolman, A. J.: The European carbon balance. Part 4: integration of carbon and other trace-gas fluxes, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1451-1469, 2010.
59. Schwalm, C. R.,Williams, C. A., Schaefer, K., Anderson, R., Arain, M. A., Baker, I., Barr, A., Black, T. A., Chen, G., Chen, J. M., Ciais, P., Davis, K. J., Desai, A., Dietze, M., Dragoni, D., Fischer, M. L., Flanagan, L. B., Grant, R., Gu, L., Hollinger, D., Izaurralde, R. C., Kucharik, C., Lafleur, P., Law, B. E., Li, L., Li, Z., Liu, S., Lokupitiya, E., Luo, Y., Ma, S., Margolis, H., Matamala, R., McCaughey, H., Monson, R. K., Oechel, W. C., Peng, C., Poulter, B., Price, D. T., Riciutto, D. M., Riley,W., Sahoo, A. K., Sprintsin, M., Sun, J., Tian, H., Tonitto, C., Verbeeck, H., and Verma, S. B.: A model-data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G00H05, doi:10.1029/2009JG001229, 2010.
60. SEMARINAT/INECC: México: Quinta Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático 442 pp. 2012.
61. Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Piao, S. L., Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C., and Woodward, F. I.: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2015-2039, 2008.
62. Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Gruber, N., Jones, S. D., Murray-Tortarolo, G., Ahlström, A., Doney, S. C., Graven, H., Heinze, C., Huntingford, C., Levis, S., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Poulter, B., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., Arneth, A., Bonan, G., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Ellis, R., Gloor, M., Peylin, P., Piao, S., Le Quéré, C., Smith, B., Zhu, Z., and Myneni, R.: Trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide over the past two decades, Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 20113-20177, doi:10.5194/bgd-10-20113-2013, 2013.
63. Skog, K. E.: Sequestration of carbon in harvested wood products for the United States, Forest Prod. J., 58, 56-72, 2008.
64. Smith, J. E., Heath, L. S., Skog, K. E., and Birdsey, R. A.: Methods for calculating forest ecosystem and harvested carbon with standard estimates for forest types of the United States, Northeastern Research Station. Newtown Square, PAUSDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-343, 216 pp., 2006.
65. Smith, J. E., Heath, L. S., and Hoover, C. M.: Carbon factors and models for forest carbon estimates for the 2005-2011 National Greenhouse Gas Inventories of the United States, Forest Ecol. Manag., 307, 7-19, 2013.
66. Stinson, G., Kurz, W. A., Smyth, C. E., Neilson, E. T., Dymond, C. C., Metsaranta, J. M., Boisvenue, C., Rampley, G. J., Li, Q., White, T. M., and Blain, D.: An inventory-based analysis of Canada's managed forest carbon dynamics, 1990 to 2008, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 2227-2244, 2011.
67. Thomey, M. L., Collins, S. L., Vargas, R., Johnson, J. E., Brown, R. F., Natvig, D. O., and Friggens, M. T.: Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1505-1515, 2011.
68. USDA Forest Service: available at: http://apps.fs.fed.us/fiadb-downloads/datamart.html (last access: 23 January 2013), 2013.
69. USEPA: Forest sections of the Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry chapter, and Annex. In: US Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2010, United States Environmental Protection Agency,EPA 430-R-12-001, 481 pp., 2012.
70. Valentini, R., Arneth, A., Bombelli, A., Castaldi, S., Cazzolla Gatti, R., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Grieco, E., Hartmann, J., Henry, M., Houghton, R. A., Jung, M., Kutsch, W. L., Malhi, Y., Mayorga, E., Merbold, L., Murray-Tortarolo, G., Papale, D., Peylin, P., Poulter, B., Raymond, P. A., Santini, M., Sitch, S., Vaglio Laurin, G., van derWerf, G. R.,Williams, C. A., and Scholes, R. J.: A full greenhouse gases budget of Africa: synthesis, uncertainties, and vulnerabilities, Biogeosciences, 11, 381-407, doi:10.5194/bg-11-381-2014, 2014.
71. Vargas, R., Loescher, H. W., Arredondo, T., Huber-Sannwald, E., Lara-Lara, R., and Yépez, E. A.: Opportunities for advancing carbon cycle science in Mexico: toward a continental scale understanding, Environ. Sci. Policy, 21, 84-93, 2012.
72. West, T. O., Bandaru, V., Brandt, C. C., Schuh, A. E., and Ogle, S. M.: Regional uptake and release of crop carbon in the United States, Biogeosciences, 8, 2037-2046, doi:10.5194/bg-8-2037-2011, 2011.
73. Williams, C. A., Collatz, G. J., Masek, J., and Goward, S. N.: Carbon consequences of forest disturbance and recovery across the conterminous United States, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, GB1005, doi:10.1029/2010GB003947, 2012.
74. Woodall, C. W., Heath, L. S., Domke, G. M., and Nichols, M. C.: Methods and equations for estimating aboveground volume, biomass, and carbon for trees in the USA forest inventory, 2010, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-88, 30 pp., 2011.