Fennoscandian boreal forests as complex adaptive systems: Properties, management challenges and opportunities

Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems: Building Resilience to the Challenge of Global Change

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 244-268

  Kuuluvainen, Timo ^a   Siitonen, Juha ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920364969     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203122808     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. Aakala, T. And Keto-Tokoi, P. (2011) ‘The Old Norway Spruce Forests of Northern Boreal Fennoscandia Are Alive and Well: A Review of Siren (1955)’, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol 26, pp. 25-33.
2. Aakala, T., Kuuluvainen, T., Wallenius, T. And Kauhanen, H. (2009) ‘Contrasting Patterns of Tree Mortality in Late-Successional Picea abies Stands in Two Areas of Northern Fennoscandia’, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol 20, pp. 1016-1026.
3. Aaltonen, V.T. (1919) Über die naturliche Verjungung der Heidewalder im fi nnischen Lappland (in Finnish with German summary), Communicationes ex Instituto Quaestionum Foresta-lium Finlandiae Editae 1, 319pp.
4. Angelstam, P. (1998) ‘Maintaining and Restoring Biodiversity in European Boreal Forests by Developing Natural Disturbance Regimes’, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol 9, pp. 593-692.
5. Angelstam, P. And Kuuluvainen, T. (2004) ‘Boreal Forest Disturbance Regimes, Succes-sional Dynamics and Landscape Structures-a European Perspective’, Ecological Bulletins, vol 51, pp. 117-136.
6. Anon. (2011) Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa.
7. Auvinen, A.-P., Hilden, M., Toivonen, H., Primmer, E., Niemela, J., Aapala, K., Back, S., Harma, P., Ikavalko, J., Jarvenpaa, E., Kaipiainen, H., Korhonen, K.T., Kumela, H., Karkkainen, L., Lankoski, J., Laukkanen, M., Mannerkoski, I., Nuutinen, T., Nöjd, A., Punttila, P., Salminen, O., Söderman, G., Törma, M. And Virkkala, R. (2007) ‘Evaluation of the Finnish National Biodiversity Action Plan 1997-2005’, Monographs of the Boreal Environment Research, vol 29, pp. 1-55.
8. Bergeron, Y., Leduc, A., Harvey, B.D. And Gauthier, S. (2002) ‘Natural Fire Regime: A Guide for Sustainable Management of the Canadian Boreal Forest’, Silva Fennica, vol 36, pp.81-95.
9. Bradshaw, CJ.A., Warkentin, I.G. And Sodhi, N.S. (2009) ‘Urgent Preservation of Boreal Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol 24, pp. 541-548.
10. Bunnell, F.L. And Johnson, F. (1999) Policy and Practices for Biodiversity in Managed Forests: The Living Dance, UBC Press: Vancouver.
11. Cajander, A.K. (1926) ‘The Theory of Forest Types’, Acta Forestalia Fennica, vol 29, pp. 1-108.
12. Campbell, E., Saunders, S.C., Coates, D., Meidinger, D., MacKinnon, A., O’Neill, G., MacKillop, D. And DeLong, C. (2009) Ecological Resilience and Complexity: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding and Managing British Columbia’s Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Climate, BC Ministry of Forest and Range, Forest Science Program, Technical Report 055, 35pp.
13. Carey, A. (2003) ‘Biocomplexity and Restoration of Biodiversity in Temperate Coniferous Forest: Inducing Spatial Heterogeneity with Variable-Density Thinning’, Forestry, vol 76, pp. 127-136.
14. Drever, R.C., Peterson, G., Messier, C., Bergeron, Y. And Flannigan, M. (2006) ‘Can Forest Management Based on Natural Disturbances Maintain Ecological Resilience?’, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol 36, pp. 2285-2299.
15. Esseen, P.-A., Ehnström, B., Ericson, L. And Sjöberg, K. (1997) ‘Boreal Forests’, Ecological Bulletins, vol 46, pp. 16-47.
16. Fricker, M.D., Bebber, D. And Boddy, L. (2008) ‘Mycelial Networks: Structure and Dynamics’, in L. Boddy, J.C. Frankland and P. Van West (eds.), Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomyce-tes, Elsevier: London, pp. 3-18.
17. Granström, A. (1993) ‘Spatial and Temporal Variation in Lightning Ignitions in Sweden’, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol 4, pp. 737-744.
18. Grayston, S.J., Vaughan, D. And Jones, D. (1996) ‘Rhizosphere Carbon Flow in Trees, in Comparison with Annual Plants: The Importance of Root Exudation and its Impact on Microbial Activity and Nutrient Availability’, Applied Soil Ecology, vol 5, pp. 29-50.
19. Gromtsev, A. (2002) ‘Natural Disturbance Dynamics in the Boreal Forests of European Russia: A Review’, Silva Fennica, vol 36, pp. 41-55.
20. Gustafsson, L. And Perhans, K. (2010) ‘Biodiversity Conservation in Swedish Forests: Ways Forward for a 30-Year-Old Multi-scaled Approach’, Ambio, vol 39, pp. 546-554.
21. Gustafsson, L., Baker, S., Bauhus, J., Beese, WJ., Brodie, A., Kouki, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Lohmus, A., Martinez Pastur, G., Messier, C., Neyland, M., Palik, B., Svedrup-Thygeson, A., Volney, WJ.A., Wayne, A. And Franklin, J.F. (2012) ‘Retention Forestry to Maintain Multifunctional Forests: A World Perspective’, BioScience, vol 62, no 7, pp. 633-645.
22. Hanski, I. (2000) ‘Extinction Debt and Species Credit in Boreal Forests: Modelling the Consequences of Different Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation’, Annales Zoologici Fennici, vol 37, pp. 271-280.
23. Hanski, I. (2008) ‘Spatial Patterns of Coexistence of Competing Species in Patchy Habitat’, Theoretical Ecology, vol 1, pp. 29-43.
24. Harris, G. (2007) Seeking Sustainability in an Age of Complexity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
25. Havas, P. And Kubin, E. (1983) ‘Structure, Growth and Organic Matter Content in the Vegetation Cover of an Old Spruce Forest in Northern Finland’, Annales Botanici Fennici, vol 20, pp. 115-149.
26. Heikinheimo, O. (1915) Kaskiviljelyksen vaikutus Suomen metsiin. [The Effect of Slash-and-Burn Cultivation on Forests in Finland], Acta Forestalia Fennica, vol 4, 264 + 149pp.
27. Helmisaari, H.-S., Makkonen, K., Kellomaki, S., Valtonen, E. And Malkonen, E. (2002) ‘Below-and Aboveground Biomass, Production and Nitrogen Use in Scots Pine Stands in Eastern Finland’, Forest Ecology and Management, vol 165, pp. 317-326.
28. Holling, C.S. (2001) ‘Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological and Social Systems’, Ecosystems, vol 4, pp. 390-405.
29. Holling, S. And Meffe, G.K. (1996) ‘Command and Control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management’, Conservation Biology, vol 10, pp. 328-337.
30. Huhta, V., Hyvonen, R., Kaasalainen, P., Koskenniemi, A., Muona, J., Makela, I., Sulander, M. And Vilkamaa, P. (1986) ‘Soil Fauna of Finnish Coniferous Forest’, Annales Zoologici Fennici, vol 23, pp. 345-360.
31. Hunter, M.L. Jr., Jacobson, G.L. And Webb, T. (1988) ‘Paleoecology and the Coarse Filter Approach in Maintaining Biological Diversity’, Conservation Biology, vol 2, pp. 375-385.
32. Ilvesniemi, H., Levula, J., Ojansuu, R., Kolari, P., Kulmala, L., Pumpanen, J., Launiainen, S., Vesala, T. And Nikinmaa, E. (2009) ‘Long-Term Measurements of the Carbon Balance of a Boreal Scots Pine Dominated Forest Ecosystem’, Boreal Environmental Research, vol 14, pp. 731-753.
33. Ivessalo, Y. (1937) ‘Growth of Natural Normal Stands in Central North-Suomi’, Acta Forestalia Fennica, vol 24, no 2, pp. 1-168.
34. Jalonen, R., Hanski, I., Kuuluvainen, T., Nikinmaa, E., Pelkonen, P., Puttonen, P., Raitio, K. And Tahvonen, O. (2006) Uusi metsakirja [The New Forest Book], Gaudeamus: Helsinki (in Finnish).
35. Johnson, D.W. And Curtis, P.S. (2001) ‘Effects of Forest Management on Soil C and N Storage: Meta Analysis’, Forest Ecology and Management, vol 140, pp. 227-238.
36. Jonsell, M., Weslien, J. And Ehnstrom, B. (1998) ‘Substrate Requirements of Red-Listed Saproxylic Invertebrates in Sweden’, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 7, pp. 749-764.
37. Jonsson, B.G., Brumelis, G. And Kuuluvainen, T. (2011) ‘Early Classical Studies of Forest Ecology in Northern Europe’, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol 26, suppl 10, pp. 1-2.
38. Keto-Tokoi, P. And Kuuluvainen, T. (2010) Suomalainen aarniometsa. [The Finnish Primeval Forest], Maahenki, 303pp.
39. Kinzig, A.P., Pacala, S.W. And Tilman, D. (2002) Functional Consequences of Biodiversity: Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions, Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford, NJ.
40. Koljalg, U., Dalberg, A., Taylor, A.F.S., Larsson, E., Hallenberg, N., Stenlid, J., Larsson, K.-H., Fransson, P.M., Karen, O. And Jonsson, L. (2000) ‘Diversity and Abundance of Resupinate Thelephoroid Fungi as Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts in Swedish Boreal Forests’, Molecular Ecology, vol 9, pp. 1985-1996.
41. Kouki, J., Lofman, S., Martikainen, P., Rouvinen, S. And Uotila, A. (2001) ‘Forest Fragmentation in Fennoscandia: Linking Habitat Requirements of Wood-Associated Threatened Species to Landscape and Habitat Changes’, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol 16, suppl 3, pp. 27-37.
42. Kuuluvainen, T. (1994) ‘Gap Disturbance, Ground Microtopography and the Regeneration Dynamics of Boreal Coniferous Forests in Finland: A Review’, Annales foologici Fen-nici, vol 31, pp. 35-51.
43. Kuuluvainen, T. (2002) ‘Natural Variability of Forests as a Reference for Restoring and Managing Biological Diversity in Boreal Fennoscandia’, Silva Fennica, vol 36, pp. 97-125.
44. Kuuluvainen, T. (2009) ‘Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Based on Natural Ecosystem Dynamics in Northern Europe: The Complexity Challenge’, Ambio, vol 38, pp. 309-315.
45. Kuuluvainen, T. And Aakala, T. (2011) ‘Natural Forest Dynamics in Boreal Fennoscandia: A Review and Classification’, Silva Fennica, vol 45, no 5, pp. 823-841.
46. Kuuluvainen, T. And Grenfell, R. (2012) ‘Natural Disturbance Emulation in Boreal Forest Ecosystem Management-Theories, Strategies and a Comparison with Conventional Even-Aged Management’, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol 42, pp. 1185-1203.
47. Kuuluvainen, T. And Yllasjarvi, I. (2011) ‘On the Natural Regeneration of Dry Heath Forests in Finnish Lapland: A Review of V.T. Aaltonen (1919)’, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol 26, suppl 10, pp. 34-44.
48. Kuuluvainen, T., Maki, J., Karjalainen, L. And Lehtonen, H. (2002) ‘Tree Age Distributions in Old-Growth Forest Sites Vienansalo Wilderness, Eastern Fennoscandia’, Silva Fennica, vol 36, no 1, pp. 169-184.
49. Kuuluvainen, T., Tahvonen, O and Aakala, T. (2012) ‘Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Forest Management Boreal Fennoscandia: A Review’, Ambio, doi: 10.1007/s13280-012-0289-y, www.springerlink.com/content/9264u7j7hx227250/fulltext.pdf
50. Lampainen, J., Kuuluvainen, T., Wallenius, T.H., Karjalainen, L. And Vanha-Majamaa, I. (2004) ‘Long-Term Forest Structure and Regeneration after Wildfire in Russian Karelia’, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol 15, pp. 245-256.
51. Larjavaara, M., Kuuluvainen, T. And Rita, H. (2005) ‘Spatial Distribution of Lightning Ignited Forest Fires in Finland’, Forest Ecology and Management, vol 208, pp. 177-188.
52. Levin, S.A. (1998) ‘Ecosystems and the Biosphere as Complex Adaptive Systems’, Ecosystems, vol 1, pp. 431-436.
53. Liiri, M., Haimi, J. And Setala, H. (2004) ‘Maaperan hajottajayhteisot. [Decomposer communities in soil.]’, in T. Kuuluvainen, L. Saaristo, P. Keto-Tokoi, J. Kostamo, J. Kuuluvainen, M. Kuusinen, M. Ollikainen and P. Salpakivi-Salomaa (eds.), Metsan katkoissa-Suomen metsaluonnon monimuotoisuus. [Hidden in the Forest-Biodiversity of Finnish Forests.] Edita, Helsinki, p. 80 (in Finnish).
54. Lilja, S. And Kuuluvainen, T. (2005) ‘Structure of Old Pinus sylvestris Dominated Forest Stands along a Geographic and Human Impact Gradient in Mid-boreal Fennoscandia’, Silva Fennica, vol 39, pp. 407-428.
55. Lindahl, B., Stenlid, J., Olsson, S. And Finlay, R. (1999) ‘Translocation of 32P between Interacting Mycelia of Wood Decomposing Fungus and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Microcosm Systems’, New Phytologist, vol 144, pp. 183-193.
56. Lindholm, T. (2004) ‘Suomen metsat 1850’, in T. Kuuluvainen, L. Saaristo, P. Keto-Tokoi, J. Kostamo, J. Kuuluvainen, M. Kuusinen, M. Ollikainen and P. Saplakivi-Salomaa (eds), Metsan kdtkdissd-Suomen metsaluonnon monimuotoisuus, Edita, p. 119 (in Finnish).
57. Lindner, D.L., Vasaitis, R., Kubartova, A., Allmer, J., Johannesson, H., Bakin, M.T. And Stenlid, J. (2011) ‘Initial Fungal Colonizer Affects Mass Loss and Fungal Community Development in Picea abies Logs 6 yr after Inoculation’, Fungal Ecology, vol 4, pp. 449-460.
58. Loreau, M., Naeem, S. And Inchausti, P. (2002) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives, Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
59. Martikainen, P. And Kaila, L. (2004) ‘Sampling Saproxylic Beetles: Lessons from a 10-Year Monitoring Study’, Biological Conservation, vol 120, pp. 171-181.
60. Metsatilastollinen vuosikirja 1996-2009. Available at www.metla.fi/metinfo/tilasto/julkaisut/vsk/2002/index.html
61. Neuvonen, S. And Niemela, P. (1981) ‘Species Richness of Macrolepidoptera on Finnish Deciduous Trees and Shrubs’, Oecologia, vol 51, pp. 364-370.
62. Nyland, R.D. (2002) Silviculture: Concepts and Applications, McGraw Hill: Boston, MA.
63. Ostlund, L. And Roturier, S. (2011) ‘Forestry Historical Studies in the Province of Vaster-botten, Northern Sweden: A Review of Lars Tiren (1937)’, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol 26, suppl 10, pp. 91-99.
64. Ostlund, L., Zackrisson, O. And Strotz, H. (1998) ‘Potash Production in Northern Sweden: History and Ecological Effects of a Pre-industrial Forest Exploitation’, Environment and History, vol 4, pp. 345-358.
65. Ovaskainen, O., Hottola, J. And Siitonen, J. (2010) ‘Modeling Species Co-occurrence by Multivariate Logistic Regression Generates New Hypotheses on Fungal Interactions’, Ecology, vol 91, pp. 2514-2521.
66. Pennanen, J. (2002) ‘Forest Age Distribution under Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes-a Simulation-Based Analysis for Middle Boreal Fennoscandia’, Silva Fennica, vol 36, pp. 213-231.
67. Persson, T., Baath, E., Clarholm, M., Lundkvist, H., Söderström, B.E. And Sohlenius, B. (1980) ‘Trophic Structure, Biomass Dynamics and Carbon Metabolism of Soil Organisms in a Scots Pine Forest’, Ecological Bulletins, vol 32, pp. 419-459.
68. Pitkanen, A., Huttunen, P., Jugner, K. And Tolonen, K. (2002) ‘10 000 Year Local Forest Fire History in a Dry Heath Forest Site in Eastern Finland, Reconstructed from Charcoal Layer Records of a Small Mire’, Canadian Journal Forest Research, vol 32, pp. 1875-1880.
69. Pitkanen, A., Huttunen, P., Tolonen, K. Andjugner, K. (2003) ‘Long-Term Fire Frequency in the Spruce Dominated Forests of Ulvinsalo Strict Nature Reserve, Finland’, Forest Ecology and Management, vol 176, pp. 305-319.
70. Priha, O. (1999) ‘Microbial Activities in Soils under Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch’, Metsantutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja, vol 731, pp. 1-50.
71. Puettmann, K.J., Coates, K.D. And Messier, C. (2009) A Critique of Silviculture: Managing For Complexity, Island Press: Washington, DC.
72. Rajala, T., Peltoniemi, M., Hantula, J., Makipaa, R. And Pennanen, T. (2011) ‘RNA Reveals a Succession of Active Fungi during the Decay of Norway Spruce Logs’, Fungal Ecology, vol 4, pp. 437-448.
73. Rassi, P., Hyvarinen, E., Juslen, A. And Mannerkoski, I. (2010) The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species. Ymparistoministerio and Suomen ymparistokeskus, Helsinki. 685Pp.
74. Raunio, A., Schulman, A. And Kontula, T. (2008) The assessment of threatened habitat types in Finland-Part 1: Results and basis for assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 264 pp. (In Finnish with English summary), www.environment.fi/threatenedhabitattypes
75. Read, DJ. And Perez-Moreno, J. (2003) ‘Mycorrhizas and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems-a Journey Towards Relevance?’, New Phytologist, vol 157, pp. 475-492.
76. Rutanen, I. (1994) Beetles of the Old Forests in South-Finland I. Publications of the Water and Environment Administration, Series A 175, 80 pp. (In Finnish with English abstract).
77. Rutanen, I. (1995) Beetles of the Old Forests in South-Finland II. Publications of the Water and Environment Administration, Series A 215, 72 pp. (In Finnish with English abstract).
78. Scheffer, M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W.A., Brovkin, V., Carpenter S.R., Dakos, V., Held, H., van Hes, E.H, Rietkerk, M. And Sugihara, G. (2009) ‘Early-Warning Signals for Critical Transitions’, Nature, vol 461, pp. 53-59.
79. Schulze, E.D., Wirth, C., Mollicone, D. And Ziegler, W. (2005) ‘Succession after Stand Replacing Disturbances by Fire, Wind Throw and Insects in the Dark Taiga of Central Siberia’, Oecologia, vol 146, pp. 77-88.
80. Shorohova, E., Kuuluvainen, T., Kangur, A. And Jogiste, K. (2009) ‘Natural Stand Structures, Disturbance Regimes and Successional Dynamics in the Eurasian Boreal Forests: A Review with Special Reference to Russian Studies’, Annals of Forest Science, vol 66, article 201, 20pp., http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest/2008083
81. Shorohova, E., Kneeshaw, D., Kuuluvainen, T. And Gauthier, S. (2011) ‘Variability and Dynamics of Old-Growth Forests in the Circumboreal Zone: Implications for Conservation, Restoration and Management’, Silva Fennica, vol 45, no 5, pp. 785-806.
82. Siiskonen, H. (2007) ‘The Conflict between Traditional and Scientific Forest Management in 20th Century Finland’, Forest Ecology and Management, vol 249, pp. 125-133.
83. Siitonen, J. (2001) ‘Forest Management, Coarse Woody Debris and Saproxylic Organisms: Fennoscandian Boreal Forests as an Example’, Ecological Bulletins, vol 49, pp. 11-41.
84. Siitonen, J. And Hanski, I. (2004) ‘Metsalajiston ekologia ja monimuotoisuus. [Ecology and Biodiversity of Forest Species.]’, in T. Kuuluvainen, L. Saaristo, P. Keto-Tokoi, J. Kostamo, J. Kuuluvainen, M. Kuusinen, M. Ollikainen and P. Salpakivi-Salomaa (eds), Metsan katkdissa-Suomen metsaluonnon monimuotoisuus. [Hidden in the Forest-Biodiversity of Finnish Forests.], Edita: Helsinki, pp. 76-109 (in Finnish).
85. Simard, S.W., Perry, D.A., Jones, M.D., Myrold, D.D., Durall, D.M. And Molina, R. (1997) ‘Net Transfer of Carbon between Ectomycorrhizal Tree Species in the Field’, Nature, vol 388, pp. 579-582.
86. Siren, G. (1955) ‘The Development of Spruce Forest on Raw Humus Sites and its Ecology’, Acta Forestalia Fennica, vol 62, pp. 1-408.
87. Speight, M. (1989) Saproxylic Invertebrates and Their Conservation, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
88. Stokland, J. (2012A) ‘The Saproxylic Food Web’, in J. Stokland, J. Siitonen and B.G. Jons-son (eds.), Biodiversity in Dead Wood, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, Chapter 3, pp. 29-57.
89. Stokland, J. (2012B) ‘Host-Tree Associations’, in J. Stokland, J. Siitonen and B.G. Jonsson (eds.), Biodiversity in Dead Wood, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, Chapter 5, pp. 82-109.
90. Stokland, J. And Siitonen, J. (2012A) ‘Mortality Factors and Decay Succession’, in J. Stokland, J. Siitonen and B.G.Jonsson (eds.), Biodiversity in Dead Wood, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, Chapter 6, pp. 110-149.
91. Stokland, J. And Siitonen, J. (2012B) ‘Species Diversity of Saproxylic Organisms’, in J. Stokland, J. Siitonen and B.G.Jonsson (eds.), Biodiversity in Dead Wood, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, Chapter 11, pp. 248-274.
92. Syrjanen, K., Kalliola, R., Puolasmaa, A. And Mattson, J. (1994) ‘Landscape Structure and Forest Dynamics in Subcontinental Russian European Taiga’, Annales foologici Fennica, vol 31, pp. 19-36.
93. Tedersoo, L., Koljalg, U., Hallenberg, N. And Larsson, K.-H. (2003) ‘Fine-Scale Distribution of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Roots across Substrate Layers including Coarse Woody Debris in a Mixed Forest’, New Phytologist, vol 159, pp. 153-165.
94. Tilman, D. (1994) ‘Competition and Biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats’, Ecology, vol 75, pp. 2-16.
95. Tlalka, M., Bebber, D., Darrah, P.R. And Watkinsson, S.C. (2008) ‘Mycelial Networks: Nutrient Uptake, Translocation and Role in Ecosystems’, in L. Boddy, J. C. Frankland and P. Van West, Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes, Elsevier: London, pp. 43-62.
96. Wallenius, T., Kuuluvainen, T. And Vanha-Majamaa, I. (2004) ‘Fire History in Relation to Site Type and Vegetation in Eastern Fennoscandia, Russia’, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol 34, pp. 1400-1409.
97. Wallenius, T.H., Lilja, S. And Kuuluvainen, T. (2007) ‘Fire History and Tree Species Composition in Managed Picea abies Stands in Southern Finland: Implications for Restoration’, Forest Ecology and Management, vol 250, pp. 89-95.
98. Wallenius, T., Kauhanen, H., Herva, H. And Pennanen, J. (2010) ‘Long Fire Cycles in Northern Boreal Pinus Forests in Finnish Lapland’, Canadian Journal Forest Research, vol 40, pp. 2027-2035.