The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and preliminary psychometric data

Educational and Psychological Measurement

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 349-365

  Hojat, Mohammadreza ^a   Mangione, Salvatore ^a   Nasca, Thomas J ^a   Cohen, Mitchell J M ^a   Gonnella, Joseph S ^a   Erdmann, James B ^a   Veloski, Jon ^a   Magee, Mike ^b  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035531764     PISSN: 00131644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/00131640121971158     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. American Board of Internal Medicine. (1983). Evaluation of humanistic qualities in the internist by subcommittee of evaluation of humanistic qualities in the internist of the American Board of Internal Medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine, 99, 720-724.
2. American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1985). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
3. Aring, C. D. (1958). Sympathy and empathy. Journal of American Medical Association, 167, 448-452.
4. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1993). The phases and focus of empathy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 66, 3-14.
5. Blumgart, H. L. (1964). Caring for the patient. New England Journal of Medicine, 270, 449-456.
6. Bolognini, S. (1997). Empathy and "empathism." International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 78, 279-293.
7. Brock, C. D., & Salinsky, J. V. (1993). Empathy: An essential skill for understanding the physician-patient relationship in clinical practice. Family Medicine, 25, 245-248.
8. Butterfiel, P. S., & Mazzaferri, E. L. (1991). New rating form for use by nurses in assessing residents' humanistic behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6, 155-161.
9. Butterfiel, P. S., Mazzaferri, E. L., & Sachs, L. A. (1987). Nurses as evaluators of the humanistic behavior of internal medicine residents. Journal of Medical Education, 62, 842-849.
10. Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
11. Colliver, J. A., Willis, M. S., Robbs, R. S., Cohen, D. S., & Swatz, M. H. (1998). Assessment of empathy in a standardized-patient examination. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 10, 8-11.
12. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. B. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI): and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
13. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
14. Engel, G. L. (1990). The essence of the biopsychosocial model: From 17th to 20th century science. In H. Balner (Ed.), A new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine? (pp. 13-18). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
15. Evans, B. J., Stanley, R. O., & Burrows, G. D. (1993). Measuring medical students' empathy skills. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 66, 121-133.
16. Feighny, K. M., Monaco, M., & Arnold, L. (1995). Empathy training to improve physician-patient communication skills. Academic Medicine, 70, 435-436.
17. Feudtner, C., Christakis, D. A., & Christakis, N. A. (1994). Do clinical clerks suffer ethical erosion? Students' perception of their ethical environment and personal development. Academic Medicine, 69, 670-679.
18. Fishbein, R. H. (1999). Scholarship, humanism, and the young physician. Academic Medicine, 74, 646-651.
19. Guzzetta, R. (1976). Acquisition and transfer of empathy by the parents of early adolescents through structural learning training. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23, 449-453.
20. Hatcher, S. L., Nadeau, M. S., Walsh, L. K., Reynold, M., Gales, J., & Marz, K. (1994). The teaching of empathy for high school and college students: Testing Rogerian methods with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Adolescence, 29, 961-974.
21. Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
22. Hojat, M., Nasca, T. J., Magee, M., Feeney, K., Pascual, R., Urbano, F., & Gonnella, J. S. (1999). A comparison of the personality profiles of internal medicine residents, physician role models, and the general population. Academic Medicine, 74, 1327-1333.
23. Hojat, M., Samuel, S., & Thompson, T. L., II. (1995). Searching for the lost key under the light of biomedicine: A triangular biopsychosocial paradigm may cast additional light on medical education, research and patient care. In S. K. Majumdar, L. M. Rosenfeld, D. B. Nash, & A. M. Audet (Eds.), Medicine and health care into the twenty-first century (pp. 310-325). Easton: The Pennsylvania Academy of Science.
24. Hunsdahl, J. (1967). Concerning einfuhlung (empathy): A concept of its origin and early development. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 3, 180-191.
25. Jackson, S. W. (1992). The listening healer in the history of psychological healing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1623-1632.
26. Jensen, N. (1994). The empathetic physician. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154, 108.
27. Kaiser, H. (1960). The application of electronic computer factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
28. Kaplan, C. B., & Centor, R. M. (1990). The use of nurses to evaluate house officers' humanistic behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 5, 410-414.
29. Kaufman, M. (1991, October 27). Try a little tenderness. The Philadelphia Enquirer Sunday Magazine, p. C3.
30. Lu, M. C. (1995). Why it was hard for me to learn compassion as a third-year medical student. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 4, 454-458.
31. Magee, M., & Hojat, M. (1998). Personality profiles of male and female positive role models in medicine. Psychological Reports, 82, 547-559.
32. Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. A. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
33. Nadelson, C. C. (1993). Ethics, empathy, gender, in health care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1309-1314.
34. Neuwirth, Z. E. (1997). Physician empathy: Should we care. Lancet, 350, 606.
35. Nightingale, D. S., Yamold, P. R., & Greenberg, M. S. (1991). Sympathy, empathy, and physician resource utilization. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6, 420-423.
36. Novack, D. H. (1987). Therapeutic aspects of the cl inical encounter. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2, 346-355.
37. Novack, D. H., Epstein, R. M., & Paulsen, R. H. (1999). Toward creating physician-healers: Fostering medical students' self-awareness, personal growth, and well being. Academic Medicine, 74, 516-520.
38. Peabody, F. W. (1984). The care of the patient. Journal of American Medical Association, 252, 813-818. (Original work published 1927)
39. Robinson, J. P. (1978). General attitudes toward people. In J. P. Robinson & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Measures of social psychological attitudes (pp. 587-589). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
40. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy: Personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology, a study of science: Foundations of the person and the social context (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
41. Rosenberg, M. (1957). Occupations and value. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
42. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
43. Self, D. J., Schrader, D. E., Baldwin, D. C., & Wolinsky, F. D. (1993). The moral development of medical students: A pilot study of the possible influence of medical education. Medical Education, 27, 26-34.
44. Spiro, H. (1992). What is empathy and can it be taught? Journal of the American Medical Association, 116, 843-846.
45. Spiro, H. M., Curnen, M. G., Peschel, E., & St. Jarnes, D. (1993). Empathy and the practice of medicine: Beyond pills and the scalpel. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
46. Streit-Forest, U. (1982). Differences in empathy: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Medical Education, 57, 65-67.
47. Suchman, A. L., Markakis, K., Beckman, H. B., & Frankel, R. (1997). A model of empathetic communication in the medical interview. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 678-682.
48. Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (1998). Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3, 231-251.
49. Verres, M. (1996). Touch me. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 1285-1286.
50. White, K. L. (1991). Healing the schism: Epidemiology, medicine, and the public's health. New York: Springer-Verlag.
51. Wolf, E. S. (1980). The dutiful physician: The central role of empathy in psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, and medical practice. Clinical Psychiatry, 2, 41-56.
52. Wooliscroft, J. O., Howell, J. D., Patel, B. P., & Swanson, D. B. (1994). Resident-patient interaction: The humanistic qualities of internal medicine residents as assessed by patient, attending physicians, program supervisors and nurses. Academic Medicine, 69, 216-224.
53. World Health Organization. (1948). World Health Organization constitution: Basic documents. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
54. Zinn, W. (1993). The empathetic physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 306-312.
55. Zinn, W. (1994). The empathetic physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154, 108.