Appraising cardiac dysfunction in liver transplantation: An ongoing challenge

Liver International

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 12-29

  Zaky, Ahmed ^a   Bendjelid, Karim ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Department of Anaesthesiology Pharmacology and Intensive Care ^*  (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cardiomyopathy; Cirrhosis; Coronary artery disease; Evaluation; Liver transplantation; Preoperative

Indexed keywords

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; PERICARDIAL DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; VASCULAR DISEASE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; COMPLICATION; HEART DISEASES; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 84921029002     PISSN: 14783223     EISSN: 14783231     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/liv.12582     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Plotkin JS, Scott VL, Pinna A, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2: 426-30.
2. Arranz J, Soriano A, Garcia I, et al. Effect of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta) on hemodynamic performance during orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1884-7.
3. Wray C, Scovotti JC, Tobis J, et al. Liver transplantation outcome in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease: a multi-institutional study. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 184-6.
4. Tiukinhoy-Laing SD, Rossi JS, Bayram M, et al. Cardiac hemodynamic and coronary angiographic characteristics of patients being evaluated for liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 178-81.
5. Yoo HY, Thuluvath PJ. The effect of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on outcome of liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 74: 1007-12.
6. Vanwagner LB, Bhave M, Te HS, et al. Patients transplanted for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are at increased risk for postoperative cardiovascular events. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1741-50.
7. Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 713-8.
8. Targher G, Arcaro G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2007; 191: 235-40.
9. Cholongitas E, Senzolo M, Patch D, et al. Cirrhotics admitted to intensive care unit: the impact of acute renal failure on mortality. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21: 744-50.
10. Shimada K, Fujita M, Tanaka A, et al. Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels predict cardiovascular events in the Japanese coronary artery disease (JCAD) study. Circ J 2009; 73: 78-85.
11. McAvoy NC, Kochar N, McKillop G, Newby DE, Hayes PC. Prevalence of coronary artery calcification in patients undergoing assessment for orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 1725-31.
12. Harinstein ME, Flaherty JD, Ansari AH, et al. Predictive value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for coronary artery disease detection in liver transplant candidates. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 1523-8.
13. Rubin DA, Schulman DS, Edwards TD, Starzl TE, Curtiss EI. Myocardial ischemia after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 53-6.
14. Guckelberger O, Byram A, Klupp J, et al. Coronary event rates in liver transplant recipients reflect the increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk-factors. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 967-74.
15. Lentine KL, Costa SP, Weir MR, et al. Cardiac disease evaluation and management among kidney and liver transplantation candidates: a scientific statement from the American heart association and the American college of cardiology foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 434-80.
16. Lee SS. Cardiac abnormalities in liver cirrhosis. West J Med 1989; 151: 530-5.
17. Safadi A, Homsi M, Maskoun W, et al. Perioperative risk predictors of cardiac outcomes in patients undergoing liver transplantation surgery. Circulation 2009; 120: 1189-94.
18. Findlay JY, Keegan MT, Pellikka PP, Rosen CB, Plevak DJ. Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography, intraoperative events, and intraoperative myocardial injury in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 2209-13.
19. Marwick TH. Contrast stress echocardiography: completing the picture from image enhancement to improved accuracy and prognostic insight. Circulation 2005; 112: 1382-3.
20. Tsutsui JM, Mukherjee S, Elhendy A, et al. Value of dobutamine stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography in patients with advanced liver disease. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 592-9.
21. Davidson CJ, Gheorghiade M, Flaherty JD, et al. Predictive value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging in liver transplant candidates. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 359-60.
22. Aydinalp A, Bal U, Atar I, et al. Value of stress myocardial perfusion scanning in diagnosis of severe coronary artery disease in liver transplantation candidates. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 3757-60.
23. Zoghbi GJ, Patel AD, Ershadi RE, et al. Usefulness of preoperative stress perfusion imaging in predicting prognosis after liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 1066-71.
24. Taylor AJ, Burke AP, O'Malley PG, et al. A comparison of the Framingham risk index, coronary artery calcification, and culprit plaque morphology in sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2000; 101: 1243-8.
25. Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, et al. Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation 2003; 107: 2571-6.
26. Cheng VY, Lepor NE, Madyoon H, et al. Presence and severity of noncalcified coronary plaque on 64-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography in patients with zero and low coronary artery calcium. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1183-6.
27. MacDonald LA, Beohar N, Wang NC, et al. A comparison of arterial closure devices to manual compression in liver transplantation candidates undergoing coronary angiography. J Invasive Cardiol 2003; 15: 68-70.
28. Sharma M, Yong C, Majure D, et al. Safety of cardiac catheterization in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 742-6.
29. Rao SV, Cohen MG, Kandzari DE, et al. The transradial approach to percutaneous coronary intervention: historical perspective, current concepts, and future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2187-95.
30. Keeling AN, Flaherty JD, Davarpanah AH, et al. Coronary multidetector computed tomographic angiography to evaluate coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates: methods, feasibility and initial experience. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2011; 12: 460-8.
31. Menguy R, Desbaillets L, Okabe S, Masters YF. Abnormal aspirin metabolism in patients with cirrhosis and its possible relationship to bleeding in cirrhotics. Ann Surg 1972; 176: 412-8.
32. Lee JK, Hsieh JF, Tsai SC, Ho YJ, Kao CH. Effects of single dose of 50 mg captopril in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47: 767-70.
33. Clarke AT, Mills PR. Atorvastatin associated liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 772-7.
34. Zachoval R, Gerbes AL, Schwandt P, Parhofer KG. Short-term effects of statin therapy in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia after liver transplantation: results of a randomized cross-over trial. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 86-91.
35. Dopazo C, Bilbao I, Lázaro JL, et al. Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure secondary to concomitant use of simvastatin with rapamycin plus tacrolimus in liver transplant patient. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 1021-4.
36. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 922-38.
37. Ehtisham J, Altieri M, Salame E, et al. Coronary artery disease in orthotopic liver transplantation: pretransplant assessment and management. Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 550-7.
38. Bizouarn P, Ausseur A, Desseigne P, et al. Early and late outcome after elective cardiac surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67: 1334-8.
39. An Y, Xiao YB, Zhong QJ. Open-heart surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 31: 1094-8.
40. Sugimura Y, Toyama M, Katoh M, Kato Y, Hisamoto K. Analysis of open heart surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2012; 20: 263-8.
41. Filsoufi F, Salzberg SP, Rahmanian PB, et al. Early and late outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 990-5.
42. Morisaki A, Hosono M, Sasaki Y, et al. Risk factor analysis in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing cardiovascular operations. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 89: 811-7.
43. Hayashida N, Shoujima T, Teshima H, et al., Clinical outcome after cardiac operations in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 500-5.
44. Suman A, Barnes DS, Zein NN, et al. Predicting outcome after cardiac surgery in patients with cirrhosis: a comparison of child-pugh and MELD scores. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 719-23.
45. Axelrod D, Koffron A, Dewolf A, et al. Safety and efficacy of combined orthotopic liver transplantation and coronary artery bypass grafting. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1386-90.
46. Prabhakar G, Testa G, Abbasoglu O, et al. The safety of cardiac operations in the liver transplant recipient. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 1060-4.
47. Regan TJ. Alcohol and the cardiovascular system. JAMA 1990; 264: 377-81.
48. Capasso JM, Li P, Guideri G, et al. Myocardial mechanical, biochemical, and structural alterations induced by chronic ethanol ingestion in rats. Circ Res 1992; 71: 346-56.
49. Delbridge LM, Connell PJ, Harris PJ, Morgan TO, et al. Ethanol effects on cardiomyocyte contractility. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000; 98: 401-7.
50. Fauchier L, Babuty D, Poret P, et al. Comparison of long-term outcome of alcoholic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 306-14.
51. La Vecchia LL, Bedogni F, Bozzola L, et al. Prediction of recovery after abstinence in alcoholic cardiomyopathy: role of hemodynamic and morphometric parameters. Clin Cardiol 1996; 19: 45-50.
52. Dew MA, DiMartini AF, Steel J, et al. Meta-analysis of risk for relapse to substance use after transplantation of the liver or other solid organs. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 159-72.
53. Falk RH. Diagnosis and management of the cardiac amyloidoses. Circulation 2005; 112: 2047-60.
54. Dubrey SW. Amyloid heart disease: a brief review of treatment options. Postgrad Med J 2012; 88: 700-5.
55. Kremastinos DT, Farmakis D. Iron overload cardiomyopathy in clinical practice. Circulation 2011; 124: 2253-63.
56. Moller S, Henriksen JH, Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 179-90.
57. Liu H, Gaskari SA, Lee SS. Cardiac and vascular changes in cirrhosis: pathogenic mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 837-42.
58. Moller S, Henriksen JH. Cardiovascular dysfunction in cirrhosis. Pathophysiological evidence of a cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 785-94.
59. Wong F, Girgrah N, Graba J, et al. The cardiac response to exercise in cirrhosis. Gut 2001; 49: 268-75.
60. Møller S, Søndergaard L, Møgelvang J, Henriksen O, Henriksen JH. Decreased right heart blood volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging: evidence of central underfilling in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995; 22: 472-8.
61. Merli M, Calicchia A, Ruffa A, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis is not associated with the severity of liver disease. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24: 172-176.
62. Kazankov K, Holland-Fischer P, Andersen NH, et al. Resting myocardial dysfunction in cirrhosis quantified by tissue Doppler imaging. Liver Int 2011; 31: 534-40.
63. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL. New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 865-75.
64. Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10: 165-93.
65. Mahadevan G, Dwivedi G, Williams L, Steeds RP, Frenneaux M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: rationale and design of the study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 106-12.
66. Bernardi M, Maggioli C, Dibra V, Zaccherini G. QT interval prolongation in liver cirrhosis: innocent bystander or serious threat? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6: 57-66.
67. Bernardi M, Calandra S, Colantoni A, et al. Q-T interval prolongation in cirrhosis: prevalence, relationship with severity, and etiology of the disease and possible pathogenetic factors. Hepatology 1998; 27: 28-34.
68. Genovesi S, Prata Pizzala DM, Pozzi M, et al. QT interval prolongation and decreased heart rate variability in cirrhotic patients: relevance of hepatic venous pressure gradient and serum calcium. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116: 851-9.
69. Hansen S, Møller S, Bendtsen F, et al. Diurnal variation and dispersion in QT interval in cirrhosis: relation to haemodynamic changes. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 373-80.
70. Trevisani F, Di Micoli A, Zambruni A, et al. QT interval prolongation by acute gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 2012; 32: 1510-5.
71. Henriksen JH, Bendtsen F, Hansen EF, Møller S. Acute non-selective beta-adrenergic blockade reduces prolonged frequency-adjusted Q-T interval (QTc) in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 239-46.
72. Shin WJ, Kim YK, Song JG, et al. Alterations in QT interval in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43: 170-3.
73. Bernardi M, Trevisani F, Santini C, et al. Plasma norepinephrine, weak neurotransmitters, and renin activity during active tilting in liver cirrhosis: relationship with cardiovascular homeostasis and renal function. Hepatology 1983; 3: 56-64.
74. Pozzi M, Grassi G, Ratti L, et al. Cardiac, neuroadrenergic, and portal hemodynamic effects of prolonged aldosterone blockade in postviral child A cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1110-6.
75. Swanson KL, Krowka MJ. Screen for portopulmonary hypertension, especially in liver transplant candidates. Cleve Clin J Med 2008; 75: 121-2, 125-30, 133 passim.
76. Kuo PC, Plotkin JS, Gaine S, et al. Portopulmonary hypertension and the liver transplant candidate. Transplantation 1999; 67: 1087-93.
77. Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Nyberg SL, Rosen CB, Krowka MJ. Survival in portopulmonary hypertension: mayo clinic experience categorized by treatment subgroups. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 2445-53.
78. Martínez-Palli G, Taurà P, Balust J, et al. Liver transplantation in high-risk patients: hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 3861-4.
79. Ramsay MA. Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome, and liver transplantation. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2006; 44: 69-82.
80. Rodríguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ, Hervé P, et al. Pulmonary-Hepatic vascular Disorders (PHD). Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 861-80.
81. Torregrosa M, Genesca J, Gonzalez A, et al. Role of doppler echocardiography in the assessment of portopulmonary hypertension in liver transplantation candidates. Transplantation 2001; 71: 572-4.
82. Bendjelid K, Romand JA, Walder B, Suter PM, Fournier G. Correlation between measured inferior vena cava diameter and right atrial pressure depends on the echocardiographic method used in patients who are mechanically ventilated. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002; 15: 944-9.
83. Mukhtar NA, Fix OK Portopulmonary hypertension. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 703-10.
84. Raval Z, Harinstein ME, Skaro AI, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment of the liver transplant candidate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 223-31.
85. Kuo PC, Plotkin JS, Johnson LB, et al. Distinctive clinical features of portopulmonary hypertension. Chest 1997; 112: 980-6.
86. Porres-Aguilar M, Zuckerman MJ, Figueroa-Casas JB, Krowka MJ. Portopulmonary hypertension: state of the art. Ann Hepatol 2008; 7: 321-30.
87. Halank M, Miehlke S, Hoeffken G, et al. Use of oral endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in the treatment of portopulmonary hypertension. Transplantation 2004; 77: 1775-6.
88. Kuntzen C, Gulberg V, Gerbes AL. Use of a mixed endothelin receptor antagonist in portopulmonary hypertension: a safe and effective therapy? Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 164-8.
89. Cadden IS, Greanya ED, Erb SR, Scudamore CH, Yoshida EM. The use of sildenafil to treat portopulmonary hypertension prior to liver transplantation. Ann Hepatol 2009; 8: 158-61.
90. Sugimachi K, Soejima Y, Morita K, et al. Rapid normalization of portopulmonary hypertension after living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 1976-8.
91. Umeda N, Kamath PS. Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. Hepatol Res 2009; 39: 1020-2.
92. Koch DG, Caplan M, Reuben A. Pulmonary hypertension after liver transplantation: case presentation and review of the literature. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 407-12.
93. Rodríquez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ, Hervé P, et al. Highlights of the ERS Task Force on pulmonary-hepatic vascular disorders (PHD). J Hepatol 2005; 42: 924-7.
94. Grace JA, Angus PW. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: update on recent advances in pathophysiology, investigation, and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 213-9.
95. Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Krowka MJ. Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: impact of liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1122-9.
96. Gupta S, Castel H, Rao RV, et al. Improved survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 354-63.
97. Akinci SB, Gaine SP, Post W, et al. Cardiac tamponade in an orthotopic liver recipient with pulmonary hypertension. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 699-701.
98. Arroyo V, Terra C, Gines P. Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of type-1 and type-2 hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 935-46.
99. Sersté T, Melot C, Francoz C, et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1017-22.
100. Krag A, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH, Møller S. Low cardiac output predicts development of hepatorenal syndrome and survival in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gut 2010; 59: 105-10.
101. Steadman RH. Anesthesia for liver transplant surgery. Anesthesiol Clin North America 2004; 22: 687-711.
102. Paugam-Burtz C, Kavafyan J, Merckx P, et al. Postreperfusion syndrome during liver transplantation for cirrhosis: outcome and predictors. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 522-9.
103. Girn HR, Ahilathirunayagam S, Mavor AI, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Reperfusion syndrome: cellular mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction and potential therapeutic strategies. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2007; 41: 277-93.
104. Bulkley GB. Reactive oxygen metabolites and reperfusion injury: aberrant triggering of reticuloendothelial function. Lancet 1994; 344: 934-6.
105. Valentine E, Gregorits M, Gutsche JT, Al-Ghofaily L, Augoustides JG. Clinical update in liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 27: 809-15.
106. Dec GW, Kondo N, Farrell ML, et al. Cardiovascular complications following liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1995; 9: 463-71.
107. Snowden CP, Hughes T, Rose J, Roberts DR et al. Pulmonary edema in patients after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 466-70.
108. Aduen JF, Stapelfeldt WH, Johnson MM, et al. Clinical relevance of time of onset, duration, and type of pulmonary edema after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 764-71.
109. Wang B, He HK, Cheng B, Wei K, Min S. Effect of low central venous pressure on postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Surg Today 2013; 43: 777-81.
110. Qureshi W, Mittal C, Ahmad U, et al. Clinical predictors of post-liver transplant new-onset heart failure. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 701-10.
111. Sampathkumar P, Lerman A, Kim BY, et al. Post-liver transplantation myocardial dysfunction. Liver Transpl Surg 1998; 4: 399-403.
112. Salami A, Qureshi W, Kuriakose P, et al. Frequency and predictors of venous thromboembolism in orthotopic liver transplant recipients: a single-center retrospective review. Transplant Proc 2013; 45: 315-9.
113. Therapondos G, Flapan AD, Plevris JN, Hayes PC. Cardiac morbidity and mortality related to orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1441-53.
114. Therapondos G, Flapan AD, Dollinger MM, et al. Cardiac function after orthotopic liver transplantation and the effects of immunosuppression: a prospective randomized trial comparing cyclosporin (Neoral) and tacrolimus. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 690-700.
115. Mells G, Neuberger J. Reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease in liver allograft recipients. Transplantation 2007; 83: 1141-50.
116. Neff GW, Montalbano M, Tzakis AG. Ten years of sirolimus therapy in orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2003; 35(Suppl. 3): 209S-16S.
117. MacLean LD, Mulligan WG, McLean AP, Duff JH. Patterns of septic shock in man-a detailed study of 56 patients. Ann Surg 1967; 166: 543-62.
118. Clowes GH Jr, Vucinic M, Weidner MG Circulatory and metabolic alterations associated with survival or death in peritonitis: clinical analysis of 25 cases. Ann Surg 1966; 163: 866-85.
119. Bruch C, Gradaus R, Gunia S, Breithardt G, Wichter T. Doppler tissue analysis of mitral annular velocities: evidence for systolic abnormalities in patients with diastolic heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16: 1031-6.
120. De Keulenaer GW, Brutsaert DL. Systolic and diastolic heart failure: different phenotypes of the same disease? Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9: 136-43.
121. Robotham JL, Takata M, Berman M, Harasawa Y. Ejection fraction revisited. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 172-83.
122. Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Bacharach SL, et al. Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 483-90.
123. Parker MM, McCarthy KE, Ognibene FP, Parrillo JE. Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans. Chest 1990; 97: 126-31.
124. Vieillard Baron A, Schmitt JM, Beauchet A, et al. Early preload adaptation in septic shock? A transesophageal echocardiographic study. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 400-6.
125. Etchecopar-Chevreuil C, François B, Clavel M, et al. Cardiac morphological and functional changes during early septic shock: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 250-6.
126. Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, et al. Acute left ventricular dilatation and shock-induced myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 441-7.
127. Stoddard MF, Liddell NE, Vogel RL, Longaker RA, Dawkins PR. Comparison of cardiac dimensions by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 675-8.
128. Leong DP, De Pasquale CG, Selvanayagam JB. Heart failure with normal ejection fraction: the complementary roles of echocardiography and CMR imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3: 409-20.
129. Borlaug BA, Kass DA. Ventricular-vascular interaction in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 2008; 4: 23-36.
130. Torrent-Guasp F, Buckberg GD, Clemente C, et al. The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping. I. The normal macroscopic structure of the heart. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 13: 301-19.
131. Buckberg G, Hoffman JI, Nanda NC, et al. Ventricular torsion and untwisting: further insights into mechanics and timing interdependence: a viewpoint. Echocardiography 2011; 28: 782-804.
132. Ripoll C, Catalina MV, Yotti R, et al. Cardiac dysfunction during liver transplantation: incidence and preoperative predictors. Transplantation 2008; 85: 1766-72.
133. Fouad TR, Abdel-Razek WM, Burak KW, Bain VG, Lee SS. Prediction of cardiac complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2009; 87: 763-70.
134. Umphrey LG, Hurst RT, Eleid MF, et al. Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiographic findings and subsequent short-term adverse cardiac events after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 886-92.
135. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1445-53.
136. Reddy ST, Thai NL, Fakhri AA, et al. Exploratory use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in liver transplantation: a one-stop shop for preoperative cardiohepatic evaluation. Transplantation 2013; 96: 827-33.
137. Sanderson JE, Fraser AG. Systolic dysfunction in heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: echo-Doppler measurements. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 49: 196-206.
138. Helle-Valle T, Crosby J, Edvardsen T, et al. New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation: speckle tracking echocardiography. Circulation 2005; 112: 3149-56.
139. Basu S, Frank LH, Fenton KE, et al. Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging detects impaired myocardial performance in children with septic shock, not recognized by conventional echocardiography. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13: 259-264.