Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 350, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Linkins, Lori Ann ^a,b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b HAMILTON HEALTH SCIENCES   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APIXABAN; ARGATROBAN; DABIGATRAN; DANAPAROID; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HEPARIN PLATELET FACTOR 4 ANTIBODY; HIRULOG; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; RIVAROXABAN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT;

BLEEDING; BREAST FEEDING; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GANGRENE; HEART SURGERY; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LABORATORY TEST; LIMB AMPUTATION; LUNG ANGIOGRAPHY; LUNG SCINTISCANNING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOGENESIS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SCREENING; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEROTONIN RELEASE; SEX DIFFERENCE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOSIS; BLOOD CLOTTING; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DRUG EFFECTS; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TIME;

BLOOD COAGULATION; BLOOD PLATELETS; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HEPARIN; HUMANS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84921342332     PISSN: 09598146     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7566     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Warkentin T, Chong B, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards consensus. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:1-7.
2. Warkentin TE. Fondaparinux: does it cause HIT? Can it treat HIT? Expert Rev Hematol 2010;3:567-81.
3. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, Moore KM, Siqouin CS, Kelton JG. Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class do we need? J Lab Clin Med 2005;146:341-6.
4. Warkentin T, Sheppard J, Horsewood P, Simpson PJ, Moore JC, Kelton JG. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2000;96:1703-8.
5. Prandoni P, Siragusa S, Girolami B, Fabris F, BELZONI Investigators Group. The incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in medical patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin: a prospective cohort study. Blood 2005;106:3049-54.
6. Lubenow N, Hinz P, Thomaschewski S, Lietz T, Vogler M, Ladwig A, et al. The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010;115:1797-803.
7. Lindhoff-Last E, Nakov R, Misselwitz F, Breddin HK, Bauersachs R. Incidence and clinical relevance of heparin-induced antibodies in patients with deep vein thrombosis treated with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. Br J Haematol 2002;118:1137-42.
8. Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood 2005;106:2710-5.
9. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Sigouin CS, Kohlmann T, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Gender imbalance and risk factor interactions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2006;108:2937-41.
10. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, Cook RJ, Kelton JG. Studies of the immune response in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2009;113:4963-9.
11. Greinacher A, Kohlmann T, Strobel U, Sheppard JA, Warkentin TE. The temporal profile of the anti-PF4/heparin immune response. Blood 2009;113:4970-6.
12. Krauel K, Potschke C, Weber C, Kessler W, Fürll B, Ittermann T, et al. Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria, [corrected] inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011;117:1370-8.
13. Greinacher A, Holtfreter B, Krauel K, Gätke T, Weber C, Ittermann T, et al. Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease. Blood 2011;118:1395-401.
14. Greinacher A, Alban S, Omer-Adam MA, Weitschies W, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings. Thromb Res 2008;122:211-20.
15. Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, Vissoc AM, Fressinaud E, Wolf M, et al. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:95-6.
16. Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, Hayward CP, Denomme GA, Horsewood P. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood 1994;83:3232-9.
17. Chong BH, Fawaz I, Chesterman CN, Berndt MC. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets. Br J Haematol 1989;73:235-40.
18. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI. Generation of platelet-derived microparticles and procoagulant activity by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia IgG/serum and other IgG platelet agonists: a comparison with standard platelet agonists. Platelets 1999;10:319-26.
19. Warkentin TE, Hayward CP, Boshkov LK, Santos AV, Sheppard JA, Bode AP, et al. Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 1994;84:3691-9.
20. Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP, Aster RH. Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994;93:81-8.
21. Rauova L, Hirsch JD, Greene TK, Zhai L, Hayes VM, Kowalska MA, et al. Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010;116:5021-31.
22. Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1987;316:581-9.
23. Warkentin T, Kelton J. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1286-92.
24. Warkentin T. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol 2003;121:535-55.
25. Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, Bona R, Davidson BL, Schulman S, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis (9th ed). American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(suppl 2):e495S-e530S.
26. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1996;101:502-7.
27. Warkentin T, Elavathil L, Hayward C, Johnston MA, Russett JI, Kelton JG. The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:804-12.
28. Lo G, Juhl D, Warkentin T, Sigouin CS, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:759-65.
29. Warkentin TE, Heddle NM. Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep 2003;2:148-57.
30. Cuker A, Gimotty PA, Crowther MA, Warkentin TE. Predictive value of the 4Ts scoring system for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2012;120:4160-7.
31. Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, Rice L, Datko F, Hook K, et al. The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:2642-50.
32. Pouplard C, Amiral J, Borg JY, Laporte-Simitsidis S, Delahousse B, Gruel Y. Decision analysis for use of platelet aggregation test, carbon 14-serotonin release assay, and heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:700-6.
33. Warkentin TE. Anticoagulant failure in coagulopathic patients: PTT confounding and other pitfalls. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:25-43.
34. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM, American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th ed). Chest 2008;133(suppl 6):340S-380S.
35. Lo GK, Sigouin CS, Warkentin TE, Lo GK, Sigouin CS, Warkentin TE. What is the potential for overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia? [See comment.] Am J Hematol 2007;82:1037-43.
36. Raschke RA, Curry SC, Warkentin TE, Gerkin RD. Improving clinical interpretation of the anti-platelet factor 4/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia through the use of receiver operating characteristic analysis, stratum-specific likelihood ratios, and Bayes theorem. Chest 2013;144:1269-75.
37. Greinacher A, Farner B, Kroll H, Kohlmann T, Warkentin TE, Eichler P. Clinical features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia including risk factors for thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of 408 patients. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:132-5.
38. Koster A, Selleng S. Management of intraoperative anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing surgery. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. 5th ed. Informa Healthcare; 2013: 550-72.
39. Alatri A, Armstrong AE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Kozek-Langenecker SA, Lancé MD, et al. Results of a consensus meeting on the use of argatroban in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring antithrombotic therapy - a European perspective. Thromb Res 2012;129:426-33.
40. Bakchoul T, Greinacher A. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ther Adv Hematol 2012;3:237-51.