Cardiovascular risk assessment of the liver transplant candidate

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 223-231

  Raval, Zankhana ^a   Harinstein, Matthew E ^b   Skaro, Anton I ^a   Erdogan, Ata ^a   Dewolf, Andre M ^a   Shah, Sanjiv J ^a   Fix, Oren K ^c   Kay, Nina ^a   Abecassis, Michael I ^a   Gheorghiade, Mihai ^a   Flaherty, James D ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

coronary artery disease; end stage liver disease; liver transplant

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AUTACOID; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROSTANOID; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; AGE; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COMORBIDITY; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DEATH; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION; HEART OUTPUT; HEART RATE; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART SEPTUM DEFECT; HEMODYNAMIC STRESS; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MODEL FOR END STAGE LIVER DISEASE SCORE; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; NONHUMAN; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PATIENT CARE; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; PERICARDIOCENTESIS; PORTOPULMONARY HYPERTENSION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QT PROLONGATION; REPERFUSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VASODILATATION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOMYOPATHIES; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FAILURE, ACUTE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LONG QT SYNDROME; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PULMONARY HEART DISEASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79960045180     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.026     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. V.W. Xia, M. Taniguchi, and R.H. Steadman The changing face of patients presenting for liver transplantation Curr Opin Organ Transplant 13 2008 280 284
2. S.A. Alqahtani, T.R. Fouad, and S.S. Lee Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy Semin Liver Dis 28 2008 59 69 (Pubitemid 351326533)
3. S.K. Baik, T.R. Fouad, and S.S. Lee Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy Orphanet J Rare Dis 2 2007 15
4. S.A. Gaskari, H. Honar, and S.S. Lee Therapy insight: cirrhotic cardiomyopathy Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 2006 329 337 (Pubitemid 43842249)
5. H. Liu, D. Song, and S.S. Lee Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy Gastroenterol Clin Biol 26 2002 842 847 (Pubitemid 35334245)
6. S. Moller, and J.H. Henriksen Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: a pathophysiological review of circulatory dysfunction in liver disease Heart 87 2002 9 15 (Pubitemid 34074942)
7. R.P. Myers, and S.S. Lee Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and liver transplantation Liver Transpl 6 Suppl 1 2000 44 52
8. J.J. Brems, H. Takiff, J. McHutchison, D. Collins, L.A. Biermann, and P. Pockros Systemic versus nonsystemic reperfusion of the transplanted liver Transplantation 55 1993 527 529 (Pubitemid 23098006)
9. X.Y. Shi, Z.D. Xu, H.T. Xu, J.J. Jiang, and G. Liu Cardiac arrest after graft reperfusion during liver transplantation Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 5 2006 185 189 (Pubitemid 43826904)
10. D.A. Diedrich, J.Y. Findlay, B.A. Harrison, and C.B. Rosen Influence of coronary artery disease on outcomes after liver transplantation Transplant Proc 40 2008 3554 3557
11. J.S. Plotkin, V.L. Scott, A. Pinna, B.P. Dobsch, A.M. De Wolf, and Y. Kang Morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation Liver Transpl Surg 2 1996 426 430 (Pubitemid 26386861)
12. J.S. Plotkin, L.B. Johnson, V. Rustgi, and P.C. Kuo Coronary artery disease and liver transplantation: the state of the art Liver Transpl 6 Suppl 1 2000 53 56
13. S.D. Tiukinhoy-Laing, J.S. Rossi, and M. Bayram Cardiac hemodynamic and coronary angiographic characteristics of patients being evaluated for liver transplantation Am J Cardiol 98 2006 178 181 (Pubitemid 43975507)
14. D.A. Rubin, D.S. Schulman, T.D. Edwards, T.E. Starzl, and E.I. Curtiss Myocardial ischemia after orthotopic liver transplantation Am J Cardiol 74 1994 53 56 (Pubitemid 24196315)
15. M. Gulati, R.M. Cooper-DeHoff, and C. McClure Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project Arch Intern Med 169 2009 843 850
16. J.A. Ambrose, M.A. Tannenbaum, and D. Alexopoulos Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 12 1988 56 62
17. V. Fuster, P.R. Moreno, Z.A. Fayad, R. Corti, and J.J. Badimon Atherothrombosis and high-risk plaque Part I: evolving concepts J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2005 937 954 (Pubitemid 41316498)
18. C.P. Appleton, and R.T. Hurst Reducing coronary artery disease events in liver transplant patients: moving toward identifying the vulnerable patient Liver Transpl 14 2008 1691 1693
19. W.D. Carey, J.A. Dumot, and R.R. Pimentel The prevalence of coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates over age 50 Transplantation 59 1995 859 864
20. V.A. Kryzhanovski, and G.A. Beller Usefulness of preoperative noninvasive radionuclide testing for detecting coronary artery disease in candidates for liver transplantation Am J Cardiol 79 1997 986 988 (Pubitemid 27197942)
21. S.J. Munoz Hyperlipidemia and other coronary risk factors after orthotopic liver transplantation: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management Liver Transpl Surg 1 Suppl 1 1995 29 38
22. H.Y. Yoo, and P.J. Thuluvath The effect of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on outcome of liver transplantation Transplantation 74 2002 1007 1012 (Pubitemid 35191252)
23. D.A. Neal, B.D. Tom, and J. Luan Is there disparity between risk and incidence of cardiovascular disease after liver transplant? Transplantation 77 2004 93 99 (Pubitemid 38116878)
24. S.D. Johnston, J.K. Morris, R. Cramb, B.K. Gunson, and J. Neuberger Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation Transplantation 73 2002 901 906 (Pubitemid 34252352)
25. A. Kadayifci, V. Tan, P.C. Ursell, R.B. Merriman, and N.M. Bass Clinical and pathologic risk factors for atherosclerosis in cirrhosis: a comparison between NASH-related cirrhosis and cirrhosis due to other aetiologies J Hepatol 49 2008 595 599
26. G. Targher, L. Bertolini, and R. Padovani Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Diabet Med 23 2006 403 409
27. G. Targher, and G. Arcaro Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased risk of cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis 191 2007 235 240 (Pubitemid 46400718)
28. G. Targher, C.P. Day, and E. Bonora Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease N Engl J Med 363 2010 1341 1350
29. N.C. McAvoy, N. Kochar, G. McKillop, D.E. Newby, and P.C. Hayes Prevalence of coronary artery calcification in patients undergoing assessment for orthotopic liver transplantation Liver Transpl 14 2008 1725 1731
30. E. Cholongitas, M. Senzolo, D. Patch, S. Shaw, J. O'Beirne, and A.K. Burroughs Cirrhotics admitted to intensive care unit: the impact of acute renal failure on mortality Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 2009 744 750
31. K. Shimada, M. Fujita, and A. Tanaka Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels predict cardiovascular events in the Japanese Coronary Artery Disease (JCAD) study Circ J 73 2009 78 85
32. J. Levitsky, A. Freifeld, and E. Lyden Evaluation of the coagulation and inflammatory responses in solid organ transplant recipients and donors Clin Transplant 23 2009 943 950
33. M.E. Harinstein, J.D. Flaherty, and A.H. Ansari Predictive value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for coronary artery disease detection in liver transplant candidates Am J Transplant 8 2008 1523 1528 (Pubitemid 351989500)
34. L.G. Umphrey, R.T. Hurst, and M.F. Eleid Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiographic findings and subsequent short-term adverse cardiac events after orthotopic liver transplantation Liver Transpl 14 2008 886 892 (Pubitemid 351895519)
35. K. Williams, J.F. Lewis, G. Davis, and E.A. Geiser Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing liver transplantation evaluation Transplantation 69 2000 2354 2356 (Pubitemid 30409002)
36. C.L. Donovan, P.A. Marcovitz, and J.D. Punch Two-dimensional and dobutamine stress echocardiography in the preoperative assessment of patients with end-stage liver disease prior to orthotopic liver transplantation Transplantation 61 1996 1180 1188 (Pubitemid 26134767)
37. A. Safadi, M. Homsi, and W. Maskoun Perioperative risk predictors of cardiac outcomes in patients undergoing liver transplantation surgery Circulation 120 2009 1189 1194
38. C.J. Davidson, M. Gheorghiade, and J.D. Flaherty Predictive value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging in liver transplant candidates Am J Cardiol 89 2002 359 360 (Pubitemid 34113805)
39. A. Aydinalp, U. Bal, and I. Atar Value of stress myocardial perfusion scanning in diagnosis of severe coronary artery disease in liver transplantation candidates Transplant Proc 41 2009 3757 3760
40. Y. Yilmaz, R. Kurt, and O. Yonal Coronary flow reserve is impaired in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: association with liver fibrosis Atherosclerosis 211 2010 182 186
41. S. Matsuo, Y. Nakamura, T. Matsumoto, M. Takahashi, and M. Kinoshita Detection of coronary microvascular disease by means of cardiac scintigraphy Can J Cardiol 18 2002 183 186 (Pubitemid 34406621)
42. G.J. Zoghbi, A.D. Patel, R.E. Ershadi, J. Heo, J.S. Bynon, and A.E. Iskandrian Usefulness of preoperative stress perfusion imaging in predicting prognosis after liver transplantation Am J Cardiol 92 2003 1066 1071 (Pubitemid 37329530)
43. B.G. Keeffe, H. Valantine, and E.B. Keeffe Detection and treatment of coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates Liver Transpl 7 2001 755 761 (Pubitemid 32851294)
44. D. Axelrod, A. Koffron, and A. Dewolf Safety and efficacy of combined orthotopic liver transplantation and coronary artery bypass grafting Liver Transpl 10 2004 1386 1390 (Pubitemid 39530054)
45. E. Benedetti, M.G. Massad, Y. Chami, T. Wiley, and T.J. Layden Is the presence of surgically treatable coronary artery disease a contraindication to liver transplantation? Clin Transplant 13 1999 59 61 (Pubitemid 29110390)
46. L.A. MacDonald, N. Beohar, and N.C. Wang A comparison of arterial closure devices to manual compression in liver transplantation candidates undergoing coronary angiography J Invasive Cardiol 15 2003 68 70 (Pubitemid 36227871)
47. M. Sharma, C. Yong, and D. Majure Safety of cardiac catheterization in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation Am J Cardiol 103 2009 742 746
48. S.V. Rao, M.G. Cohen, D.E. Kandzari, O.F. Bertrand, and I.C. Gilchrist The transradial approach to percutaneous coronary intervention: historical perspective, current concepts, and future directions J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 2187 2195
49. N. Assy, A. Djibre, R. Farah, M. Grosovski, and A. Marmor Presence of coronary plaques in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Radiology 254 2010 393 400
50. N.A. Keeling, J.D. Flaherty, and A.H. Davarpanah Coronary multi-detector computed tomographic angiography to evaluate coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates: methods, feasibility, and initial experience J Cardiovasc Med 12 2011 460 468
51. M. De Marco, M. Chinali, and C. Romano Increased left ventricular mass in pre-liver transplantation cirrhotic patients J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 9 2008 142 146
52. M. Pozzi, S. Carugo, and G. Boari Evidence of functional and structural cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites Hepatology 26 1997 1131 1137 (Pubitemid 27509293)
53. Z. Ma, J.B. Meddings, and S.S. Lee Membrane physical properties determine cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor function in cirrhotic rats Am J Physiol 267 1994 G87 G93
54. C.A. Ward, H. Liu, and S.S. Lee Altered cellular calcium regulatory systems in a rat model of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy Gastroenterology 121 2001 12098
55. M. Bernardi, S. Calandra, and A. Colantoni Q-T interval prolongation in cirrhosis: prevalence, relationship with severity, and etiology of the disease and possible pathogenetic factors Hepatology 27 1998 28 34 (Pubitemid 28041530)
56. J.H. Henriksen, S. Fuglsang, F. Bendtsen, E. Christensen, and S. Moller Dyssynchronous electrical and mechanical systole in patients with cirrhosis J Hepatol 36 2002 513 520 (Pubitemid 34407340)
57. H. Kelbaek, A. Rabol, and I. Brynjolf Haemodynamic response to exercise in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis Clin Physiol 7 1987 35 41 (Pubitemid 17004440)
58. J.M. Levine, and J.D. Kindscher Cardiac failure after orthotopic liver transplantation Anesth Analg 78 1994 179 180 (Pubitemid 24012623)
59. P. Sampathkumar, A. Lerman, and B.Y. Kim Post-liver transplantation myocardial dysfunction Liver Transpl Surg 4 1998 399 403 (Pubitemid 28413241)
60. K.S. Stewart, C.H. Rhim, and M.L. Bahrain Nonischemic cardiomyopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation: a report of three cases and a review of the literature Liver Transpl 11 2005 573 578 (Pubitemid 40704071)
61. M.J. Eimer, J.M. Wright, and E.C. Wang Frequency and significance of acute heart failure following liver transplantation Am J Cardiol 101 2008 242 244
62. S.A. Nasraway, R.D. Klein, and T.B. Spanier Hemodynamic correlates of outcome in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation Evidence for early postoperative myocardial depression Chest 107 1995 218 224
63. M. Torregrosa, S. Aguade, and L. Dos Cardiac alterations in cirrhosis: reversibility after liver transplantation J Hepatol 42 2005 68 74 (Pubitemid 40038902)
64. T. Hennessey, S.B. Backman, and R. Cecere Combined heart and liver transplantation on cardiopulmonary bypass: report of four cases Can J Anaesth 57 2010 355 360
65. S.A. Hunt, W.T. Abraham, and M.H. Chin 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2009 e1 e90
66. D. Tripathi, and P.C. Hayes The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 2010 905 911
67. H.C. Lin, Y.T. Huang, and H.C. Wei Hemodynamic effects of one week of carvedilol administration on cirrhotic rats J Gastroenterol 41 2006 361 368
68. R. Banares, E. Moitinho, and A. Matilla Randomized comparison of long-term carvedilol and propranolol administration in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis Hepatology 36 2002 1367 1373 (Pubitemid 35403527)
69. S. Maraj, L.E. Jacobs, and R. Maraj Inducible left ventricular outflow tract gradient during dobutamine stress echocardiography: an association with intraoperative hypotension but not a contraindication to liver transplantation Echocardiography 21 2004 681 685 (Pubitemid 39552250)
70. I.D. Harley, E.F. Jones, G. Liu, P.R. McCall, and P.L. McNicol Orthotopic liver transplantation in two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Br J Anaesth 77 1996 675 677 (Pubitemid 26385804)
71. Y.C. Lim, D.D. Doblar, L. Frenette, P.H. Fan, S. Poplawski, and N.C. Nanda Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Clin Anesth 7 1995 245 249
72. J.B. Cywinski, M. Argalious, T.N. Marks, and B.M. Parker Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in an orthotopic liver transplant recipient Liver Transpl 11 2005 692 695 (Pubitemid 40872909)
73. F.G. Hage, P.E. Bravo, G.J. Zoghbi, J.S. Bynon, and R.A. Aqel Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in liver transplant patients Cardiol J 15 2008 74 79 (Pubitemid 351425104)
74. A.S. Paramesh, R.B. Fairchild, T.M. Quinn, F. Leya, M. George, and D.H. Van Thiel Amelioration of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using nonsurgical septal ablation in a cirrhotic patient prior to liver transplantation Liver Transpl 11 2005 236 238 (Pubitemid 40268224)
75. M.M. Hoeper, M.J. Krowka, and C.P. Strassburg Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome Lancet 363 2004 1461 1468 (Pubitemid 38586724)
76. P.C. Kuo, J.S. Plotkin, and S. Gaine Portopulmonary hypertension and the liver transplant candidate Transplantation 67 1999 1087 1093 (Pubitemid 29205568)
77. K.L. Swanson, R.H. Wiesner, S.L. Nyberg, C.B. Rosen, and M.J. Krowka Survival in portopulmonary hypertension: Mayo Clinic experience categorized by treatment subgroups Am J Transplant 8 2008 2445 2453
78. G. Martinez-Palli, P. Taura, J. Balust, J. Beltran, E. Zavala, and J.C. Garcia-Valdecasas Liver transplantation in high-risk patients: hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension Transplant Proc 37 2005 3861 3864 (Pubitemid 43015192)
79. M. Porres-Aguilar, M.J. Zuckerman, J.B. Figueroa-Casas, and M.J. Krowka Portopulmonary hypertension: state of the art Ann Hepatol 7 2008 321 330
80. A.R. Hemnes, and I.M. Robbins Sildenafil monotherapy in portopulmonary hypertension can facilitate liver transplantation Liver Transpl 15 2009 15 19
81. M.T. Melgosa, G.L. Ricci, and J.C. Garcia-Pagan Acute and long-term effects of inhaled iloprost in portopulmonary hypertension Liver Transpl 16 2010 348 356
82. M. Ramsay Portopulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in patients with cirrhosis Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23 2010 145 150
83. T.K. Cheung, W. Tam, D. Bartholomeusz, H. Harley, and R. Johnson Hepatic hydropericardium J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 2004 109 112 (Pubitemid 38130617)
84. L.A. Nikolaidis, M. Azzouz, L. Friedlander, D.H. Van Thiel, and A.H. Gradman Hepatitis C virus-associated pericardial effusion and tamponade in a liver transplant recipient Can J Cardiol 20 2004 719 721 (Pubitemid 38968021)
85. R. Safadi, Y. Ilan, Y. Ashur, and D. Shouval Hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinemia presenting with pericardial effusion Am J Gastroenterol 92 1997 710 712 (Pubitemid 27184401)
86. A. Sharma, P.S. Pagel, and A. Bhatia Intraoperative iatrogenic acute pericardial tamponade: use of rescue transesophageal echocardiography in a patient undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19 2005 364 366 (Pubitemid 40797696)
87. S.B. Akinci, S.P. Gaine, W. Post, W.T. Merrit, H.P. Tan, and B. Winters Cardiac tamponade in an orthotopic liver recipient with pulmonary hypertension Crit Care Med 30 2002 699 701 (Pubitemid 34214641)
88. P.T. Hagen, D.G. Scholz, and W.D. Edwards Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts Mayo Clin Proc 59 1984 17 20 (Pubitemid 14175830)
89. I. Meissner, J.P. Whisnant, and B.K. Khandheria Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography The SPARC study. Stroke Prevention: Assessment of Risk in a Community Mayo Clin Proc 74 1999 862 869 (Pubitemid 29430352)
90. J.E. Ellis, J.L. Lichtor, and S.B. Feinstein Right heart dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, and paradoxical embolization during liver transplantation A transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiographic study Anesth Analg 68 1989 777 782 (Pubitemid 20043220)
91. G. Thiery, F. Le Corre, P. Kirstetter, A. Sauvanet, J. Belghiti, and J. Marty Paradoxical air embolism during orthoptic liver transplantation: diagnosis by transoesophageal echocardiography Eur J Anaesthesiol 16 1999 342 345 (Pubitemid 29286788)
92. A. Concejero, C.L. Chen, and C.D. Liang Living donor liver transplantation in children with congenital heart disease Transplantation 84 2007 484 489 (Pubitemid 47312159)
93. M. Garcia Gonzalez, A. Hernandez-Madrid, A. Lopez-Sanroman, A. Candela, J. Nuno, and R. Barcena Reversal of QT interval electrocardiographic alterations in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation Transplant Proc 31 1999 2366 2367 (Pubitemid 29433953)
94. A.O. Zurick III, B.J. Spier, and T.C. Teelin Alterations in corrected QT interval following liver transplant in patients with end-stage liver disease Clin Cardiol 33 2010 672 677
95. J.S. Bal, and P.J. Thuluvath Prolongation of QTc interval: relationship with etiology and severity of liver disease, mortality and liver transplantation Liver Int 23 2003 243 248 (Pubitemid 37265799)
96. A.Q. Adigun, A.G. Pinto, and D.A. Flockhart Effect of cirrhosis and liver transplantation on the gender difference in QT interval Am J Cardiol 95 2005 691 694 (Pubitemid 40255274)
97. F. Aberg, A. Jula, K. Hockerstedt, and H. Isoniemi Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with acute liver failure after liver transplantation when compared with the general population Transplantation 89 2010 61 68
98. L.A. Fleisher, J.A. Beckman, and K.A. Brown 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 50 2009 159 242
99. T.H. Lee, E.R. Marcantonio, and C.M. Mangione Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery Circulation 100 1999 1043 1049 (Pubitemid 29416229)
100. K.F. Murray, and R.L. Carithers Jr AASLD practice guidelines: evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation Hepatology 41 2005 1407 1432 (Pubitemid 40770295)