Standardized Patient Assessment of Medical Student Empathy: Ethnicity and Gender Effects in a Multi-Institutional Study

Academic Medicine

Volumn 90, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 105-111

  Berg, Katherine ^a   Blatt, Benjamin ^b   Lopreiato, Joseph ^c   Jung, Julianna ^d   Schaeffer, Arielle ^e   Heil, Daniel ^f   Owens, Tamara ^g   Carter Nolan, Pamela L ^h   Berg, Dale ^f   Veloski, Jon ^f   Darby, Elizabeth ^c   Hojat, Mohammadreza ^f  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h HOWARD UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANCESTRY GROUP; CLINICAL TRIAL; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL STUDENT; MULTICENTER STUDY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RACISM; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TEACHING; UNITED STATES;

CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MID-ATLANTIC REGION; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PATIENT SIMULATION; QUESTIONNAIRES; RACISM; SELF REPORT; SEX FACTORS; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

EID: 84920716152     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: 1938808X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000529     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Osler W. Teaching and thinking. In: Aequanimitas, With Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses, and Practitioners of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Blakistons Son & Co.; 1904:121-136.
2. Association of American Medical Colleges. Learning Objectives for Medical Student Education: Guidelines for Medical Schools. 1998. https://www.aamc.org/initiatives/msop/. Accessed August 28, 2014.
3. American Board of Internal Medicine. Evaluation of humanistic qualities in the internists. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:720-724.
4. Hojat M. Empathy in Patient Care: Antecedents, Development, Measurement, and Outcomes. New York, NY: Springer; 2007.
5. Hojat M, Louis DZ, Markham FW, Wender R, Rabinowitz C, Gonnella JS. Physicians empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med. 2011;86:359-364.
6. Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, et al. The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med. 2009;84:1182-1191.
7. Passiment M, Sacks H, Huang G. Medical Simulation in Medical Education: Results of an AAMC Survey. September 2011. https://www.aamc.org/download/259760/data. Accessed August 28, 2014.
8. Terrill A, Anderson MB. Special section: Annex to the proceedings of the AAMC consensus conference on the use of standardized patients in teaching and evaluation of clinical skills. Teach Learn Med. 1994;6:2-35.
9. Colliver JA, Swartz MH, Robbs RS. The effect of examinee and patient ethnicity in clinical-skills assessment with standardized patients. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2001;6:5-13.
10. Swartz MH, Colliver JA, Robbs RS. The interaction of examinees ethnicity and standardized patients ethnicity: An extended analysis. Acad Med. 2001;76(10 suppl):S96-S98.
11. De Champlain AF, Schoeneberger J, Boulet JR. Assessing the impact of examinee and standardized patient ethnicity on test scores in a large-scale clinical skills examination: Gathering evidence for the consequential aspect of validity. Acad Med. 2004;79(10 suppl): S12-S14.
12. Berg K, Majdan JF, Berg D, Veloski J, Hojat M. Medical students self-reported empathy and simulated patients assessments of student empathy: An analysis by gender and ethnicity. Acad Med. 2011;86:984-988.
13. Kane GC, Gotto JL, Mangione S, West S, Hojat M. Jefferson Scale of Patients Perceptions of Physician Empathy: Preliminary psychometric data. Croat Med J. 2007;48:81-86.
14. Glaser KM, Markham FW, Adler HM, McManus PR, Hojat M. Relationships between scores on the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, patient perceptions of physician empathy, and humanistic approaches to patient care: A validity study. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:CR291-CR294.
15. Hojat M, Louis DZ, Maxwell K, Markham F, Wender R, Gonnella JS. Patient perceptions of physician empathy, satisfaction with physician, interpersonal trust, and compliance. Int J Med Educ. 2010;1:83-87.
16. Dorflinger L, Schumann K. Critical Synthesis Package: Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE). MedEdPORTAL. August 2013. https://www. mededportal.org/publication/9485. Accessed August 28, 2014.
17. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1563-1569.
18. Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, et al. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and preliminary psychometric data. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001;61: 349-365.
19. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, et al. Empathy in medical students as related to academic performance, clinical competence and gender. Med Educ. 2002;36:522-527.
20. Sherman JJ, Cramer A. Measurement of changes in empathy during dental school. J Dent Educ. 2005;69:338-345.
21. Ward J, Schaal M, Sullivan J, Bowen ME, Erdmann JB, Hojat M. Reliability and validity of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy in undergraduate nursing students. J Nurs Meas. 2009;17:73-88.
22. Alcorta-Garza A, Gonzlez-Guerrero JF, Tavitas-Herrera SE, Rodrguez-Lara FJ, Hojat M. Validity and reliability of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy in Mexican medical students [in Spanish]. Salud Ment [Mex]. 2005;28:57-63.
23. Kataoka HU, Koide N, Ochi K, Hojat M, Gonnella JS. Measurement of empathy among Japanese medical students: Psychometrics and score differences by gender and level of medical education. Acad Med. 2009;84:1192-1197.
24. Roh MS, Hahm BJ, Lee DH, Suh DH. Evaluation of empathy among Korean medical students: A cross-sectional study using the Korean version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. Teach Learn Med. 2010;22:167-171.
25. Di Lillo M, Cicchetti A, Lo Scalzo A, Taroni F, Hojat M. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Preliminary psychometrics and group comparisons in Italian physicians. Acad Med. 2009;84:1198-1202.
26. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44:113-126.
27. Hojat M, Mangione S, Kane GC, Gonnella JS. Relationships between scores of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Med Teach. 2005;27:625-628.
28. United States Medical Licensing Examinations. Step 2 Clinical Skills Content Description and General Information. January 2014. http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-2-cs/cs-info-manual.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2014.
29. Garaigordobil M. A comparative analysis of empathy in childhood and adolescence: Gender differences and associated socioemotional variables. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2009;9:217-235.
30. Martin D, Regehr G, Hodges B, McNaughton N. Using videotaped benchmarks to improve the self-assessment ability of family practice residents. Acad Med. 1998;73:1201-1206.
31. Carlson J, Min E, Bridges D. The impact of leadership and team behavior on standard of care delivered during human patient simulation: A pilot study for undergraduate medical students. Teach Learn Med. 2009;21:24-32.
32. Flin R, Maran R. Identifying and training non-technical skills for teams in acute medicine. Qual Saf Health Care (QSHC). 2004;13(suppl):S80-S84.
33. Berg K, Majdan JF, Berg D, Veloski J, Hojat M. A comparison of medical students selfreported empathy with simulated patients assessments of the students empathy. Med Teach. 2011;33:388-391.