Punishing Persistent Offenders: Exploring Community and Offender Perspectives

Punishing Persistent Offenders: Exploring Community and Offender Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-304

  Roberts, Julian V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Canada; Convicted offenders; England; General public; Justice system; Recidivist sentencing premium; Repeat offenders; Sentencing; United States; Wales

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920872858     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283897.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (440)

1. Abel, C. and Marsh, F. (1984) Punishment and Restitution: A Restitutionary Approach to Crime and the Criminal. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2. Adler, J. (1991) The Urgings of Conscience: A Theory of Punishment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3. Ahmed, E., Harris, N., Braithwaite, J., and Braithwaite, V. (2001) Shame Management Through Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Albonetti, C. (1991) 'An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion'. Social Problems, 38: 247-65.
5. Alpert, G. and Hicks, D. (1977) 'Prisoners' Attitudes Toward Components of the Legal and Judicial Systems'. Criminology, 14: 461-82.
6. Amelin, K., Willis, M., Blair, C. and Donnelly, D. (2000) Attitudes to Crime, Crime Reduction and Community Safety in Northern Ireland. Review of the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland. Research Report No. 1. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office.
7. Andrews, D. and Bonta, J. (1995) The Level of Service Inventory (revised edn). Toronto: Multihealth Systems.
8. Andrews, D. and Bonta, J. (2003) The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (3rd edn). Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Co.
9. Applegate, B., Cullen, F., Barton, S., Richards, P., Lanza-Kaduce, L., and Link, B. (1995) 'Public Support for Drunk-Driving Countermeasures: Social Policy for Saving Lives'. Crime and Delinquency, 41: 171-90.
10. Applegate, B., Cullen, F., Link, B., Richards, P., and Lanza-Kaduce, L. (1996) 'Determinants of Public Punitiveness toward Drunk Driving: A Factorial Survey Approach'. Justice Quarterly, 13: 57-79.
11. Applegate, B., Cullen, F., Turner, M., and Sundt, J. (1996) 'Assessing Public Support for Three-Strikes-and-You're-Out Laws: Global versus Specific Attitudes'. Crime and Delinquency, 42: 517-34.
12. Applegate, B., Cullen, F., Davis, R., and Cullen, F. (2007) Reconsidering Child Saving: The extent and correlates of public support for excluding youths from the juvenile court.Manuscript under review. Available from: bapplega@mail.ucf.edu.
13. Arcuri, A. (1976) 'Lawyers, Judges, and Plea Bargaining: Some New Data on Inmates' Views'. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 4: 177-91.
14. Aronson, E. (1999) The Social Animal (8th edn). New York: Worth Publishers.
15. Ashworth, A. (1996) 'The Sentencing Guideline System in England and Wales'. South African Journal of Criminal Justice, 19: 1-22.
16. Ashworth, A. (2000) Sentencing and Criminal Justice (3rd edn). London: Butterworths.
17. Ashworth, A. (2005) Sentencing and Criminal Justice (4th edn). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Ashworth, A. and Hough, M. (1996) 'Sentencing and the Climate of Public Opinion'. Criminal Law Review, November: 776-87.
19. Australian Law Reform Commission (1980) Sentencing of Federal Offenders. Interim Report No 15. Sydney: Australian Law Reform Commission.
20. Australian Law Reform Commission (2005) Sentencing of Federal Offenders. Sydney: Australian Law Reform Commission.
21. Bagaric, M. (2000a) 'The Errors of Retributivism'. Melbourne University Law Review, 24: 1-64.
22. Bagaric, M. (2000b) 'Double Punishment and Punishing Character: the unfairness of prior convictions'. Criminal Justice Ethics, 10: 10-28.
23. Bagaric, M. (2001) Punishment and Sentencing: A Rational Approach. Sydney: Cavendish Publishing.
24. Bagaric, M. and Amarasekara, K. (2001) 'Feeling Sorry-Tell Someone who Cares: The Irrelevance of Remorse in Sentencing'. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 40: 364-76.
25. Bagaric, M. and Edney, R. (2004) 'The Sentencing Advisory Commission and the Hope of Smarter Sentencing'. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 16: 125-39.
26. Baker, E. and Clarkson, C. (2002) 'Making Punishments Work? An Evaluation of the Halliday Report on Sentencing in England and Wales'. Criminal Law Review, February: 81-97.
27. Baker, J. (2003) The Oxford History of the Laws of England. Volume VI. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28. Baker, T. (1889) 'Systematic Sentencing of Prisoners', in H. Philips and E. Verney (eds.), 'War with Crime'. Being a Selection of Reprinted Papers on Crime, Reformatories etc. by the late T. Barwick Baker. London: Longmans.
29. Bakker, L., O'Malley, J., and Riley, D. (1999) Risk of Reconviction: Statistical Models Predicting Four Types of Re-Offending. Christchurch: New Zealand Department of Corrections.
30. Bala, N. (2003) Youth Criminal Justice Law. Toronto: Irwin Law.
31. BBC News (2002) Attitudes Towards Juries and Sentencing: Survey Results. Available at #http://www.bbc.co.uk/#.
32. Bean, P. (1981) Punishment: A Philosophical and Criminological Inquiry. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
33. Beattie, J. (1986) Crime and the Courts in England, 1660-1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
34. Beccaria, C. (1764; 1963) On Crimes and Punishments. London: Collier Macmillan.
35. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.
36. Beckett, K. and Sasson, T. (2000) The Politics of Injustice: Crime and Punishment in Contemporary American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Benaquisto, L. and Freed, P. (1996) 'The Myth of Inmate Lawlessness: The Perceived Contradiction between Self and Other in Inmates' Support for Criminal Justice Sanctioning Norms'. Law and Society Review, 30: 481-511.
38. Bennett, T. and Wright, R. (1984) Burglars on Burglary: Prevention and the Offender. Aldershot: Gower.
39. Bentham, J. (1843) The Works of Jeremy Bentham. Volume 1. Edinburgh: W. Tait.
40. Beresford, S. (2001) 'Unshackling the Paper Tiger-the Sentencing Practices of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda'. International Criminal Law Review, 1: 33-90.
41. Berman, J. (1976) 'Parolees' Perceptions of the Justice System'. Criminology, 13: 507-20.
42. Birkenmayer, A. and Besserer, S. (1997) Sentencing in Adult Provincial Courts: A Study of Nine Jurisdictions: 1993 and 1994. Ottawa: Ministry of Industry.
43. Blomberg, T., Bales, W., and Reed, K. (1993) 'Intermediate Punishment: Redistributing or Extending Social Control?' Crime, Law, and Social Change, 19: 187-201.
44. Blum-West, S. (1985) 'The Seriousness of Crime: A Study of Public Morality'. Deviant Behavior, 6: 83-98.
45. Blumstein, A. (2004) 'Restoring Rationality in Punishment Policy', in M. Tonry (ed.) The Future of Imprisonment. New York: Oxford University Press.
46. Bottomley, K. and Pease, K. (1986) Crime and Punishment: Interpreting the Data. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
47. Braithwaite, J. (1999) 'Restorative Justice: Assessing Optimistic and Pessimistic Accounts', in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 25. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Brillon, Y., Louis-Guerin, C., and Lamarche, M.C. (1984) Attitudes of the Canadian Public Toward Crime Policies. Montreal: Centre for Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal.
49. Brownfield, D. (2006), 'A Def ancei Theory of Sanctions and Gang Membership'. Journal of Gang Research, 13: 31-43.
50. Burbidge, S. (1982) Public Attitudes Concerning Pardons. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
51. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1991) Statutes Requiring the Use of Criminal History Record Information. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
52. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice (2000) Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
53. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice (2002) State Court Sentencing of Convicted Felons, 2002. Statistical Tables. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
54. Burke, P. and Turk, A. (1975) 'Factors Affecting Post-arrest Dispositions: A Model for Analysis'. Social Problems, 22: 313-32.
55. Calverly, D. (2006) 'Youth Custody and Community Services in Canada, 2003/04'. Juristat, 26: 2.
56. Canadian Committee on Corrections (1969) Report of the Canadian Committee on Corrections. Toward Unity: Criminal Justice and Corrections. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer.
57. Canadian Sentencing Commission (1987) Sentencing Reform: A Canadian Approach. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada.
58. Carlsmith, K., Darley, J., and Robinson, P. (2002) 'Why do we Punish? Deterrence and Just Deserts as Motives for Punishment'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 284-99.
59. Carroll, J. and Payne, J. (1977) 'Judgements about Crime and the Criminal', in B. Sales (ed.) Perspectives in Law and Psychology. Volume 1. New York: Plenum Press.
60. Casper, J. (1978a) Criminal Courts: The Defendant's Perspective. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
61. Casper, J. (1978b) 'Having Their Day in Court: Defendant Evaluations of the Fairness of Their Treatment'. Law and Society Review, 12: 237-51.
62. Champion, D. (1994) 'Selective Incapacitation and Recidivism: An Examination of the Issues', in Measuring Offender Risk: A Criminal Justice Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
63. Chermak, S. (1998) 'Predicting Crime Story Salience: the effects of crime, victim, and defendant characteristics'. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26: 61-70.
64. Clarke, A., Moran-Ellis, J. and Sleney, J. (2002) Attitudes to Date Rape and Relationship Rape: A Qualitative Study. London: Sentencing Advisory Panel.
65. Commissioners on the Public Records of the Kingdom (1831) Ancient Laws and Institutes of England. Volume the First. London: Price & Thorpe.
66. Conklin, J. (1975) The Impact of Crime. New York: Macmillan.
67. Cox, E. (1877) The Principles of Punishment as Applied in the Administration of Criminal Law, by Judges and Magistrates. London: Garland Publishing.
68. Crime and Justice Institute and Doble Research Associates (2005) Rethinking Justice in Massachusetts: Public Attitudes Toward Crime and Punishment. Boston: Crime and Justice Institute.
69. Cross, R. (1971) The English Sentencing System (1st edn). London: Butterworths.
70. Cross, R. and Ashworth, A. (1981) The English Sentencing System (3rd edn). London: Butterworths.
71. Cullen, F., Clark, G., Cullen, J., and Mathers, R. (1985) 'Attribution, Salience, and Attitudes Toward Criminal Sanctioning'. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12: 305-31.
72. Cullen, F., Fisher, B. and Applegate, B. (2000) Public Opinion about Punishment and Corrections', in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
73. Cullen, F.T., Link, B.G., and Polanzi, C.W. (1982) 'The Seriousness of Crime Revisited: Have Attitudes Toward White-Collar Crime Changed?' Criminology, 20:83-102.
74. Cumberland, J. and Zamble, E. (1992) 'General and Specific Measures of Attitudes Toward Early Release of Criminal Offenders'. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 24: 442-55.
75. Cunliffe, J. and Shepherd, A. (2007) Re-offending of Adults: Results from the 2004 Cohort. Home Office Statistical Bulletin. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
76. Daily Express (2006) The Crime Crusader Murdered by Hoodies. Killers Were Freed Just Hours Earlier. Thursday 13 April, p. 1.
77. Daily Mail (2006) Justice Denied. Violent Serial Offenders Walk Free. 26 June, p. 1.
78. Daily Record (2005) Warning. All the Experts Say This Rape Monster Will Strike Again ... but the System Has Set Him Free. Thursday 13 October, p. 1.
79. Daly, K. (2003) 'Mind the Gap: Restorative Justice in Theory and Practice', in A. von Hirsch, J.V. Roberts, A. Bottoms, K. Roach, and M. Schiff (eds.) Restorative and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
80. Damaska, M. (1968) 'Adverse Legal Consequences of a Conviction and Their Removal'. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 59: 542-68.
81. Darley, J., Carlsmith, K., and Robinson, P. (2000) 'Incapacitation and Just Deserts as Motives for Punishment'. Law and Human Behavior, 24: 659-83.
82. Davies, M. (1993) Punishing Criminals: Developing Community-Based Intermediate Sanctions. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
83. Davis, M. (1992) 'Just Deserts for Recidivists', in To Make the Punishment Fit the Crime: Essays in the Theory of Criminal Justice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
84. De Keijser, J., Van Koppen, P. and Elffers, H. (2006) Bridging the gap between judges and the public? An Experimental Study into the Role of Information. Leiden: Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement.
85. Departmental Committee on Persistent Offenders (1932) Report of the Departmental Committee on Persistent Offenders. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
86. Diamond, S. (1990) 'Revising Images of Public Punitiveness: Sentencing by Lay and Professional Magistrates'. Law and Social Inquiry, 15: 191-219.
87. Dignan, J. (2005) Understanding Victims and Restorative Justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
88. Division of Criminal Justice (1982) Crime in Colorado: A Survey of Citizens. Boulder, CO: Division of Criminal Justice.
89. Doble Research Associates (1994) Crime and Corrections: The Views of the People of Vermont. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Doble Research Associates.
90. Doble Research Associates (1995) Crime and Corrections: The Views of the People of Oklahoma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Doble Research Associates.
91. Doble Research Associates (1998) Crime and Corrections: The Views of the People of New Hampshire. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Doble Research Associates.
92. Doble, J. and Klein, J. (1989) Punishing Criminals: The Public's View: An Alabama Survey. New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation.
93. Dolan, M. and Doyle, M. (2000) 'Violence Risk Prediction: Clinical and Actuarial Measures and the Role of the Psychopathy Checklist'. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 303-11.
94. Doob, A.N. (1995) 'The United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines: If you don't know where you are going, you might not get there', in C. Clarkson and R. Morgan (eds.) The Politics of Sentencing Reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
95. Doob, A.N. (2001) Youth Court Judges' Views of the Youth Court System: The Results of a Survey. Toronto: Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto.
96. Doob, A.N. and Cesaroni, C. (2004) Responding to Youth Crime in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
97. Doob, A.N. and Roberts, J.V. (1982) Crime: Some Views of the Canadian Public. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
98. Doob, A.N. and Roberts, J.V. (1983) An Analysis of the Public's View of Sentencing. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
99. Doob, A.N. and Roberts, J.V. (1988) 'Public Punitiveness and Public Knowledge of the Facts: Some Canadian Surveys', in N. Walker and M. Hough (eds.) Public Attitudes to Sentencing. Cambridge Studies in Criminology. Aldershot: Gower.
100. Doob, A.N. and Roberts, J.V. and Webster, C. (2003) 'Sentence Severity and Crime: Accepting the Null Hypothesis', in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 30: 143-95. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
101. Duff, R.A. (2001) Punishment, Communication, and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
102. Dunbar, I. and Langdon, A. (1998) Tough Justice: Sentencing and Penal Policies in the 1990s. London: Blackstone Press Limited.
103. Durham, A. III (1987a) 'Crime Seriousness and Punitive Severity: An Assessment of Social Attitudes'. Justice Quarterly, 5: 131-53.
104. Durham, A. III (1987b) 'Justice in Sentencing: The Role of Prior Record of Criminal Involvement'. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 78: 614-43.
105. Ekstedt, J. (1988) Justice in Sentencing: Offender Perceptions. Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
106. English, K., Crouch, J. and Pullen, S. (1988) Attitudes Towards Crime: A Survey of Colorado Citizens and Criminal Justice Officials. Boulder, CO: Colorado Department of Public Safety.
107. Erskine, H. (1974) 'The Polls: Causes of Crime'. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50: 288-98.
108. Ewart, B. and Pennington, D. (1987) 'An Attributional Approach to Explaining Sentence Disparity', in D. Pennington and S. Lloyd-Bostock (eds.) The Psychology of Sentencing: Approaches to Consistency and Disparity. Oxford: Centre for Socio-Legal Studies.
109. Ewing, A. (1929) The Morality of Punishment. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., Ltd.
110. Farrell, R. and Swigert, V. (1978) 'Prior Offence Record as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy'. Law and Society, 12: 437-53.
111. Farrington, D. (1991) 'Childhood Aggression and Adult Violence: Early Precursors and Later Life Outcomes', in D. Pepler and K. Rubin (eds.) The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
112. Farrington, D., Coid, J., Harnett, L., Jolliffe, D., Soteriou, N., Turner, R., and West, D. (2006) Criminal Careers up to Age 50 and Life Success up to Age 48: New Findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Home Office Research Study 299. London: Home Office.
113. Ferrante, A., Loh, N., Maller, M., Valuri, G., and Fernandez, J. (2005) Crime and Justice Statistics for Western Australia: 2004. Crawley, Western Australia: Crime and Justice Research Centre, University of Western Australia.
114. Finkel, N., Maloney, S., Valbuena, M., and Groscup, J. (1996) 'Recidivism, Proportionalism, and Individualized Punishment'. American Behavioural Scientist, 39: 474-87.
115. Fiske, S. and Taylor, S. (1991) Social Cognition (2nd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill.
116. Fitzmaurice, C. and Pease, K. (1986) The Psychology of Judicial Sentencing. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
117. Flanagan, T. (1987) 'Change and Influence in Popular Criminology: Public Attributions of Crime Causation'. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15: 231-43.
118. Flanagan, T. and Longmire, D. (eds.) (1996) Americans View Crime and Justice: A National Public Opinion Survey. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
119. Fletcher, G. (1978) Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
120. Fletcher, G. (1982) 'The Recidivist Premium'. Criminal Justice Ethics, 1: 54-9.
121. Flood-Page, C. and Mackie, A. (1998) Sentencing Practice: An Examination of Decisions in Magistrates' Courts and the Crown Court in the Mid-1990s. Home Office Research Study 180. London: Home Office, Research and Statistics Directorate.
122. Florida Department of Corrections (1997) Corrections in Florida: What the Public Thinks: Results of a Survey of Floridians. Miami: Florida Department of Corrections.
123. Florida Department of Corrections (2007) Florida's Punishment Code: A Comparative Assessment. Florida Department of Corrections. Available at: #http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/sg_annual/0506/descoffenses.html#.
124. Floud, J. and Young, W. (1981) Dangerousness and Criminal Justice. London: Heinemann.
125. Fox, R. (1994) 'The Meaning of Proportionality in Sentencing'. Melbourne University Law Review, 19: 489-511.
126. Fox, R. (1999) 'When Justice Sheds a Tear: The Place of Mercy in Sentencing'. Monash University Law Review, 25: 1-28.
127. Frase, R. (2005) 'State Sentencing Guidelines: Diversity, Consensus, and Unresolved Policy Issues'. Columbia Law Review, 105: 1190-1232.
128. Freeman, J., Liossis, P., and David, N. (2006) 'Deterrence, Defiance and Deviance: An Investigation into a Group of Recidivist Drink Drivers' Self-Reported Offending Behaviours'. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 39: 1-19.
129. Freiberg, A. (2006) Twenty Years of Changes in the Sentencing Environment and Courts' Responses. Paper presented at Sentencing Conference, Canberra, 10-12 February.
130. Freiberg, A. and Gelb, K. (eds.) (2008) Penal Populism, Sentencing Councils and Sentencing Policy. Cullompton: Willan Publishing/Federation Press.
131. Furnham, A. and Alison, L. (1994) 'Theories of Crime, Attitudes to Punishment and Juror Bias Amongst Police, Offenders and the General Public'. Personality and Individual Differences, 17: 35-48.
132. Gabor, T. (1986) The Prediction of Criminal Behaviour: Statistical Approaches. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
133. Galaway, B. (1984) 'A Survey of Public Acceptance of Restitution as an Alternative to Imprisonment for Property Offenders'. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 17: 108-117.
134. Galligan, D. (1981) 'The Return to Retribution in Penal Theory', in C. Tapper (ed.) Crime, Proof and Punishment: Essays in Memory of Sir Rupert Cross. London: Butterworths.
135. Gandy, J. and Galaway, B. (1980) 'Restitution as a Sanction for Offenders: A Public's View', in J. Hudson and B. Galaway (eds.) Victims, Offenders, and Alternative Sanctions. Toronto: Lexington Books.
136. Gardiner, L. (1972) Living it Down: The Problem of Old Convictions. London: Stevens and Sons.
137. Gebotys, R. and Dasgupta, B. (1988) 'Attribution of Responsibility and Crime Seriousness'. The Journal of Psychology, 121: 607-13.
138. Gebotys, R. and Roberts, J. (1987) 'Public Views of Sentencing: The Role of Offender Characteristics'. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 19: 479-88.
139. Gelb, K. (2006) Myths and Misconceptions: Public Opinion versus Public Judgment about Sentencing. Melbourne: Sentencing Advisory Council.
140. Gendreau, P., Goggin, C., and Little, T. (1996) Predicting Adult Offender Recidivism: What Works! User Report 1996-07. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada.
141. Gest, T. (2001) Crime and Politics: Big Government's Erratic Campaign for Law and Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
142. Glanz, L. (1994) 'The South African Public's Attitudes towards Imprisonment and the Release of Offenders'. Acta Criminologica, 7: 54-80.
143. Graber, D. (1980) 'Media and Public Images of Criminals and Victims', in Crime News and the Public. New York: Praeger Publishers.
144. Green, D. (2005) 'Public Opinion Versus Public Judgment About Crime: Correcting the "Comedy of Errors"'. British Journal of Criminology, 46: 131-54.
145. Green, E. (1961) Judicial Attitudes in Sentencing: A Study of the Factors Underlying the Sentencing Practice of the Criminal Court of Philadelphia. London: Macmillan.
146. Greenberg, J. and Pyszczynski, T. (1985) 'The Effects of an Overheard Ethnic Slur on Evaluations of the Target: How to Spread a Social Disease'. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21: 61-72.
147. Greene, E. and Dodge, M. (1995) 'The Influence of Prior Record Evidence on Juror Decision Making'. Law and Human Behaviour, 19: 67-78.
148. Gross, H. (1979) A Theory of Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
149. Grunhut, M. (1948) Penal Reform: A Comparative Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
150. Haas, N., de Keijser, J., and Vanderveen, G. (2007) 'Steun voor eigenrichting. Invloed van Ernst van de aanleiding en mate van planning, een experiment'. Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 49: 45-56.
151. Hagan, J. and McCarthy, B. (1997) Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
152. Hall, G. (2002) Sentencing. Wellington: Butterworths.
153. Halman, L. (2002) The European Values Study: A Third Wave. Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University.
154. Hamilton, L. and Sanders, J. (1992) Everyday Justice. Responsibility and the Individual in Japan and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
155. Hamilton, V.L. and Rytina, S. (1980) 'Social Consensus on Norms of Justice: Does the Punishment Fit the Crime?' American Journal of Sociology, 85: 1117-44.
156. Hans, V. and Doob, A.N. (1976) 'Section 12 of the Canada Evidence Act and the Deliberation of Simulated Juries'. Criminal Law Quarterly, 18: 235-53.
157. Harcourt, B. (2007) Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
158. Harrel, W. (1981) 'The Effects of Alcohol Use and Offender Remorsefulness on Sentencing Decisions'. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11: 83-91.
159. Hawkins, D. (1981) 'Causal attribution and punishment for crime'. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2: 207-30.
160. Hayes, H. and Daly, K. (2004) 'Conferencing and ReOffending in Queensland'. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37: 167-91.
161. Hebenton, B. and Thomas, T. (1993) Criminal Records: State, Citizen and the Politics of Protection. Aldershot: Avebury.
162. Heggie, K. (1999) Review of the NSW Home Detention Scheme. Research Publication No 41. Sydney: New South Wales Department of Corrective Services.
163. Heider, F. (1944) 'Social Perception and Phenomenal Causality'. Psychological Review, 51: 358-74.
164. Heider, F. (1958) The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
165. Henham, R. (1995) 'Cumulative Sentencing and Penal Policy'. Journal of Criminal Law, 59: 420-30.
166. Henham, R. (2005) 'Procedural Rules and Trial Practice', in Punishment and Process in International Criminal Trials. London: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
167. Higginbottom, S.F. and Zamble, E. (1988) 'Categorization of Homicide Cases: Agreement, Accuracy and Confidence of Public Assignments'. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 30: 351-66.
168. Hilton, Z. (1993) 'Police Intervention and Public Opinion', in Legal Responses to Wife Assault. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
169. Hogarth, J. (1971) Sentencing as a Human Process. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
170. Hollin, C. and Howells, K. (1987) 'Lay Explanations of Delinquency: Global or Offence Specific?' British Journal of Social Psychology, 26: 203-10.
171. Home Office (1969) The Sentence of the Court: A Handbook for Courts and the Treatment of Offenders. London: Home Office.
172. Home Office (1999) Digest 4. Information on the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
173. Home Office (2000) Prison Statistics: England and Wales 1999. CM 4805. Norwich: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
174. Home Office (2001) Making Punishments Work: Report of the Sentencing Framework for England and Wales. London: Home Office.
175. Home Office (2005) Sentencing Statistics 2004: England and Wales. London: Home Office.
176. Home Office (2006) Rebalancing the Criminal Justice System in Favour of the Lawabiding Majority. Cutting Crime, Reducing Re-offending and Protecting the Public. London: Home Office.
177. Home Office (2007) Sentencing Statistics 2005: England and Wales. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
178. Horan, P., Myers, M., and Farnworth, M. (1982) 'Prior Record and Court Processes: The Role of Latent Theory in Criminology Research'. Sociology and Social Research, 67: 40-58.
179. Hough, M. (1992) Attitudes to Punishment: Findings from the 1992 British Crime Survey. London: South Bank University.
180. Hough, M. (1996) 'People Talking About Punishment'. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 35: 191-214.
181. Hough, M. Jacobson, J., and Millie, A. (2003) The Decision to Imprison: Sentencing and the Prison Population. London: Prison Reform Trust.
182. Hough, M. and Park, A. (2002) 'How Malleable are Attitudes to Crime and Punishment?', in J.V. Roberts and M. Hough (eds.) Changing Attitudes to Punishment. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
183. Hough, M. and Roberts, J.V. (1998) Attitudes to Punishment: Findings from the 1996 British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study No 179. London: Home Office.
184. Hough, M. and Roberts, J.V. (2004) Confidence in Justice: an international review. Research Findings. Number 243. London: Home Office.
185. Hough, M. and Roberts, J.V. Jacobson, J., Bredee, A., and Moon, N. (2007a) Attitudes to the Sentencing of Offences Involving Death by Driving. London: Sentencing Advisory Panel.
186. Hough, M. and Roberts, J.V. (2007b) 'Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice: The British Crime Survey and Beyond', in M. Hough and M. Maxfield (eds.) Surveying Crime in the 21st Century. Crime Prevention Studies. Volume 22. Cullompton: Willan Publishing and New York: Criminal Justice Press.
187. Hudson, B. (2003) 'Restorative Justice: diversion, compromise or replacement discourse?' in Understanding Justice (2nd edn). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
188. Hutton, N. (2005) 'Beyond populist punitiveness?' Punishment and Society. The International Journal of Penology, 7: 243-58.
189. Hutton, N. (2008) 'Institutional Mechanisms for Incorporating the Public in the Development of Sentencing Policy', in K. Gelb and A. Freiberg (eds.) Penal Populism: Sentencing Councils and Sentencing Policy. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
190. ICM Research (2002) BBC Crime Day Poll. Available at: #http://www.icmresearch.co.uk#.
191. ICM Research (2006a) BBC Poll. November 2005. Available at: #http://www.icmresearch.co.uk#.
192. ICM Research (2006b) Crime Survey. Fieldwork: July 12th-16th 2006. Available at: #http://www.icmresearch.co.uk#.
193. Indermaur, D. (1990) Crime Seriousness and Sentencing: A Comparison of Court Practice and the Perceptions of a Sample of the Public and Judges. Mount Lawley: Western Australian College of Advanced Education.
194. Indermaur, D. (1994) 'Offender Perceptions of Sentencing'. Australian Psychologist, 29: 140-44.
195. Ingram, M. (2004) 'Shame and Pain: Themes and Variations in Tudor Punishments', in S. Devereaux and P. Griffiths (eds.) Penal Practice and Culture, 1500-1900: Punishing the English. London: Palgrave.
196. Institute for Social Studies (1999) Sentencing in South Africa. Public Perception and the Judicial Process. Capetown: Institute for Social Studies.
197. Jacobson, J. and Hough, M. (2007) Mitigation: The Role of Personal Factors in Sentencing. London: Prison Reform Trust.
198. Jacoby, J.E. and Cullen, F.T. (1999) 'The Structure of Punishment Norms: Applying the Rossi-Berk Model'. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 89: 245-307.
199. Jareborg, N. (1995) 'The Swedish Sentencing Reform', in C. Clarkson and R. Morgan (eds.) The Politics of Sentencing Reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
200. Jewkes, Y. (2004) Media and Crime. London: Sage.
201. Jones, E. and Davis, K. (1965) 'From Acts to Dispositions: The Attribution Process in Person Perception', in L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
202. Jones, E. and Nisbett, R. (1972) 'The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior', in E. Jones, D. Kanouse, H. Kelley, R. Nisbett, S. Valins and B. Weiner (eds.) Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior. New Jersey: General Learning Press.
203. Justice 1 Committee (2002) Public Attitudes Towards Sentencing and Alternatives to Imprisonment. Available at: #http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/historic/justice1/reports-02/j1r02-parts-01.htm#.
204. Klein, R., Newman, I., Weis, D., and Bobner, R. (1983) 'The Continuum of Criminal Offenses Instrument: Further Development and Modification (p.241) of Sellin and Wolfgang's Original Criminal Index'. Journal of Offender Counseling, Services & Rehabilitation, 7: 33-53.
205. Kleinig, J. (1973) Punishment and Desert. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
206. Kleinke, C., Wallis, R., and Stalder, K. (1992) 'Evaluation of Rapist as a Function of Expressed Intent and Remorse'. Journal of Social Psychology, 132: 525-37.
207. Knight, D. (1965) 'Punishment Selection as a Function of Biographical Information'. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 56: 325-7.
208. Kommer, M. (2004) 'The Use of Public Opinion Research in Policymaking: The Dutch Experience', in S. Parmentier et al. (eds.) Public Opinion and the Administration of Justice: Popular Perceptions and their Implications for Policy Making in Western Countries. Brussels: Politeia.
209. Konecni, V. and Ebbesen, E. (1982) The Criminal Justice System: A Social Psychological Analysis. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
210. Kowalski, M. and Caputo, T. (1999) 'Recidivism in Youth Court: An Examination of the Impact of Age, Gender, and Prior Record'. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 41: 57-85.
211. Krohn, M. and Stratton, J. (1980) 'A Sense of Injustice? Attitudes toward the Criminal Justice System and Instutional Adaptations'. Criminology, 17: 495-504.
212. Lacey, N. (1988) State Punishment: Political Principles and Community Values. London: Routledge.
213. Landis, J. and Goodstein, L. (1986) 'When is Justice Fair? An Integrated Approach to the Outcome versus Procedure Debate'. American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 1986: 675-707.
214. Landreville, P. (1988) 'Points de vue de détenu-e-s du Québec sur quelques questions soulevées par le mandat de la Commission canadienne sur la détermination de la peine'. Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
215. Law Commission (2005) A New Homicide Act for England and Wales? A Consultation Paper. London: Law Commission of England and Wales.
216. Law Reform Commission of Canada (1976) Studies on Imprisonment. Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.
217. Law Reform Commission of Ireland (1993) Consultation Paper of Sentencing. March 1993. Dublin: The Law Reform Commission.
218. Lee Hamilton, V. and Sanders, J. (1992) Everyday Justice: Responsibility and the Individual in Japan and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
219. Madame Le Garde des Sceaux (2007) Communication au Conseil des Ministres. Paris: Ministère de la Justice.
220. Leng, R. and Manchester, C. (1991) A Guide to the Criminal Justice Act 1991. London: Fourmat Publishing.
221. Lerner, M. (1980) The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. New York: Plenum.
222. Levi, M. and Jones, S. (1985) 'Public and Police Perceptions of Crime Seriousness in England and Wales'. British Journal of Criminology, 25: 234-50.
223. Lloyd-Bostock, S. (2006) 'The effects on lay magistrates of hearing that the defendant is of "good character", being left to speculate, or hearing that he has a previous conviction'. Criminal Law Review, March: 189-212.
224. Lyon, J., Dennison, C., and Wilson, A. (2000) 'Tell Them So They Listen': Messages from Young People in Custody. Home Office Research Study No 201. London: Home Office.
225. MacPherson, D. (2002) 'The Relevance of Prior Record in the Criminal Law: A Response to the Theory of Professor von Hirsch'. Queen's Law Journal, 28: 177-219.
226. Makkai, T. and Braithwaite, J. (1994) 'Reintegrative Shaming and Compliance with Regulatory Standards'. Criminology, 32: 361-85.
227. Mande, M. and Butler, P. (1982) Crime in Colorado: A Survey of Citizens. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice.
228. Mande, M. and English, K. (1989) The Effect of Public Opinion on Correctional Policy: A Comparison of Opinions and Practices. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice.
229. Manson, A. (2001) The Law of Sentencing. Toronto: Irwin Law.
230. Martinovic, M. (2002) The Punitiveness of Electronically Monitored Community Based Programs. Paper presented at the Probation and Community Corrections Conference, Perth, September 2002.
231. Masden, D. (1978) 'Diversified Opinions Gathered from Sampling of Exoffenders'. American Journal of Corrections, 40: 22-24.
232. Matravers, M. (2000) Justice and Punishment: The Rationale of Coercion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
233. Mattinson, J. and Mirrlees-Black, C. (2000) Attitudes to Crime and Criminal Justice: Findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study No 200. London: Home Office.
234. Maxwell, G. and Morris, A. (1996) 'Research on Family Group Conferences with Young Offenders in New Zealand', in J. Hudson, A. Morris, G. Maxwell and B. Galaway (eds.) Family Group Conferences: Perspectives on Policy and Practice. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.
235. Maxwell, G. Kingi, V., Morris, A., Robertson, J., and Anderson, T. (2005) 'Differences in how girls and boys respond to family group conferences: preliminary research results', in L. Walgrave (ed.) Repositioning Restorative Justice. Cullompton: Willan.
236. McAuley, M. and Macdonald, K. (2004) 'Russia and Youth Crime'. British Journal of Criminology, 47: 2-22.
237. McGinnis, J. and Carlson, K. (1982) 'Offenders' Perceptions of their Sentences'. Journal of Offender Counseling, Services and Rehabilitation, 5: 27-32.
238. McTaggert, J. (1896) 'Hegel's Theory of Punishment'. International Journal of Ethics, 6: 482-99.
239. Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission (2006a) Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines and Commentary. Available at: #http://www.msgc.state.mn.us#.
240. Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission (2006b) Sentencing Practices: Annual Summary Statistics for Felony Offenders Sentenced in 2005.
241. Ministry of Justice (2007) Penal Policy-a Background Paper. London: Ministry of Justice, National Offender Management Service.
242. Missouri Sentencing Advisory Commission (2006) Recommended Sentencing User Guide, 2006. St. Louis: Missouri Sentencing Advisory Commission.
243. Monahan, J. (1982) 'The Case for Prediction in the Modified Desert Model of Criminal Sentencing'. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 5: 103-13.
244. Monahan, J. and Ruggiero, M. (1980) 'Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects of Determinate Criminal Sentencing'. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 3: 143-54.
245. Montesquieu, Baron de. (1764) The Spirit of Laws. Volume I. Cambridge: Collingwood and Sons.
246. Morris, A. and Maxwell, G. (2003) 'Restorative Justice in New Zealand', in A. von Hirsch, J. Roberts, A. Bottoms, K. Roach and M. Schiff (eds.) Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing.
247. Morris, N. and Tonry, M. (1990) Between Prison and Probation: Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
248. Morse, B. and Lock, L. (1988) Native Offender Perceptions of Sentencing. Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
249. Murphy, J. and Hampton, J. (1988) Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
250. Murray, C. (2005) 'Simple Justice', in D. Conway (ed.) Simple Justice. Charles Murray. London: Civitas.
251. Myers, M. and Talarico, S. (1987) The Social Contexts of Criminal Sentencing. London: Springer-Verlag.
252. Mylonas, A. and Reckless, W. (1963) 'Prisoners' Attitudes toward Law and Legal Authorities'. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 54: 479-84.
253. National Centre for State Courts (1978) The Public Image of the Courts. Virginia: National Centre for State Courts.
254. New Zealand Department of Justice (1982) Attitudinal Assessment of New Zealand Judiciary about Sentencing and Penal policy. Part 1. Analytical Summary. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Justice.
255. Newman, G. (1983) Just and Painful: A Case for Corporal Punishment of Criminals. London: Collier Macmillan.
256. Nisbett, R. and Ross, L. (1980) Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
257. Nuttall, C., Eversley, D., Rudder, I. and Ramsay, J. (2003) Views and Beliefs about Crime and Criminal Justice. Bridgetown, Barbados: Barbados Statistical Department.
258. Observer Newspaper (2003) Crime Uncovered. April 27, 2003.
259. O'Connor, M. (1984) 'The Perception of Crime and Criminality: The Violent Criminal and Swindler as Social Types'. Deviant Behavior, 5: 255-74.
260. O'Connell, M. (1999) 'Is Irish Public Opinion toward Crime Distorted by Media Bias?' European Journal of Criminology, 14: 191-212.
261. Office for Criminal Justice Reform (2006) Public Attitudes to Alternatives to Prosecution. London: Office for Criminal Justice Reform.
262. Ohio Criminal Sentencing Commission (2005) Monitoring Sentencing Reform. Columbus, OH: Ohio Criminal Sentencing Commission.
263. O'Neill, M., Maxfield, L., and Harer, M. (2004) 'Past as Prologue: Reconciling Recidivism and Culpability'. Fordham Law Review, 73: 245-95.
264. Oppenheim, A. (1992) Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. London: Continuum.
265. Oppenheimer, H. (1913) The Rationale of Punishment. London: University of London Press.
266. Oregon Criminal Justice Commission (2007) Statement of Purpose and Principles. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Criminal Justice Commission.
267. Orne, M. (1969) 'Demand Characteristics and the Concept of Quasicontrols', in R. Rosenthal and R. Rosnow (eds.) Artifacts in Behavior Research. New York: Academic Press.
268. Pakenham, F. (Lord Longford) (1961) The Idea of Punishment. London: Geoffrey Chapman.
269. Palys, T. (1976) 'An Assessment of Legal and Cultural Stigma Regarding Unskilled Workers'. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 18: 247-57.
270. Parker, S. (1998) Courts and the Public. Carlton South, Victoria: The Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Incorporated.
271. Parmentier, S., Vervaeke, G., Doutrelepont, R., and Kellens, G. (2004) Public Opinion and the Administration of Justice: Popular Perceptions and their Implications for Policy Making in Western Countries. Brussels: Politeia.
272. Parton, D.A., Hansel, M., and Stratton, J.R. (1991) 'Measuring Crime Seriousness: Lessons from the National Survey of Crime Severity'. British Journal of Criminology, 31: 72-85.
273. Paulin, J., Searle, W., and Knaggs, T. (2003) Attitudes to Crime and Punishment: A New Zealand Study. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
274. Petrucci, C. (2002) 'Apology in the Criminal Justice Setting: Evidence for Including Apology as an Additional Component in the Legal System'. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20: 337-62.
275. Petersilia, J. and Piper Deschenes, E. (1994) 'Perceptions of Punishment: Inmates and Staff Rank the Severity of Prison Versus Intermediate Sanctions'. The Prison Journal, 74: 306-28.
276. Pillsbury, S. (1998) Judging Evil: Rethinking the Law of Murder and Manslaughter. New York: New York University Press.
277. Piper, S. and Easton, C. (2005) Sentencing and Punishment: The Quest for Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
278. Piquero, A.R., Gomez-Smith, Z., and Langton, L. (2004) 'Discerning Unfairness Where Others May Not: Low Self-Control and Unfair Sanction Perceptions'. Criminology, 42: 699-732.
279. Podgorecki, A., Kaupen, W., Van Houtte, J., Vinke, P., and Kutchinsky, B. (1973) Knowledge and Opinion about Law. London: Martin Robertson and Company.
280. Pratt, J. (2007) Penal Populism. London: Routledge.
281. Prime, J., White, S., Liriano, S., and Patel, K. (2001) Criminal Careers of Those Born between 1953 and 1978. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
282. Princeton Survey Research Associates International (2006) The National Center for State Courts Sentencing Attitudes Survey: A Report on the Findings. Available at: #http://www.ncsconline.org#.
283. Public Safety Canada (2004) Public Views Toward Effective Corrections and the Correctional System in Canada. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.
284. R v O'Brien & Gloster [1997] 2 VR 714 (VSCA).
285. Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1980) 'Incapacitating the Habitual Criminal: The English Experience'. Michigan Law Review, 78: 1305-89.
286. Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1990) The emergence of penal policy in Victorian and Edwardian England. Volume 5 of A history of English criminal law and its administration from 1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
287. Raz, J. (1979) The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
288. Redondo, S., Luque, E., and Funes, J. (1996) 'Social Beliefs about Recidivism in Crime', in G. Davies, S. Lloyd-Bostock, M. McMurran, and C. Wilson (eds.) Psychology, Law, and Criminal Justice: International Developments in Research and Practice. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
289. Reed, J. and Nance, D. (1972) 'Society Perpetuates the Stigma of a Conviction'. Federal Probation, 2: 27-31.
290. Reiner, R. (2007) 'Media-made Criminality: The Representation of Crime in the Mass Media', in Oxford Handbook of Criminology (4th edn.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
291. Reiner, R., Livingstone, S., and Allen, J. (2003) 'From Law and Order to Lynch Mobs: Crime News since the Second World War', in P. Mason (ed.) Criminal Visions: Media Representations of Crime and Justice. Cullompton: Willan.
292. Renaud, G. (2004) Speaking to Sentence: A Practical Guide. Toronto: Thomson Carswell.
293. Report of the Advisory Council on the Penal System (1978) Sentences of Imprisonment: A Review of Maximum Penalties. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
294. Roberts, C., Clawson, E., Doble, J., Selton, C., and Briker, A. (2005) Rethinking Justice in Massachusetts: Public Attitudes Toward Crime and Punishment. Available at: #http://crjustice.org/cji/cjipublications.html#.
295. Roberts, J.V. (1988) Public Opinion and Sentencing: Surveys by the Canadian Sentencing Commission. Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
296. Roberts, J.V. (1992) 'Public Opinion, Crime and Criminal Justice', in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
297. Roberts, J.V. (1994) 'The Role of Criminal Record in the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines'. Criminal Justice Ethics, 13: 21-30.
298. Roberts, J.V. (1996) 'Public Opinion, Criminal Record and the Sentencing Process'. American Behavioral Scientist, 39: 488-99.
299. Roberts, J.V. (1997a) 'Paying for the Past: The Role of Criminal Record in the Sentencing Process', in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
300. Roberts, J.V. (1997b) 'Refining the Role of Criminal Record in the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: A Few Lessons from the States'. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 9: 213-15.
301. Roberts, J.V. (1999) 'Sentencing Research in Canada: An Overview'. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 41: 225-34.
302. Roberts, J.V. (2001) Fear of Crime and Attitudes to Criminal Justice in Canada: A Review of Recent Trends. 2001-2. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
303. Roberts, J.V. (2002a) 'Public Opinion and Sentencing Policy', in S. Rex and M. Tonry (eds.) Reform and Punishment: The Future of Sentencing. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
304. Roberts, J.V. (2002b) 'Determining Parole Eligibility Dates for Life Prisoners: Lessons from Jury Hearings in Canada'. Punishment and Society. The International Journal of Penology, 4: 103-114.
305. Roberts, J.V. (2003a) 'The Pluses and Minuses of Custody: Sentencing Reform in England and Wales'. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42: 229-47.
306. Roberts, J.V. (2003b) 'An Analysis of the Statutory Statement of the Purposes and Principles of Sentencing in New Zealand'. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36: 249-71.
307. Roberts, J.V. (2003c) 'Public Opinion and Mandatory Sentences of Imprisonment: A Review of International Findings'. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20: 1-26.
308. Roberts, J.V. (2004) The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
309. Roberts, J.V. (2005) 'The Fall and Rise of the Recidivist Premium: Recent Developments in England and Wales'. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 17: 171-75.
310. Roberts, J.V. (2008) 'Theoretical and Historical Perspectives-The Role of the Public and Public Opinion in the Development of Sentencing Policy and Practice', in K. Gelb and A. Freiberg (eds.) Penal Populism: Sentencing Councils and Sentencing Policy. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
311. Roberts, J.V. and Baker, E. (2007) 'Sentencing in Common Law Jurisdictions', in S. Shoham, M. Kett and O. Beck (eds.) International Comparative Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice. New York: Taylor and Francis.
312. Roberts, J.V. and Birkenmayer, A. (1997) 'Sentencing in Canada: Recent Statistical Trends'. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 39: 459-82.
313. Roberts, J.V. and Cole, D. (eds.) (1999) Making Sense of Sentencing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
314. Roberts, J.V., Crutcher, N. and Verbrugge, P. (2007) 'Public Attitudes to Sentencing in Canada: Some Recent Findings'. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 49: 75-107.
315. Roberts, J.V. and Hastings, A. (2001) 'Sentencing in Cases of Hate-motivated Crime: An Analysis of the Impact of Sub-paragraph 718.2(a) (i) of the Criminal Code'. Queen's Law Journal, 27: 93-128.
316. Roberts, J.V., and Hastings, R. (2007) 'Public Opinion and Crime Prevention: A Review of International Findings'. Revue de l'Institut pour la Prevention de la Criminalite, 1: 193-218.
317. Roberts, J.V. and Hough, M. (2005) Understanding Public Attitudes to Criminal Justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
318. Roberts, J.V. and Roach, K. (2003) 'Restorative Justice in Canada: From Sentencing Circles to Sentencing Principles', in A. von Hirsch, J. Roberts, A. Bottoms, K. Roach, and M. Schiff (eds.) Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing.
319. Roberts, J.V. and Roach, K. (2005) 'Community Sentencing and the Perspective of Crime Victims: A Socio-legal Analysis'. Queen's Law Journal, 30: 560-600.
320. Roberts, J.V.and Stalans, L.S. (1997) Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
321. Roberts, J.V. and Roach, K. (2004) 'Restorative Justice and the Sentencing Process: Exploring the Views of the Public'. Social Justice Research, 17: 315-34.
322. Roberts, J.V. and Roach, K., Stalans, L.S., Indermaur, D., and Hough, M. (2003) Penal Populism and Public Opinion: Lessons from Five Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
323. Roberts, J.V., and von Hirsch, A. (1995) 'Statutory Sentencing Reform: The Purpose and Principles of Sentencing'. Criminal Law Quarterly, 37: 220-42.
324. Roberts, J.V. and White, N. (1986) 'Public Estimates of Recidivism Rates: Consequences of a Criminal Stereotype'. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 28: 229-41.
325. Robinson, P. and Darley, J. (1995) Justice, Liability, and Blame: Community Views and the Criminal Law. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
326. Robinson, P. and Darley, J. (2003) 'The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules: At Its Worst When Doing Its Best'. Georgetown Law Journal, 91: 949-1002.
327. Robinson, D. T., Smith-Lovin, L., and Tsoudis, O. (1994) 'Heinous crime or unfortunate accident? The effects of remorse on responses to mock criminal confessions'. Social Forces, 73: 175-90.
328. Roche, D. (2003) Accountability in Restorative Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
329. Rose, G. (2000) The Criminal Histories of Serious Traffic Offenders. Home Office Research Study No 206. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
330. Rosenberg, M. (1969) 'The Conditions and Consequences of Evaluation Apprehension', in R. Rosenthal and R. Rosnow (eds.) Artifacts in Behavior Research. New York: Academic Press.
331. Ross, L. (1977) 'The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process', in L. Berkowitz (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
332. Rossi, P. and Berk, R. (1997) Just Punishments: Federal Guidelines and Public Views Compared. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
333. Ruddell, R. and Winfree, L. (2006) 'Setting Aside Criminal Convictions in Canada. A Successful Approach to Offender Reintegration'. The Prison Journal, 4: 452-69.
334. Ruddy, D. (2007) Reconviction in Northern Ireland: Results from the 2003 Cohort. Research and Statistics Bulletin 3/2007. Belfast: Statistics and Research Branch of the Northern Ireland Office.
335. Rugge, T. and Cormier, R. (2005) 'Restorative Justice in Cases of Serious Crime', in E. Elliott and R. Gordon (eds.) New Directions in Restorative Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
336. Ruscher, J. (1998) 'Prejudice and Stereotyping in Everyday Communication', in M. Zanna (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 30. San Diego: Academic Press.
337. Russell, N. and Morgan, R. (2001) Sentencing of Domestic Burglary. London: Sentencing Advisory Panel. Available at: #http://www.sentencingguidelines.gov.uk/research/index.html#.
338. Ryberg, J. (2004) The Ethics of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. London: Kluwer.
339. Salisbury, H. (2004) Public Attitudes to the Criminal Justice System: The Impact of Providing Information to British Crime Survey Respondents. Home Office Online Report 64/04. London: Home Office.
340. Sanders, J. and Hamilton, V. (1992) 'Legal Cultures and Punishment Repertoires in Japan, Russia, and the United States'. Law & Society Review, 26: 117-40.
341. Scher, S. and Darley, J. (1997) 'How Effective are the Things People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act'. Journal of Psycholinguistics Research, 26: 127-40.
342. Schmideberg, M. (1960) 'The Offender's Attitude Toward Punishment'. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 51: 328-34.
343. Schultz, C. and Allen, H. (1967) 'Inmate and Non-Inmate Attitudes Toward Punitiveness'. Criminology, 5: 40-5.
344. Schwartz, R. and Skolnick, J. (1962) 'Two Studies of Legal Stigma'. Social Problems, 10: 133-42.
345. Sebba, L. (1978) 'Some Explorations in the Scaling of Penalties'. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 15: 247-65.
346. Sebba, L. (1980) 'Is Mens Rea a Component of Perceived Offense Seriousness?' The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 71: 124-35.
347. Secretary of State (2002) Justice for All. CM 5563. Norwich: The Stationery Office.
348. Sentencing Guidelines Council (2004) Overarching Principles: Seriousness. London: Sentencing Guidelines Council. Available at: #http://www.sentencing-guidelines.gov.uk/research/index.html#.
349. Sharp, F. and Otto, M. (1909) 'A Study of the Popular Attitude towards Retributive Punishment'. International Journal of Ethics, 20: 341-57.
350. Shaver, K. (1970) 'Defensive Attribution: Effects of Severity and Relevance on the Responsibility Assigned for an Accident'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14: 10-113.
351. Shepherd, A. and Whiting, E. (2006) Re-Offending of Adults: Results from the 2003 Cohort. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 20/06. London: Home Office.
352. Sherman, L. (1993) 'Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction'. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30: 445-73.
353. Sherman, L. and Strang, H. (2007) Restorative Justice: the Evidence. London: The Smith Institute.
354. Shoemaker, R. (1991) Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Middlesex, c. 1660-1725. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
355. Shute, S. (1998) 'The Place of Public Opinion in the Sentencing Law'. Criminal Law Review, July: 465-77.
356. Shute, S. Hood, R., and Seemungal, F. (2005) A Fair Hearing? Ethnic Minorities in the Criminal Courts. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
357. Silvey, J. (1961) 'The Criminal Law and Public Opinion'. Criminal Law Review, June: 349-58.
358. Singer, R. (1979) Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
359. Smart, A. (1969) 'Mercy', in H. Acton (ed.) The Philosophy of Punishment: A Collection of Papers. London: MacMillan.
360. Smith, B., Sloan, J., and Ward, R. (1990) 'Public Support for the Victims' Rights Movement: Results of a Statewide Survey'. Crime and Delinquency, 36: 488-502.
361. Snowball, L. and Weatherburn, D. (2006) 'Indigenous Over-representation in Prison: The Role of Offender Characteristics'. Crime and Justice Bulletin. Number 99. Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.
362. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (2005) Public Opinion. Table 2.47. Available at: #http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook#.
363. South African Law Commission (2000) Sentencing (A New Framework). Report of Project 82. Available at: #http://www.doj.gov.za/salrc/dpapers.htm#.
364. South Australia Office of Crime and Statistics Research (2006) Crime and Justice in South Australia, 2005, Adult Courts and Corrections. Adelaide, SA: South Australia Office of Crime and Statistics Research.
365. Spier, P. (2001) Conviction and Sentencing of Offenders in New Zealand: 1991 to 2000. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Justice.
366. Spohn, C. (2002) How do Judges Decide? The Search for Fairness and Justice in Punishment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
367. Stalans, L. and Lurigio, A. (1990) 'Lay and Professionals' Beliefs About Crime and Criminal Sentencing: A Need for Theory, Perhaps Schema Theory'. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17: 333-49.
368. Stalans, L. and Diamond, S.S. (1990) 'Formation and Change in Lay Evaluations of Criminal Sentencing: Misrepresentation and Discontent'. Law and Human Behavior, 14: 199-214.
369. State of Oregon (2003) Sentencing Practices: Summary Statistics for Felony Offenders Sentenced in 2001. Oregon: State of Oregon Criminal Justice Commission.
370. Steblay, N., Hosch, N., Culhane, S., and A. McWethy (2006) 'The Impact on Juror Verdicts of Judicial Instructions to Disregard Inadmissable Evidence: A Meta-Analysis'. Law and Human Behavior, 30: 469-92.
371. Stephen, K. (1883) A History of the Criminal Law of England. New York: Franklin.
372. Sun, The (2004a) Laughing Hit-Run Driver With Long Record. Maniac Got Just 6 MONTHS Jail. Thursday, 15 April, pp. 8-9.
373. Sun, The (2004b) Drunk-drivers Face Curbs On Getting Back Licences. Thursday, 15 April, p. 10.
374. Sun, The (2006) 200 Murders By Yobs Freed Early. Saturday, April 22, p. 2.
375. Sundby, S. (1998) 'The Capital Jury and Absolution: The Intersection of Trial Strategy, Remorse, and the Death Penalty'. Cornell Law Review, 83: 1557-98.
376. Sutton, P. (1978) Variations in Federal Criminal Sentences: A Statistical Assessment at the National Level. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
377. Tasioulas, J. (2003) 'Mercy'. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, CIII: 101-32.
378. Taylor, C. and Kleinke, C. (1992) 'Effects of Severity of Accident, History of Drunk Driving, Intent, and Remorse on Judgments of a Drunk Driver'. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22: 1641-55.
379. Ten, C. (1987) Crime, Guilt, and Punishment. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
380. Thomas, D. (1970) Principles of Sentencing. (1st edn). London: Heinemann.
381. Thomas, D. (1979) Principles of Sentencing. (2nd edn). London: Heinemann.
382. Thomas, D. (2003) 'Judicial Discretion in Sentencing', in L. Gelsthorpe and N. Padfield (eds.) Exercising Discretion: Decision-Making in the Criminal Justice System and Beyond. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
383. Thomas, M. (2004) 'Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 2003/04'. Juristat, Volume 24, Number 12.
384. Thomas, R. and Diver-Stamnes, A. (1993) What Wrongdoers Deserve: The Moral Reasoning Behind Responses to Misconduct. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
385. Tonry, M. (1996) Sentencing Matters. New York: Oxford University Press.
386. Tonry, M. (2004) Punishment and Politics: Evidence and Emulation in the Making of English Crime Control Policy. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
387. Tornudd, P. (1997) 'Sentencing and Punishment in Finland', in M. Tonry and K. Hatlestad (eds.) Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times. New York: Oxford University Press.
388. Tufts, J. (2000) 'Public Attitudes toward the Criminal Justice System'. Juristat, Volume 20, Number 12.
389. Tufts, J. and Roberts, J.V. (2002) 'Sentencing Juvenile Offenders: Comparing Public Preferences and Judicial Practice'. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 13: 46-64.
390. Tyler, T. (2003) 'Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law', in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
391. Tyler, T. and Boeckmann, R. (1997) 'Three Strikes and You Are Out, but Why? The Psychology of Public Support for Punishing Rule Breakers'. Law and Society Review, 31: 237-65.
392. U.S. Department of Justice (2002) Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
393. U.S. Department of Justice (2004) State Court Sentencing of Convicted Felons, 2002. Statistical Tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
394. U.S. Sentencing Commission (2006) Guidelines Manual. Available at: #http://www.ussc.gov#.
395. Utah Sentencing Commission (2006) Adult Sentencing and Release Determinations: A Philosophical Approach. Available at: #http://www.sentencing.utah.gov#.
396. Utah Sentencing Commission (2007) 2007 Adult Sentencing and Release Guidelines. Available at: #http://www.sentencing.utah.gov#.
397. Vallacher, R. and Wegner, D. (1987) 'What Do People Think They're Doing? Action Identification and Human Behaviour'. Psychological Review, 94: 3-15.
398. Vanfraechem, I. (2005) 'Evaluating Conferencing for Serious Juvenile Offenders', in E. Elliott and R. Gordon (eds.) New Directions in Restorative Justice: Issues, Practice, Evaluation. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
399. Van Ness, D. and Strong, K. (2002) Restoring Justice (2nd edn). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
400. Versele, D., Goffin, R., Tsamadou, C., Legros, P., and van Haecht, A. (1972) Justice Penale et Opinion Publique. Bruxelles: Editions de l'Universite de Bruxelles.
401. Victoria Department of Justice (2006) Victoria Sentencing Manual. Available at: #http://www.justice.vic.gov.au/emanuals/VSM/Previous Convictions.htm#.
402. Victorian Sentencing Committee Report (1988) Sentencing: The Report of the Victorian Sentencing Committee. Melbourne: Victorian Attorney-General's Department.
403. Vidmar, N. (2002) 'Retributive Justice', in M. Ross and D. Miller (eds.) The Justice Motive in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
404. Vidmar, N. and Miller, D. (1980) 'Socialpsychological Processes Underlying Attitudes Toward Legal Punishment'. Law and Society Review, 14: 565-602.
405. von Hirsch, A. (1976) Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishments. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
406. von Hirsch, A. (1981) 'Desert and Previous Convictions in Sentencing'. Minnesota Law Review, 65: 591-634.
407. von Hirsch, A. (1985) Past or Future Crimes: Deservedness and Dangerousness in the Sentencing of Criminals. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
408. von Hirsch, A. (1991) 'Criminal Record Rides Again'. Criminal Justice Ethics, 10: 55-57.
409. von Hirsch, A. (1993) Censure and Sanctions. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
410. von Hirsch, A. (2002) 'Record-enhanced Sentencing in England and Wales: Reflections on the Halliday Reports Proposed Treatment of Prior Convictions', in S. Rex and M. Tonry (eds.) Reform and Punishment: The Future of Sentencing. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
411. von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A. (2005) Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
412. von Hirsch, A. and Shearing, C. (2003) 'Specifying Aims and Limits for Restorative Justice: A "Making Amends" Model?', in A. von Hirsch, J. Roberts, A. Bottoms, K. Roach, and M. Schiff (eds.) Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing.
413. von Hirsch, A., Bottoms, A., Burney, E., and Wikstrom, P.-.O. (1999) Criminal Deterrence and Sentence Severity: An Analysis of Recent Research. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
414. von Hirsch, A. and Jareborg, N. (1989) 'Sweden's Sentencing Statute Enacted'. Criminal Law Review, April: 275-80.
415. von Hirsch, A. and Roberts, J.V. (2004) 'Legislating Sentencing Principles: The Provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 Relating to Sentencing Purposes and the Role of Previous Convictions'. Criminal Law Review, August: 639-52.
416. Wake, R., Homes, A., and Wright, O. (2006) Attitudes to Alternatives to Prosecution-Discussion Groups with Victims and Witnesses. London: Home Office, Office for Criminal Justice Reform.
417. Walker, M. (1978) 'Measuring the Seriousness of Crimes'. British Journal of Criminology, 18: 348-64.
418. Walker, N. (1965) 'Recidivists', in Crime and Punishment in Britain. Edinburgh: University Press.
419. Walker, N. (1980) Punishment, Danger and Stigma: The Morality of Criminal Justice. Oxford: Blackwell.
420. Walker, N. (1985) Sentencing: Theory, Law and Practice. London: Butterworths.
421. Walker, N. (1999) Aggravation, Mitigation and Mercy in English Criminal Justice. London: Blackstone Press.
422. Walker, N. and Argyle, M. (1964) 'Does the Law Affect Moral Judgments?' British Journal of Criminology, 4: 570-81.
423. Walker, N. and Hough, M. (eds.) (1988) Public Attitudes to Sentencing: Surveys from Five Countries. Aldershot: Gower.
424. Walker, N. and Padfield, N. (1996) Sentencing: Theory, Law and Practice (2nd edn.) London: Butterworths.
425. Warner, S. (1992) Making Amends: Justice for Victims and Offenders. Avebury: Aldershot.
426. Washington State Sentencing Guidelines Commission (1992) A Statistical Summary of Adult Felony Sentencing. Olympia, WA: Washington State Sentencing Guidelines Commission.
427. Washington State Sentencing Guidelines Commission (2005) Recidivism of Adult Felons, 2004. Olympia, WA: Washington State Sentencing Guidelines Commission.
428. Washington State Sentencing Guidelines Commission (2006) Adult Sentencing Manual 2006. Available at: #http://www.sgc.wa.gov/pubs/Adult_Manual/Adult_sentencing_manual_2006.htm#.
429. Wasik, M. (1987) 'Guidance, Guidelines and Criminal Record', in M. Wasik and K. Pease (eds.) Sentencing Reform: Guidance or Guidelines? Manchester: Manchester University Press.
430. Wasik, M. and Taylor, R. (1991) Blackstone's Guide to the Criminal Justice Act 1991. London: Blackstone Press Limited.
431. Wasik, M. and von Hirsch, A. (1994) 'Section 29 Revised: Previous Convictions in Sentencing'. Criminal Law Review, June: 409-18.
432. Weatherburn, D. and Indermaur, D. (2004) 'Public Perceptions of Crime Trends in New South Wales and Western Australia'. Crime and Justice Bulletin. Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.
433. Weiner, B. (1980) Human Motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
434. Wilkins, L. (1984) Consumerist Criminology. London: Heinemann.
435. Wilkins, L. (1984) Consumerist Criminology. London: Heinemann.
436. Wolfgang, M., Figlio, R., Tracy, P., and Singer, S. (1985) The National Survey of Crime Severity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
437. Wood, J. and Viki, G. (2004) 'Public perceptions of crime and punishment', in J. Adler (ed.) Forensic Psychology: Concepts, Debates and Practice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
438. Wright, M. (2005) 'Is it Time to Question the Concept of Punishment?', in E. Elliott and R. Gordon (eds.) New Directions in Restorative Justice: Issues, Practice, Evaluation. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
439. Zamble, E. and Kalm, K. (1990) 'General and Specific Measures of Public Attitudes toward Sentencing'. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 22: 327-37.
440. Zimmerman, S., Van Alstyne, D., and Dunn, C. (1988) 'The National Punishment Survey and Public Policy Consequences'. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 25: 120-49.