Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 179-190

  Møller, Søren ^a   Henriksen, Jens H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cardiac failure; Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy; Hyperdynamic circulation; Myocardial dysfunction; Portal hypertension

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR; CANRENOIC ACID; COLLAGEN; NITRIC OXIDE; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR;

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CIRRHOTIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DISEASE COURSE; EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HEART DISEASE; HEART EDEMA; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FILLING; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART OUTPUT; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MEMBRANE CURRENT; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL STRESS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT INTERVAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBENDOCARDIAL EDEMA; SURVIVAL; SYSTOLE; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CARDIOMYOPATHIES; COMPLICATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART CONTRACTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESSORECEPTOR REFLEX; SYNDROME;

ANIMALS; BAROREFLEX; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CARDIOMYOPATHIES; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; RECEPTOR, CANNABINOID, CB1; RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA; SYNDROME;

EID: 77953232095     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.023     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Kowalski H.J., and Abelmann W.H. The cardiac output at rest in Laennecs cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 32 (1953) 1025-1033
2. Schrier R.W., Arroyo V., Bernardi M., Epstein M., Henriksen J.H., and Rodés J. Peripheral artery vasodilatation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 5 (1988) 1151-1157
3. Møller S., and Henriksen J.H. The systemic circulation in cirrhosis. In: Gines P., Arroyo V., Rodes J., and Schrier R.W. (Eds). Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease (2005), Blackwell, Malden 139-155
4. Iwakiri Y., and Groszmann R.J. The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver diseases: from the patient to the molecule. Hepatology 43 (2006) S121-S131
5. Møller S., Iversen J.S., Henriksen J.H., and Bendtsen F. Reduced baroreflex sensitivity in alcoholic cirrhosis: relations to hemodynamics and humoral systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292 (2007) H2966-H2972
6. Møller S., and Henriksen J.H. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: a pathophysiological review of circulatory dysfunction in liver disease. Heart 87 (2002) 9-15
7. Alqahtani S.A., Fouad T.R., and Lee S.S. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Semin Liver Dis 28 (2008) 59-69
8. Zambruni A., Trevisani F., Caraceni P., and Bernardi M. Cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 44 (2006) 994-1002
9. Møller S., and Henriksen J.H. Cardiovascular complications of cirrhosis. Gut 57 (2008) 268-278
10. Bernardi M., Calandra S., Colantoni A., Trevisani F., Raimondo M.L., Sica G., et al. Q-T interval prolongation in cirrhosis: prevalence, relationship with severity, and etiology of the disease and possible pathogenetic factors. Hepatology 27 (1998) 28-34
11. Rabie R.N., Cazzaniga M., Salerno F., and Wong F. The use of E/A ratio as a predictor of outcome in cirrhotic patients treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Am J Gastroenterol 104 (2009) 2458-2466
12. Torregrosa M., Aguade S., Dos L., Segura R., Gonzalez A., Evangelista A., et al. Cardiac alterations in cirrhosis: reversibility after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 42 (2005) 68-74
13. Wiest R., Shah V., Sessa W.C., and Groszmann R.J. NO overproduction by eNOS precedes hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation in portal hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 276 (1999) G1043-G1051
14. Henriksen J.H., Møller S., Ring-Larsen H., and Christensen N.J. The sympathetic nervous system in liver disease. J Hepatol 29 (1998) 328-341
15. Bernardi M., and Domenicali M. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cirrhosis. In: Ginés P., Arroyo V., Rodes J., and Schrier R.W. (Eds). Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease (2005), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Malden 43-54
16. Møller S., Bendtsen F., and Henriksen J.H. Determinants of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cirrhosis with special emphasis on the central blood volume. Scand J Gastroenterol 41 (2006) 451-458
17. Bomzon A., and Blendis L.M. The nitric oxide hypothesis and the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 20 (1994) 1343-1350
18. Castro A., Jimenez W., Claria J., Ros J., Martinez J.M., Bosch M., et al. Impaired responsiveness to angiotensin-II in experimental cirrhosis - role of nitric oxide. Hepatology 18 (1993) 367-372
19. Polio J., Sieber C.C., Lerner E., and Groszmann R.J. Cardiovascular hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine, propranolol and nitroglycerin in portal-hypertensive and aged rats. Hepatology 18 (1993) 128-136
20. Hennenberg M., Trebicka J., Sauerbruch T., and Heller J. Mechanisms of extrahepatic vasodilation in portal hypertension. Gut 57 (2008) 1300-1314
21. Helmy A., Newby D.E., Jalan R., Johnston N.R., Hayes P.C., and Webb D.J. Nitric oxide mediates the reduced vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II in patients with preascitic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 38 (2003) 44-50
22. Dillon J.F., Nolan J., Thomas H., Williams B.C., Neilson J.M.M., Bouchier I.A.D., et al. The correction of autonomic dysfunction in cirrhosis by captopril. J Hepatol 26 (1997) 331-335
23. Trevisani F., Sica G., Mainqua P., Santese G., De Notariis S., Caraceni P., et al. Autonomic dysfunction and hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis with ascites. Hepatology 30 (1999) 1387-1392
24. Dumcke C.W., and Møller S. Autonomic dysfunction in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest (2008) 1-11
25. Laffi G., Lagi A., Cipriani M., Barletta G., Bernardi L., Fattorini L., et al. Impaired cardiovascular autonomic response to passive tilting in cirrhosis with ascites. Hepatology 24 (1996) 1063-1067
26. Mani A.R., Montagnese S., Jackson C.D., Jenkins C.W., Head I.M., Stephens R.C., et al. Decreased heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis relates to the presence and severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296 (2008) G330-G338
27. Gerbes A.L., Remien J., Jüngst D., Sauerbruch T., and Paumgartner G. Evidence for down-regulation of beta-2-adrenoceptors in cirrhotic patients with severe ascites. Lancet 1 (1986) 1409-1411
28. Lee S.S., Marty J., Mantz J., Samain E., Braillon A., and Lebrec D. Desensitization of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 12 (1990) 481-485
29. Mani A.R., Ippolito S., Ollosson R., and Moore K.P. Nitration of cardiac proteins is associated with abnormal cardiac chronotropic responses in rats with biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 43 (2006) 847-856
30. Ma Z., Meddings J.B., and Lee S.S. Membrane physical properties determine cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor function in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol 267 (1994) G87-G93
31. Ma Z., Miyamoto A., and Lee S.S. Role of altered beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in rats. Gastroenterology 110 (1996) 1191-1198
32. Ma Z., Lee S.S., and Meddings J.B. Effects of altered cardiac membrane fluidity on beta-adrenergic receptor signalling in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. J Hepatol 26 (1997) 904-912
33. Ceolotto G., Papparella I., Sticca A., Bova S., Cavalli M., Cargnelli G., et al. An abnormal gene expression of the beta-adrenergic system contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 48 (2008) 1913-1923
34. Jaue D.N., Ma Z.H., and Lee S.S. Cardiac muscarinic receptor function in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Hepatology 25 (1997) 1361-1365
35. Liu H., Gaskari S.A., and Lee S.S. Cardiac and vascular changes in cirrhosis: pathogenic mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 837-842
36. Moezi L., Gaskari S.A., and Lee S.S. Endocannabinoids and liver disease. v. endocannabinoids as mediators of vascular and cardiac abnormalities in cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295 (2008) G649-G653
37. Gaskari S.A., Liu H., Moezi L., Li Y., Baik S.K., and Lee S.S. Role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated rats. Br J Pharmacol 146 (2005) 315-323
38. Batkai S., Mukhopadhyay P., Harvey-White J., Kechrid R., Pacher P., and Kunos G. Endocannabinoids acting at CB1 receptors mediate the cardiac contractile dysfunction in vivo in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293 (2007) H1689-H1695
39. Van Obbergh L., Vallieres Y., and Blaise G. Cardiac modifications occurring in the ascitic rat with biliary cirrhosis are nitric oxide related. J Hepatol 24 (1996) 747-752
40. Garcia-Estan J., Ortiz M.C., and Lee S.S. Nitric oxide and renal and cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 102 (2002) 213-222
41. Liu H., Ma Z., and Lee S.S. Contribution of nitric oxide to the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated rats. Gastroenterology 118 (2000) 937-944
42. Inserte J., Perello A., Agullo L., Ruiz-Meana M., Schluter K.D., Escalona N., et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in rats with biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 38 (2003) 589-598
43. Honar H., Glenn T.K., Zhang M., Keurs H., and Lee S.S. Characterization of cardiac contractility and mechanical behavior of the heart in a rat model of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: the role of beta-myosin heavy chain overexpression. Hepatology 48 (2008) 1060Α
44. Glenn T.K., Honar H., Liu H., Keurs H., and Lee S.S. Role of titin and collagen in the diastolic dysfunction of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Hepatology 48 (2008) 1060Α
45. Liu H., Song D., and Lee S.S. Role of heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide pathway in pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280 (2001) G68-G74
46. Liu H., and Lee S.S. Nuclear factor-kappaB inhibition improves myocardial contractility in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Liver Int 28 (2008) 640-648
47. Gaskari S.A., Honar H., and Lee S.S. Therapy insight: cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2006) 329-337
48. Ward C.A., Ma Z., Lee S.S., and Giles W.R. Potassium currents in atrial and ventricular myocytes from a rat model of cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 273 (1997) G537-G544
49. Ward C.A., Liu H., and Lee S.S. Altered cellular calcium regulatory systems in a rat model of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Gastroenterology 121 (2001) 1209-1218
50. Zavecz J.H., Bueno O., Maloney R.E., ODonnell J.M., Roerig S.C., and Battarbee H.D. Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in the portal hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279 (2000) G28-G39
51. Tavakoli S., Hajrasouliha A.R., Jabehdar-Maralani P., Ebrahimi F., Solhpour A., Sadeghipour H., et al. Reduced susceptibility to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in cirrhotic rats: the roles of nitric oxide and endogenous opioid peptides. J Hepatol 46 (2007) 432-439
52. Keller H., Bezjak V., Stegaru B., Buss J., Holm E., and Heene D.L. Ventricular function in cirrhosis and portosystemic shunt: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Hepatology 8 (1988) 658-662
53. Ahmed S.S., Howard M., Hove Wt., Leevy C.M., and Regan T.J. Cardiac function in alcoholics with cirrhosis: absence of overt cardiomyopathy - myth or fact?. JACC 3 (1984) 696-702
54. Gould L., Shariff M., and Zahir M. Cardiac hemodynamics in alcoholic patients with chronic liver disease and a presystolic gallop. J Clin Invest 48 (1969) 860-864
55. Møller S., and Henriksen J.H. Cardiovascular dysfunction in cirrhosis. Pathophysiological evidence of a cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Scand J Gastroenterol 36 (2001) 785-794
56. Kelbæk H., Rabøl A., Brynjolf I., Eriksen J., Bonnevie O., Godtfredsen J., et al. Haemodynamic response to exercise in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Clin Physiol 7 (1987) 35-41
57. Bernardi M., Rubboli A., trevisani F., Cancellieri C., Ligabue A., Baradini M., et al. Reduced cardiovascular responsiveness to exercise-induced sympathoadrenergic stimulation in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 12 (1991) 207-216
58. Limas C.J., Guiha N.H., and Lekagul O. Impaired left ventricular function in alcoholic cirrhosis with ascites. J Lab Clin Med 89 (1977) 1175-1187
59. Mikulic E., Munoz C., Puntoni L.E., and Lebrec D. Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34 (1983) 56-59
60. Donovan C.L., Marcovitz P.A., Punch J.D., Bach D.S., Brown K.A., Lucey M.R., et al. Two-dimensional and dobutamine stress echocardiography in the preoperative assessment of patients with end-stage liver disease prior to orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 61 (1996) 1180-1188
61. Krag A., Bendtsen F., Henriksen J.H., and Møller S. Cardiac effects of terlipressin in cirrhosis. Unmasking a cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. J Hepatol 46 (2007) S96
62. Kim Y., Baik S.K., Suk K.T., Kim J.W., Kim H.S., Kwon S.O., et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: a new screening method for evaluating cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 48 (2008) 1064Α
63. Krag A., Bendtsen F., Kjaer A., Leth-Petersen C., and Møller S. Cardiac function studied by dobutamin stress MRI in patients with mild cirrhosis. J Hepatol 50 (2009) S277
64. Møller S., Søndergaard L., Møgelvang J., Henriksen O., and Henriksen J.H. Decreased right heart blood volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging: evidence of central underfilling in cirrhosis. Hepatology 22 (1995) 472-478
65. Finucci G., Desideri A., Sacerdoti D., Bolognesi M., Merkel C., Angeli P., et al. Left ventricular diastolic function in liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 (1996) 279-284
66. Valeriano V., Funaro S., Lionetti R., Riggio O., Pulcinelli G., Fiore P., et al. Modification of cardiac function in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 3200-3205
67. Gerbes A.L., Wernze H., Arendt R.M., Riedel A., Sauerbruch T., and Paumgartner G. Atrial natriuretic factor and renin-aldosterone in volume regulation of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 9 (1989) 417-422
68. Rector Jr. W.G., Adair O., Hossack K.F., and Rainquet S. Atrial volume in cirrhosis: relationship to blood volume and plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor. Gastroenterology 99 (1990) 766-770
69. Wong F., Liu P., Lilly L., Bomzon A., and Blendis L. Role of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in the pathogenesis of hyperdynamic circulation and renal sodium retention in cirrhosis. Clin Sci 97 (1999) 259-267
70. Pateron D., Beyne P., Laperche T., Logeard D., Lefilliatre P., Sogni P., et al. Elevated circulating cardiac troponin I in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 29 (1999) 640-643
71. Potter L.R., Yoder A.R., Flora D.R., Antos L.K., and Dickey D.M. Natriuretic peptides: their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 191 (2009) 341-366
72. Wong F., Siu S., Liu P., and Blendis L.M. Brain natriuretic peptide: is it a predictor of cardiomyopathy in cirrhosis?. Clin Sci (Lond) 101 (2001) 621-628
73. Henriksen J.H., Gotze J.P., Fuglsang S., Christensen E., Bendtsen F., and Møller S. Increased circulating pro-brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with cirrhosis: relation to cardiovascular dysfunction and severity of disease. Gut 52 (2003) 1511-1517
74. Yildiz R., Yildirim B., Karincaoglu M., Harputluoglu M., and Hilmioglu F. Brain natriuretic peptide and severity of disease in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 (2005) 1115-1120
75. Bernal V., Pascual I., Esquivias P., Garcia-Gil A., Fernandez C., Mateo J.M., et al. Cardiac hemodynamic profiles and pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transpl Proc 41 (2009) 985-986
76. Goetze J.P., Jensen G., Møller S., Bendtsen F., Rehfeld J.F., and Henriksen J.H. BNP and N-terminal proBNP are both extracted in the normal kidney. Eur J Clin Invest 36 (2006) 8-15
77. Epstein S.K., Ciubotaru R.L., Zilberberg M.D., Kaplan L.M., Jacoby C., Freeman R., et al. Analysis of impaired exercise capacity in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 43 (1998) 1701-1707
78. Grose R.D., Nolan J., Dillon J.F., Errington M., Hannan W.J., Bouchier I.A.D., et al. Exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 22 (1995) 326-332
79. Wong F., Girgrah N., Graba J., Allidina Y., Liu P., and Blendis L. The cardiac response to exercise in cirrhosis. Gut 49 (2001) 268-275
80. Ruiz-Del-Arbol L., Monescillo A., Arocena C., Valer P., Gines P., Moreira V., et al. Circulatory function and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 42 (2005) 439-447
81. Krag A., Bendtsen F., Henriksen J.H., and Møller S. Low cardiac output predicts development of hepatorenal syndrome and survival in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gut 59 (2010) 105-110
82. Fields N.G., Yuan B.X., and Leenen F.H. Sodium-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac sympathetic activity versus volume load. Circ Res 68 (1991) 745-755
83. Ruiz-Del-Arbol L., Urman J., Fernandez J., Gonzalez M., Navasa M., Monescillo A., et al. Systemic, renal, and hepatic hemodynamic derangement in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 38 (2003) 1210-1218
84. Ma Z., and Lee S.S. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: getting to the heart of the matter. Hepatology 24 (1996) 451-459
85. Schmieder R.E. Salt intake is related to the process of myocardial hypertrophy in essential hypertension. JAMA 262 (1989) 1187-1188
86. Pozzi M., Carugo S., Boari G., Pecci V., de Ceglia S., Maggiolini S., et al. Evidence of functional and structural cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 26 (1997) 1131-1137
87. LaVilla G., and Laffi G. Atrial natriuretic peptide and other natriuretic factors in cirrhosis. In: Gines P., Arroyo V., Rodes J., and Schrier R.W. (Eds). Ascites and renal dysfunction (2005), Blackwell Publishing, Malden 73-83
88. Nazar A., Sitges M., Guevara M., Terra C., Marinelli A., Villa F., et al. Cardiomyopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Frequency, characteristics and relationship with circulatory dysfunction and prognosis. Journal of Hepatology 50 (2009) S85
89. De B.K., Majumdar D., Das D., Biswas P.K., Mandal S.K., Ray S., et al. Cardiac dysfunction in portal hypertension among patients with cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis. J Hepatol 39 (2003) 315-319
90. Raizada V., Skipper B., Luo W., and Griffith J. Intracardiac and intrarenal renin-angiotensin systems: mechanisms of cardiovascular and renal effects. J Investig Med 55 (2007) 341-359
91. Huonker M., Schumacher Y.O., Ochs A., Sorichter S., Keul J., and Rôssle M. Cardiac function and haemodynamics in alcoholic cirrhosis and effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt. Gut 44 (1999) 743-748
92. Merli M., Valeriano V., Funaro S., Attili A.F., Masini A., Efrati C., et al. Modifications of cardiac function in cirrhotic patients treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 142-148
93. Kovacs A., Schepke M., Heller J., Schild H.H., and Flacke S. Short-term effects of transjugular intrahepatic shunt on cardiac function assessed by cardiac MRI: Preliminary results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 33 (2010) 290-296
94. Cazzaniga M., Salerno F., Pagnozzi G., Dionigi E., Visentin S., Cirello I., et al. Diastolic dysfunction is associated with poor survival in cirrhotic patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Gut 56 (2007) 869-875
95. Alexander J., Mishra P., Desai N., Ambadekar S., Gala B., and Sawant P. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: Indian scenario. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 (2007) 395-399
96. Therapondos G., Flapan A.D., Dollinger M.M., Garden O.J., Plevris J.N., and Hayes P.C. Cardiac function after orthotopic liver transplantation and the effects of immunosuppression: a prospective randomized trial comparing cyclosporin (Neoral) and tacrolimus. Liver Transpl 8 (2002) 690-700
97. Pozzi M., Redaelli E., Ratti L., Poli G., Guidi C., Milanese M., et al. Time-course of diastolic dysfunction in different stages of chronic HCV related liver diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 51 (2005) 179-186
98. Day P.C., James F.W.O., Butler J.T., and Campbell R.W.F. Q-T prolongation and sudden cardiac death in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Lancet 341 (1993) 1423-1428
99. Kempler P., Varadi A., Kadar E., and Szalay F. Autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence of small sensory fibre damage and prolongation of the QT interval. J Hepatol 21 (1994) 1150-1151
100. Lazzeri C., Lavilla G., Laffi G., Vecchiarino S., Gambilonghi F., Gentilini P., et al. Autonomic regulation of heart rate and QT interval in nonalcoholic cirrhosis with ascites. Digestion 58 (1997) 580-586
101. Mohamed R., Forsey P.R., Davies M.K., and Neuberger J.M. Effect of liver transplantation on QT interval prolongation and autonomic dysfunction in end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 23 (1996) 1128-1134
102. Garcia G.M., Hernandez-Madrid A., Lopez-Sanroman A., Candela A., Nuno J., and Barcena R. Reversal of QT interval electrocardiographic alterations in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transpl Proc 31 (1999) 2366-2367
103. Puthumana L., Chaudhry V., and Thuluvath P.J. Prolonged QTc interval and its relationship to autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 35 (2001) 733-738
104. Carey E.J., and Douglas D.D. Effects of orthotopic liver transplantation on the corrected QT interval in patients with end-stage liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 50 (2005) 320-323
105. Adigun A.Q., Pinto A.G., Flockhart D.A., Gorski J.C., Li L., Hall S.D., et al. Effect of cirrhosis and liver transplantation on the gender difference in QT interval. Am J Cardiol 95 (2005) 691-694
106. Bal J.S., and Thuluvath P.J. Prolongation of QTc interval: relationship with etiology and severity of liver disease, mortality and liver transplantation. Liver Int 23 (2003) 243-248
107. Trevisani F., Merli M., Savelli F., Valeriano V., Zambruni A., Riggio O., et al. QT interval in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and in cirrhotic patients treated with transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt. J Hepatol 38 (2003) 461-467
108. Genovesi S., Prata Pizzala D.M., Pozzi M., Ratti L., Milanese M., Pieruzzi F., et al. QT interval prolongation and decreased heart rate variability in cirrhotic patients: relevance of hepatic venous pressure gradient and serum calcium. Clin Sci (Lond) 116 (2008) 851-859
109. Ytting H., Henriksen J.H., Fuglsang S., Bendtsen F., and Møller S. Prolonged Q-T(c) interval in mild portal hypertensive cirrhosis. J Hepatol 43 (2005) 637-644
110. Henriksen J.H., Bendtsen F., Hansen E.F., and Møller S. Acute non-selective beta-adrenergic blockade reduces prolonged frequency-adjusted Q-T interval (QTc) in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 40 (2004) 239-246
111. Zambruni A., Trevisani F., Di Micoli A., Savelli F., Berzigotti A., Bracci E., et al. Effect of chronic beta-blockade on QT interval in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 48 (2008) 415-421
112. Hansen S., Møller S., Bendtsen F., Jensen G., and Henriksen J.H. Diurnal variation and dispersion in QT interval in cirrhosis: relation to haemodynamic changes. J Hepatol 47 (2007) 373-380
113. Henriksen J.H., Fuglsang S., Bendtsen F., Christensen E., and Møller S. Dyssynchronous electrical and mechanical systole in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 36 (2002) 513-520
114. Veglio F., Melchio R., Calva S., Rabbia F., Gallo V., Melino P., et al. Noninvasive assessment of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity in patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver 18 (1998) 420-426
115. Møller S., Iversen J.S., Krag A., and Bendtsen F. Relation between baroreflex sensitivity and pulmonary dysfunction in cirrhosis: effect of hyperoxia. J Hepatol 50 (2009) S84
116. Azoulay D., Castaing D., Dennison A., Martino W., Eyraud D., and Bismuth H. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt worsens the hyperdynamic circulatory state of the cirrhotic patient - preliminary report of a prospective study. Hepatology 19 (1994) 129-132
117. Quiroga J., Sangro B., Nunez M., Bilbao I., Longo J., Garcia-Villarreal L., et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt in the treatment of refractory ascites: effect on clinical, renal, humoral, and hemodynamic parameters. Hepatology 21 (1995) 986-994
118. Wong F., Sniderman K., Liu P., Allidina Y., Sherman M., and Blendis L. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt: effects on hemodynamics and sodium homeostasis in cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Ann Intern Med 122 (1995) 816-822
119. Colombato L.A., Spahr L., Martinet J.P., Dufresne M.P., Lafortune M., Fenyves D., et al. Haemodynamic adaptation two months after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in cirrhotic patients. Gut 39 (1996) 600-604
120. Lotterer E., Wengert A., and Fleig W.E. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: short-term and long-term effects on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 29 (1999) 632-639
121. Wong F., Pantea L., and Sniderman K. Midodrine, octreotide, albumin, and TIPS in selected patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 40 (2004) 55-64
122. Braverman A.C., Steiner M.A., Picus D., and White H. High-output congestive heart failure following transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting. Chest 107 (1995) 1467-1469
123. Rodriguez-Laiz J.M., Banares R., Echenagusia A., Casado M., Camunez F., Perezroldan F., et al. Effects of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt (TIPS) on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics, and hepatic function in patients with portal hypertension: preliminary results. Dig Dis Sci 40 (1995) 2121-2127
124. Schwartz J.M., Beymer C., Althaus S.J., Larson A.M., Zaman A., Glickerman D.J., et al. Cardiopulmonary consequences of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: role of increased pulmonary artery pressure. J Clin Gastroenterol 38 (2004) 590-594
125. Gines P., Uriz J., Calahorra B., Garcia-Tsao G., Kamath P.S., del Arbol L.R., et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 1839-1847
126. Vanderlinden P., Lemoine O., Ghysels M., Ortinez M., and Deviere J. Pulmonary hypertension after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: effects on right ventricular function. Hepatology 23 (1996) 982-987
127. Henderson J.M., Mackay G.J., Hooks M., Chezmar J.L., Galloway J.R., Dodson T.F., et al. High cardiac output of advanced liver diseases persists after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 15 (1992) 258-262
128. Navasa M., Feu F., Garciapagan J.C., Jimenez W., Llach J., Rimola A., et al. Hemodynamic and humoral changes after liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 17 (1993) 355-360
129. Piscaglia F., Zironi G., Gaiani S., Mazziotti A., Cavallari A., Gramantieri L., et al. Systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic changes after liver transplantation for cirrhosis: a long-term prospective study. Hepatology 30 (1999) 58-64
130. Myers R.P., and Lee S.S. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 6 (2000) S44-S52
131. Ripoll C., Catalina M.V., Yotti R., Olmedilla L., Perez-Pena J., Lo I.O., et al. Cardiac dysfunction during liver transplantation: incidence and preoperative predictors. Transplantation 85 (2008) 1766-1772
132. Gadano A., Hadengue A., Widmann J.J., Vachiery F., Moreau R., Yang S., et al. Hemodynamics after orthotopic liver transplantation: study of associated factors and long-term effects. Hepatology 22 (1995) 458-465
133. Carey E.J., Gautam M., Ingall T., and Douglas D.D. The effect of liver transplantation on autonomic dysfunction in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl 14 (2008) 235-239