Getting Even for Interpersonal Mistreatment in the Workplace: Triggers of Revengemotives and Behavior

Insidious Workplace Behavior

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 101-148

  Jones, David A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920732337     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203849439     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. Allred, K. G. (1995). Judgment, anger, and retaliation: A new perspective on non-cooperation in organizations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
2. Allred, K. G. (1999). Anger driven retaliation: Toward an understanding of impassioned conflict in organizations. In R. J. Bies, R. J. Lewicki, & B. H. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiations in organizations (Vol. 7, pp. 27–51). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
3. Ambrose, M. L., Seabright, M. A., & Schminke, M. (2002). Sabotage in the workplace: The role of organizational injustice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 947–965.
4. Analoui, F. (1995). Workplace sabotage: Its styles, motives and management. Journal of Management Development, 14, 48–65.
5. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452–471.
6. Aquino, K., & Douglas, S. (2003). Identity threat and antisocial behavior in organizations: The moderating effects of individual differences, aggressive modeling, and hierarchical status. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 195–208.
7. Aquino, K., Grover, S. L., Goldman, B., & Folger, R. (2003). When push doesn’t come to shove: Interpersonal forgiveness in workplace relationships. Journal of Management Inquiry, 12, 209–216.
8. Aquino, L., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame, attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 52–59.
9. Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2006). Getting even or moving on? Power, procedural justice, and types of offense as predictors of revenge, forgiveness, reconciliation, and avoidance in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 653–668.
10. Barclay, L. J., Skarlicki, D. P., & Pugh, S. D. (2005). Exploring the role of emotions in injustice perceptions and retaliation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 629–643.
11. Baron, R. A., & Neuman, J. H. (1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 161–173.
12. Baron, R. A., & Neuman, J. H. (1998). Workplace aggression—The iceberg beneath the tip of workplace violence: Evidence on its forms, frequency, and targets. Public Administration Quarterly, 21, 446–464.
13. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York, NY: The Free Press.
14. Bies, R. J. (1987). The predicament of injustice: The management of moral outrage. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 9, pp. 289–319). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
15. Bies, R. J. (2001). Interactional (in)justice: The sacred and the profane. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational behavior (pp. 89–118). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
16. Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communications criteria of fairness. In R. Lewicki, M. Bazerman, & B. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 1, pp. 43–55). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
17. Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. (1996). Beyond distrust: “Getting even” and the need for revenge. In R. M. Kramer & T. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations (pp. 246–260). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18. Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. (1998). Revenge in organizations: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In R. W. Griffin, A. O’Leary-Kelly, & J. Collins (Eds.), Dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Vol. 1. Violent behaviors in organizations. (pp. 49–68). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
19. Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. (2001). A passion for justice: The rationality and morality of revenge. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice (Vol. 2, pp. 197–208). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (2002). Hot flashes, open wounds: Injustice and the tyranny of its emotions. In S. Gilliland, D. Steiner, & D. Skarlicki (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on managing organizational justice (pp. 203–23). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
21. Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (2005). The study of revenge in the workplace: Conceptual, ideological, and empirical issues. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 65–81). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
22. Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M., & Kramer, R. M. (1997). At the breaking point: Cognitive and social dynamics of revenge in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Anitsocial behavior in organizations (pp. 18–36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Blader, S. L., Chang, C., & Tyler, T. R. (2001). Procedural justice and retaliation in organizations: Comparing cross-nationally the importance of fair group processes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 295–311.
24. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
25. Bobocel, D. R., & Zdaniuk, A. (2005). How can explanations be used to foster organizational justice? In J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 469–498). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
26. Bradfield, M., & Aquino, K. (1999). The effects of blame attributions and offender likeableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. Journal of Management, 25, 607–631.
27. Carlsmith, K. M., Darley, J. M., & Robinson, P. H. (2002). Why do we punish? Deterrence and just desserts as motives for punishment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 284–299.
28. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386–400.
29. Conlon, D. E., & Murray, N. M. (1996). Customer perceptions of corporate responsiveness to product complaints: The role of expectations. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1040–1056.
30. Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility at the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64–80.
31. Cropanzano, R., & Baron, R. A. (1991). Injustice and organizational conflict: The moderating role of power restoration. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2, 5–26.
32. Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Rupp, D. E. (2001). Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 164–201.
33. DeMore, S. W, Fisher, J. D., & Baron, R. M. (1988). The equity-control model as a predictor of vandalism among college students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 80–91.
34. Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
35. Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 787–799.
36. Ellard, J. H., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2002). A third-party observer’s reactions to employee mistreatment: Motivational and cognitive processes in deservingness assessments. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on managing organizational justice: Vol. 2. Research in social issues in management (pp. 133–158). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
37. Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Expressing forgiveness and repentance. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 133–155). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
38. Exline, J. J., Worthington, E. L., Hill, P., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Forgiveness and justice: A research agenda for social and personality psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 337–348.
39. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
40. Folger R., & Baron, R. A. (1996). Violence and hostility at work: A model of reactions to perceived injustice. In G. R. Van den Bos & E. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence on the job: Identifying risks and developing solutions (pp. 51–85). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
41. Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organizational justice and human resource management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42. Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (2001). Fairness theory: Justice as accountability. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational behavior (pp. 1–55). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
43. Folger, R., Cropanzano, R., & Goldman, B. (2005). What is the relationship between justice and morality? In J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 215–245). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
44. Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D. P. (1998). A popcorn metaphor for employee aggression. In R. W. Griffin, A. O’Leary-Kelly, & J. M. Collins (Eds.), Dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Violent and deviant behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 43–81). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
45. Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration-aggression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915–931.
46. Gabriel, Y. (1998). An introduction to the social psychology of insults in organizations. Human Relations, 51, 1329–1354.
47. Glasser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
48. Greenberg, J. (1990a). Employee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: The hidden cost of pay cuts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 561–568.
49. Greenberg, J. (1990b). Looking fair vs. being fair: Managing impressions of organizational justice. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 111–157). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
50. Greenberg, J. (1993). The social side of fairness: Interpersonal and informational classes of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management (pp. 79–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Greenberg, J. (1994). Using socially fair treatment to promote acceptance of a work site smoking ban. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 288–297.
52. Greenberg, J. (2006). Losing sleep over organizational injustice: Attenuating insomniac reactions to underpayment inequity with supervisory training in interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 58–69.
53. Hampton, J. (1988). Forgiveness, resentment, and hatred. In J. G. Murphy & J. Hampton (Eds.), Forgiveness and mercy (pp. 35–87). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
54. Hoel, H., Rayner, C., & Cooper, C. L. (1999). Workplace bullying. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 195–230). New York, NY: Wiley.
55. Hogan, R., & Emler, N. P. (1981). Retributive justice. In M. J. Lerner & S. C. Lerner (Eds.), The justice motive in social behavior (pp. 125–143). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
56. Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace.
57. Jones, D. A. (2004). Counterproductive work behavior toward supervisors and organizations: Injustice, revenge, and context. In D. H. Nagao (Ed.), Best paper proceedings of the sixty-fourth annual meeting of the Academy of Management [CD], ISSN 1543-8643.
58. Jones, D. A. (2009). Getting even with one’s supervisor and one’s organization: Relationships among types of injustice, desires for revenge, and counterproductive work behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 525–542.
59. Jones, D. A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2005). The effects of overhearing peers discuss an authority’s reputation for fairness on reactions to subsequent treatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 363–372.
60. Jones, D. A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2010). How perceptions of fairness can change: A dynamic model of organizational justice. Unpublished manuscript.
61. Kinney, J. A. (1995). Violence at work. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
62. Kramer, R. M. (1994). The sinister attribution error. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 199–231.
63. Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & de Vries, R. E. (2005). Predicting workplace delinquency and integrity with the HEXACO and five-factor models of personality structure. Human Performance, 18, 179–197.
64. Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
65. Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: The interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 483–496.
66. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
67. McLaughlin, M. L., Cody, M. J., & O’Hair, H. D. (1983). The management of failure events: Some contextual determinants of accounting behavior. Human Communication Research, 9, 208–224.
68. McLean Parks, J. M. (1997). The fourth arm of justice: The art and science of revenge. In R. J. Lewicki, R. J. Bies, & B. H. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 6, pp. 113–144). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
69. Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1997). Whistle-blowing as antisocial behavior. In R. A. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in organizations (pp. 130–149). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
70. Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1159–1168.
71. Morrill, C. (1992). Vengeance among executives. Virginia Review of Sociology, 1, 51–76.
72. Novaco, R. W. (1976). The functions and regulation of the arousal of anger. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1124–1128.
73. Ohbuchi, K., Kameda, M., & Agarie, N. (1989). Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 219–227.
74. O’Malley, M., & Greenberg, J. (1983). Sex differences in restoring justice: The down payment effect. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 174–185.
75. Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29, 123–137.
76. Perugini, M., Gallucci, M., Presaghi, F., & Ercolani, A. P. (2003). Reciprocity. European Journal of Personality, 17, 251–283.
77. Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management: The self-concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
78. Shapiro, D. L., Buttner, E. H., & Barry, B. (1994). Explanations: What factors enhance their perceived adequacy? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58, 346–368.
79. Shapiro, D. L., Trevino, L. K., & Victor, B. (1995). Correlates of employee theft: A multidimensional justice perspective. International Journal of Conflict Management, 6, 404–414.
80. Shaw, J. C., Wild, E., & Colquitt, J. A. (2003). To justify or excuse?: A meta-analytic review of the effects of explanations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 444–458.
81. Sheppard, B. H., Lewicki, R. J., & Minton, J. W. (1992). Organizational justice: The search for fairness in the workplace. New York, NY: Macmillan.
82. Skarlicki, D. P., Barclay, L. J., & Pugh S. D. (2008). When explanations for layoffs are not enough: Employer’s integrity as a moderator of the relationship between informational justice and retaliation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 123–146.
83. Skarlicki, D. P., Ellard, J. H., & Kelln, B. R. C. (1998). Third-party perceptions of a layoff: Procedural, derogation, and retributive aspects of justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 119–127.
84. Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434–443.
85. Skarlicki, D. P., Folger, R., & Gee, J. (2004). When social accounts backfire: The exacerbating effects of a polite message or an apology on reactions to an unfair outcome. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 322–341.
86. Skarlicki, D. P., & Latham, G. P. (2005). How can training be used to foster organizational justice? In J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 499–522). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
87. Stuckless, N., & Goranson, R. (1992). The Vengeance Scale: Development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 25–42.
88. Tedeschi, J. T., & Nesler, M. (1993). Grievances: Development and reactions. In R. Felson & J. T. Tedeschi (Eds.), Aggression and violence: A social interactionist approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
89. Townsend, J., Phillips, J. S., & Elkins, T. J. (2000). Employee retaliation: The neglected consequence of poor leader-member exchange relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 457–463.
90. Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (1997). What’s good about revenge? The avenger’s perspective. In R. J. Lewicki, R. J. Bies, & B. H. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 6, pp. 145–160). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
91. Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2002). Poetic justice or petty jealousy? The aesthetics of revenge. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 966–984.
92. Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2007). A vigilante model of justice: Revenge, reconciliation, forgiveness, and avoidance. Social Justice Research, 20, 10–34.
93. Tyler, T. R. (1987). Conditions leading to value-expressive effects in judgments of procedural justice: A test of four models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 333–344.
94. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115–191). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
95. Vardi, Y., & Weitz, E. (2004). Misbehavior in organizations: Theory, research and management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
96. Vidmar, N. (2000). Retribution and revenge. In J. Sanders & V. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of justice research in law (pp. 31–63). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic.
97. Williams, K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133–170). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
98. Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002). Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1068–1076.