Nectar chemistry

Nectaries and Nectar

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 215-264

  Nicolson, Susan W ^a   Thornburg, Robert W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920181125     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5937-7_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (282)

1. Adler, L. S. (2000). The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos, 91, 409-420.
2. Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2005). Ecological costs and benefits of defenses in nectar. Ecology, 86, 2968-2978.
3. Adler, L. S., & Wink, M. (2001). Transfer of quinolizidine alkaloids from hosts to hemiparasites in two Castilleja-Lupinus associations: analysis of floral and vegetative tissues. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 29, 551-561.
4. Ahmad, S., Duval, D. L., Weinhold, L. C., & Pardini, R. S. (1991). Cabbage looper antioxidant enzymes: tissue specificity. Insect Biochemistry, 21, 563-572.
5. Ahmad, S., Pritsos, C. A., Bowen, S. M., Heisler, C. R., Blomquist, G. J., & Pardini, R. S. (1988). Antioxidant enzymes of larvae of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni: subcellular distribution and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase. Free Radical Research Communications, 4, 403-408.
6. Aizen, M. A. (2003). Down-facing flowers, humingbirds and rain. Taxon, 52, 675-680.
7. Alm, J., Ohnmeiss, T. E., Lanza, J., & Vriesenga, L. (1990). Preference of cabbage white butterflies and honey bees for nectar that contains amino acids. Oecologia, 84, 53-57.
8. Andersen, P. C., Brodbeck, B. V., & Mizell, R. F. (1989). Metabolism of amino acids, organic acids and sugars extracted from the xylem fluid of four host plants by adult Homalodisca coagulata. Entomologica Experimentalis et Applicata, 50, 149-159.
9. Andersson, S. (2003). Antennal responses to floral scents in the butterflies Inachis io, Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae), and Gonepteryx rhamni (Pieridae). Chemoecology, 13, 13-20.
10. Ankri, S., & Mirelman, D. (1999). Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection, 1, 125-129.
11. Ankri, S., Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., Wilchek, M., & Mirelman, D. (1997). Allicin from garlic strongly inhibits cysteine proteinases and cytopathic effects of Entamoeba histolytica. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41, 2286-2288.
12. Antonovics, J. (2005). Plant venereal diseases: insights from a messy metaphor. New Phytologist, 165, 71-80.
13. Baker, H. G. (1975). Sugar concentrations in nectars from hummingbird flowers. Biotropica, 7, 37-41.
14. Baker, H. G. (1978). Chemical aspects of the pollination biology of woody plants in the tropics. In: P. B. Tomlinson, & M. H. Zimmerman (Eds.), Tropical trees as living systems (pp. 57-82). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1973). Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature, 241, 543-545.
16. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1975). Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution. In: L. E. Gilbert, & P. H. Raven (Eds.), Coevolution of animals and plants (pp. 100-140). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
17. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1977). Intraspecific constancy of floral nectar amino acid complements. Botanical Gazette, 138, 183-191.
18. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1982a). Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination mechanisms and phylogeny. In: M. H. Nitecki (Ed.), Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology (pp. 131-171). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1983a). A brief historical review of the chemistry of floral nectar. In: B. Bentley, & T. Elias (Eds.), The biology of nectaries (pp. 126-152). New York: Columbia University Press.
20. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1983b). Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type. In: C. E. Jones, & R. J. Little (Eds.), Handbook of experimental pollination biology (pp. 117-141). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
21. Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1986). The occurrence and significance of amino acids in floral nectar. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 151, 175-186.
22. Baker, H. G., Baker, I., & Hodges, S. A. (1998). Sugar composition of nectar and fruits consumed by birds and bats in the tropics and subtropics. Biotropica, 30, 559-586.
23. Baker, H. G., Opler, P. A., & Baker, I. (1978). A comparison of the amino acid complements of floral and extrafloral nectars. Botanical Gazette, 139, 322-332.
24. Baker, I., & Baker, H. G. (1982b). Some chemical constituents of floral nectars of Erythrina in relation to pollinators and systematics. Allertonia, 3, 25-37.
25. Barbehenn, R. V., Bumgarner, S. L., Roosen, E. F., & Martin, M. M. (2001). Antioxidant defenses in caterpillars: role of the ascorbate-recycling system in the midgut lumen. Journal of Insect Physiology, 47, 349-357.
26. Barclay, R. M. R. (2002). Do plants pollinated by flying fox bats (Megachiroptera) provide an extra calcium reward in their nectar? Biotropica, 34, 168-171.
27. Barker, R. J., & Lehner, Y. (1974). Acceptance and sustenance value of naturally occurring sugars fed to newly emerged adult workers of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 187, 277-286.
28. Barker, R. J., Lehner, Y., & Kunzmann, M. R. (1980). Pesticides and honey bees: nectar and pollen contamination in alfalfa treated with dimethoate. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 9, 125-133.
29. Barnes, K., Nicolson, S. W., & Van Wyk, B.-E. (1995). Nectar sugar composition in Erica. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 23, 419-423.
30. Bergström, G., Dobson, H. E. M., & Groth, I. (1995). Spatial fragrance patterns within the flowers of Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 195, 221-242.
31. Bernardello, L., Galetto, L., & Forcone, A. (1999). Floral nectar chemical composition of some species from Patagonia. II. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 27, 779-790.
32. Bernardello, L., Galetto, L., & Rodriguez, I. G. (1994). Reproductive biology, variability of nectar features and pollination of Combretum fruticosum (Combretaceae) in Argentina. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 293-308.
33. Beutler, R. (1935). Nectar. Bee World, 24, 106-116, 128-136, 156-162.
34. Birch, G. G., & Kemp, S. E. (1989). Apparent specific volumes and tastes of amino acids. Chemical Senses, 14, 249-258.
35. Bitterman, M. E., Menzel, R., Fietz, A., & Schäfer, S. (1983). Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 97, 107-119.
36. Bleiweiss, R. (1998). Origin of hummingbird faunas. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 65, 77-97.
37. Bogdanov, S., Ruoff, K., & Persano Oddo, L. (2004). Physico-chemical methods for the characterisation of unifloral honeys: a review. Apidologie, 35, S4-S17.
38. Bolten, A. B., Feinsinger, P., Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1979). On the calculation of sugar concentration in flower nectar. Oecologia, 41, 301-304.
39. Borrell, B. J. (2004). Suction feeding in orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (Suppl.), 271, S164-S166.
40. Bozzo, G. G., Raghothama, K. G., & Plaxton, W. C. (2002). Purification and characterization of two secreted purple acid phosphatase isozymes from phosphate-starved tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cell cultures. European Journal of Biochemistry, 269, 6278-6286.
41. Bradshaw, S. D., & Bradshaw, F. J. (1999). Field energetics and the estimation of pollen and nectar intake in the marsupial honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus, in heathland habitats of South-Western Australia. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 169, 569-580.
42. Brosemer, R. W., & Veerabhadrappa, P. S. (1965). Pathway of proline oxidation in insect flight muscle. Biochemica and Biophysica Acta, 110, 102-112.
43. Brown, J. H., & Kodric-Brown, A. (1979). Convergence, competition, and mimicry in a temperate community of hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Ecology, 60, 1022-1035.
44. Bruneau, A. (1996). Phylogenetic and biogeographical patterns in Erythrina (Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) as inferred from morphological and chloroplast DNA characters. Systematic Botany, 21, 587-605.
45. Bruneau, A. (1997). Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 54-71.
46. Bubán, T., Orosz-Kovács, Z., & Farkas, Á. (2003). The nectary as the primary site of infection by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.: a mini review. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 183-194.
47. Buchmann, S. L. (1987). The ecology of oil flowers and their bees. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, 343-369.
48. Bukatsch, F., & Wildner, G. (1956). Determination of ascorbic acid in nectar, pollen, parts of blossoms and fruits. Phyton, 7, 37-46.
49. Búrquez, A., & Corbet, S. A. (1998). Dynamics of production and exploitation of nectar: lessons from Impatiens glandulifera Royle. In: B. Bahadur (Ed.), Nectary biology (pp. 130-152). Nagpur, India: Dattsons.
50. Carroll, A. B., Pallardy, S. G., & Galen, C. (2001). Drought stress, plant water status, and floral trait expression in fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium (Onagraceae). American Journal of Botany, 88, 438-446.
51. Carter, C., Graham, R. A., & Thornburg, R. W. (1999). Nectarin I is a novel, soluble germinlike protein expressed in the nectar of Nicotiana sp. Plant Molecular Biology, 41, 207-216.
52. Carter, C., Healy, R., O'Tool, N. M., Naqvi, S. M. S., Ren, G., Paark, S., Beattie, G. A., Horner, H. T., & Thornburg, R. W. (2007). Tobacco nectaries express a novel NADPH oxidase that is implicated in the defense of floral reproductive tissues against microorganisms. Plant Physiology, 143, 389-399.
53. Carter, C., Shafir, S., Yehonatan, L., Palmer, R. G., & Thornburg, R. (2006). A novel role for proline in plant floral nectars. Naturwissenschaften, 93, 72-79.
54. Carter, C., & Thornburg, R. W. (2000). Tobacco Nectarin I: purification and characterization as a germin-like, manganese superoxide dismutase implicated in the defense of floral reproductive tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 36726-36733.
55. Carter, C., & Thornburg, R. W. (2004a). Is the nectar redox cycle a floral defense against microbial attack? Trends in Plant Science, 9, 320-324.
56. Carter, C., & Thornburg, R. W. (2004b). Tobacco Nectarin III is a bifunctional enzyme with monodehydroascorbate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities. Plant Molecular Biology, 54, 415-425.
57. Carter, C., & Thornburg, R. W. (2004c). Tobacco Nectarin V is a flavin-containing berberine bridge enzyme-like protein with glucose oxidase activity. Plant Physiology, 134, 460-469.
58. Castellanos, M. C., Wilson, P., & Thomson, J. D. (2002). Dynamic nectar replenishment in flowers of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae). American Journal of Botany, 89, 111-118.
59. Chalcoff, V. R., Aizen, M. A., & Galetto, L. (2006). Nectar concentration and composition of 26 species from the temperate forest of South America. Annals of Botany, 97, 413-421.
60. Chandra, S., & Low, P. S. (1995). Role of phosphorylation in elicitation of the oxidative burst in cultured soybean cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 4120-4123.
61. Chapotin, S. M., Holbrook, N. M., Morse, S. R., & Gutiérrez, M. V. (2003). Water relations of tropical dry forest flowers: pathways for water entry and the role of extracellular polysaccharides. Plant, Cell and Environment, 26, 623-630.
62. Chittka, L., & Schürkens, S. (2001). Successful invasion of a floral market. Nature, 411, 653.
63. Corbet, S. A. (1978). Bee visits and the nectar of Echium vulgare L. and Sinapsis alba L. Ecological Entomology, 3, 25-37.
64. Corbet, S. A. (1990). Pollination and the weather. Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 13-30.
65. Corbet, S. A. (2003). Nectar sugar content: estimating standing crop and secretion rate in the field. Apidologie, 34, 1-10.
66. Corbet, S. A., & Delfosse, E. S. (1984). Honeybees and the nectar of Echium plantagineum L. in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology, 9, 125-139.
67. Corbet, S. A., Willmer, P. G., Beament, J. W. L., Unwin, D. M., & Pr͵s-Jones, O. E. (1979). Post-secretory determinants of sugar concentration in nectar. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2, 293-308.
68. Cotti, T. (1962). Ueber die quantitative Messung der Phosphataseaktivitaet in Nektarien. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 72, 306-331.
69. Crailsheim, K., & Leonhard, B. (1997). Amino acids in honeybee worker haemolymph. Amino Acids, 13, 141-153.
70. Crane, E. (1977). Dead bees under lime trees. Bee World, 58, 129-130.
71. Cresswell, J. E., & Galen, C. (1991). Frequency-dependent selection and adaptive surfaces for floral character combinations: the pollination of Polemonium viscosum. American Naturalist, 138, 1342-1353.
72. Cunningham, J. P., Moore, C. J., Zalucki, M. P., & West, S. A. (2004). Learning, odour preference and flower foraging in moths. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 87-94.
73. Dafni, A., Kevan, P. G., & Husband, B. C. (2005). Practical pollination biology. Cambridge, Ontario: Enviroquest.
74. Dafni, H., Lensky, Y., & Fahn, A. (1988). Flower and nectar characteristics of nine species of Labiatae and their influence on honeybee visits. Journal of Apicultural Research, 27, 103-114.
75. Davies, A. M. C. (1978). Proline in honey: an osmoregulatory hypothesis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 17, 227-233.
76. Davis, A. R. (1997). Influence of floral visitation on nectar-sugar composition and nectary surface changes in Eucalyptus. Apidologie, 28, 27-42.
77. Davis, A. R., Pylatuik, J. D., Paradis, J. C., & Low, N. H. (1998). Nectar-carbohydrate production and composition vary in relation to nectary anatomy and location within individual flowers of several species of Brassicaceae. Planta, 205, 305-318.
78. De La Barrera, E., & Nobel, P. S. (2004). Nectar: properties, floral aspects, and speculations on origin. Trends in Plant Science, 9, 65-69.
79. Deachathai, S., Mahabusarakam, W., Phongpaichit, S., Taylor, W. C., Zhang, Y. J., & Yang, C. R. (2006). Phenolic compounds from the flowers of Garcinia dulcis. Phytochemistry, 67, 464-469.
80. Del Baño, M. J., Lorente, J., Castillo, J., Benavente-Garcia, O., Del Río, J. A., Ortuño, A., Quirin, K. W., & Gerard, D. (2003). Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 4247-4253.
81. Del Pozo, J. C., Allona, I., Rubio, V., Leyva, A., De La Peña, A., Aragoncillo, C., & Paz-Ares, J. (1999). A type 5 acid phosphatase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana is induced by phosphate starvation and by some other types of phosphate mobilising/oxidative stress conditions. Plant Journal, 19, 579-589.
82. Dethier, V. G. (1976). The hungry fly. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
83. Detzel, A., & Wink, M. (1993). Attraction, deterrence or intoxication of bees (Apis mellifera) by plant allelochemicals. Chemoecology, 4, 8-18.
84. Devoto, M., Montaldo, N. H., & Medan, D. (2006). Mixed hummingbird: long-proboscid-fly pollination in "ornithophilous" Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) along a rainfall gradient in Patagonia, Argentina. Austral Ecology, 31, 512-519.
85. Dress, W. J., Newell, S. J., Nastase, A. J., & Ford, J. C. (1997). Analysis of amino acids in nectar from pitchers of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 1701-1706.
86. Dudareva, N., D'Auria, J. C., Hee Nam, K., Raguso, R. A., & Pichersky, E. (1998). Acetyl-CoA: benzylalcohol acetyltransferase-an enzyme involved in floral scent production in Clarkia breweri. Plant Journal, 14, 297-304.
87. Ecroyd, C. E., Franich, R. A., Kroese, H. W., & Steward, D. (1995). Volatile constituents of Dactylanthus taylorii flower nectar in relation to flower pollination and browsing by animals. Phytochemistry, 40, 1387-1389.
88. Ehlers, B. K., & Olesen, J. M. (1997). The fruit-wasp route to toxic nectar in Epipactis orchids? Flora, 192, 223-229.
89. Elisens, W. J., & Freeman, C. E. (1988). Floral nectar sugar composition and pollinator type among New World genera in tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae). American Journal of Botany, 75, 971-978.
90. Erhardt, A., Rusterholz, H.-P., & Stocklin, J. (2005). Elevated carbon dioxide increases nectar production in Epilobium angustifolium L. Oecologia, 146, 311-317.
91. Faegri, K., & Van Der Pijl, L. (1979). The principles of pollination ecology, 3rd edn. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
92. Fahn, A. (2000). Structure and function of secretory cells. Advances in Botanical Research, 31, 37-75.
93. Felton, G. W., & Summers, C. B. (1995). Antioxidant systems in insects. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 29, 187-197.
94. Ferreres, F., Andrade, P., Gil, M. I., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (1996). Floral nectar phenolics as biochemical markers for the botanical origin of heather honey. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung, 202, 40-44.
95. Fleming, P. A., Hartman Bakken, B., Lotz, C. N., & Nicolson, S. W. (2004). Concentration and temperature effects on sugar intake and preferences in a sunbird and a hummingbird. Functional Ecology, 18, 223-232.
96. Forcone, A., Galetto, L., & Bernardello, L. (1997). Floral nectar chemical composition of some species from Patagonia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 25, 395-402.
97. Fowden, L., Lea, P. J., & Bell, E. A. (1979). The nonprotein amino acids of plants. Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, 50, 117-175.
98. Frankie, G. W., Haber, W. A., Baker, I., & Baker, H. G. (1982). A possible chemical explanation for differential flower foraging by anthoporid bees among individuals of Tabebuia rosea in a neotropical dry forest. Brenesia, 20, 397-402.
99. Freeman, C. E., & Head, K. C. (1990). Temperature and sucrose composition of floral nectars in Ipomopsis longiflora under field conditions. Southwestern Naturalist, 35, 423-426.
100. Freeman, C. E., Reid, W. H., Becvar, J. E., & Scogin, R. (1984). Similarity and apparent convergence in the nectar-sugar composition of some hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Botanical Gazette, 145, 132-135.
101. Freeman, C. E., & Wilken, D. H. (1987). Variation in nectar sugar composition at the intraplant level in Ipomopsis longiflora (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany, 74, 1681-1689.
102. Galen, C., Sherry, R. A., & Carroll, A. B. (1999). Are flowers physiological sinks or faucets? Costs and correlates of water use by flowers of Polemonium viscosum. Oecologia, 118, 461-470.
103. Galetto, L., & Bernardello, G. (2003). Nectar sugar composition in angiosperms from Chaco and Patagonia (Argentina): an animal visitor's matter? Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 69-86.
104. Galetto, L., & Bernardello, G. (2004). Floral nectaries, nectar production dynamics and chemical composition in six Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) in relation to pollinators. Annals of Botany, 94, 269-280.
105. Galetto, L., Bernardello, G., Isele, I. C., Vesprini, J., Speroni, G., & Berduc, A. (2000). Reproductive biology of Erythrina crista-galli (Fabaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 87, 127-145.
106. Galetto, L., Bernardello, G., & Sosa, C. A. (1998). The relationship between floral nectar composition and visitors in Lycium (Solanaceae) from Argentina and Chile: what does it reflect? Flora, 193, 303-314.
107. Galetto, L., & Bernardello, L. M. (1992). Extrafloral nectaries that attract ants in Bromeliaceae: structure and nectar composition. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70, 1101-1106.
108. Gardener, M. C., & Gillman, M. P. (2001a). Analyzing variability in nectar amino acids: composition is less variable than concentration. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27, 2545-2558.
109. Gardener, M. C., & Gillman, M. P. (2001b). The effects of soil fertilizer on amino acids in the floral nectar of corncockle, Agrostemma githago (Caryophyllaceae). Oikos, 92, 101-106.
110. Gardener, M. C., & Gillman, M. P. (2002). The taste of nectar-a neglected area of pollination ecology. Oikos, 98, 552-557.
111. Gass, C. L., & Roberts, W. M. (1992). The problem of temporal scale in optimization: three contrasting views of hummingbird visits to flowers. American Naturalist, 140, 829-853.
112. Gil, M. I., Ferreres, F., Ortiz, A., Subra, E., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (1995). Plant phenolic metabolites and floral origin of rosemary honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43, 2833-2838.
113. Gottsberger, G., Arnold, T., & Linskens, H. F. (1990). Variation in floral nectar amino acids with aging of flowers, pollen contamination, and flower damage. Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 167-176.
114. Gottsberger, G., Schrauwen, J., & Linskens, H. F. (1984). Amino acids and sugars in nectar, and their putative evolutionary significance. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 145, 55-77.
115. Grant, V. (1994). Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 10407-10411.
116. Griebel, C., & Hess, G. (1940). The vitamin C content of flower nectar of certain Labiatae. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel, 79, 168-171.
117. Gryj, E., Martínez Del Rio, C., & Baker, I. (1990). Avian pollination and nectar use in Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.). Biotropica, 22, 266-271.
118. Guerrant, E. O., & Fiedler, P. L. (1981). Flower defenses against nectar-pilferage by ants. Biotropica (suppl. Reproductive Botany), 13, 25-33.
119. Hagler, J. R., & Buchmann, S. L. (1993). Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging responses to phenolic-rich nectars. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66, 223-230.
120. Hagler, J. R., Cohen, A. C., & Loper, G. M. (1990). Production and composition of onion nectar and honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging activity in Arizona. Environmental Entomology, 19, 327-331.
121. Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1999). Free radicals in biology and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
122. Hammer, M., & Menzel, R. (1995). Learning and memory in the honeybee. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1617-1630.
123. Hanny, B. W., & Elmore, C. D. (1974). Amino acid composition of cotton nectar. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 22, 476-478.
124. Hansen, D. M., Olesen, J. M., Mione, T., Johnson, S. D., & Muller, C. B. (2007). Coloured nectar: distribution, ecology, and evolution of an enigmatic floral trait. Biological Reviews, 82, 83-111.
125. Hansen, K., Wacht, S., Seebauer, H., & Schnuch, M. (1998). New aspects of chemoreception in flies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 855, 143-147.
126. Harder, L. D. (1986). Effects of nectar concentration and flower depth on flower handling efficiency of bumble bees. Oecologia, 69, 309-315.
127. Hazslinsky, B. (1956). Poisonous honey from deadly nightshade. Zeitschrift für Bienenforschung, 3, 93-96.
128. Heil, M., Rattke, J., & Boland, W. (2005). Postsecretory hydrolysis of nectar sucrose and specialization in ant/plant mutualism. Science, 308, 560-563.
129. Heinrich, G. (1989). Analysis of cations in nectars by means of a laser microprobe mass analyser (LAMMA). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 64, 293-308.
130. Herrera, C. M., Pérez, R., & Alonso, C. (2006). Extreme intraplant variation in nectar sugar composition in an insect-pollinated perennial herb. American Journal of Botany, 93, 575-581.
131. Heyneman, A. J. (1983). Optimal sugar concentrations of floral nectars: dependence on sugar intake efficiency and foraging costs. Oecologia, 60, 198-213.
132. Hiebert, S. M., & Calder, W. A. (1983). Sodium, potassium, and chloride in floral nectars: energy-free contributions to refractive index and salt balance. Ecology, 64, 399-402.
133. Hilder, V. A., Powell, K. S., Gatehouse, A. M. R., Gatehouse, J. A., Gatehouse, L. N., Shi, Y., Hamilton, W. D. O., Merryweather, A., Newell, C. A., Timans, J. C., Peumans, W. J., Van Damme, E., & Boulter, D. (1995). Expression of snowdrop lectin in transgenic tobacco plants results in added protection against aphids. Transgenic Research, 4, 18-25.
134. Holl, K. D. (1995). Nectar resources and their influence on butterfly communities on reclaimed coal surface mines. Restoration Ecology, 3, 76-85.
135. Honda, K., Ômura, H., & Hayashi, N. (1998). Identification of floral volatiles from Ligustrum japonicum that stimulate flower-visiting by cabbage buttterfly, Pieris rapae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24, 2167-2180.
136. Horner, H. T., Healy, R. A., Ren, G., Fritz, D., Seames, C., & Thornburg, R. W. (2007). Amyloplast to chromoplast conversion in developing ornamental tobacco floral nectaries provides sugar for nectar and antioxidants for protection. American Journal of Botany, 94, 12-24.
137. Hrassnigg, N., Leonhard, B., & Crailsheim, K. (2003). Free amino acids in the haemolymph of honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.). Amino Acids, 24, 205-212.
138. Huang, S.-Q., Takahashi, Y., & Dafni, A. (2002). Why does the flower stalk of Pulsatilla cernua (Ranunculaceae) bend during anthesis? American Journal of Botany, 89, 1599-1603.
139. Inouye, D. W., Favre, N. D., Lanum, J. A., Levine, D. M., Meyers, J. B., Roberts, M. S., Tsao, F. C., & Wang, Y.-Y. (1980). The effects of nonsugar nectar constituents on estimates of nectar energy content. Ecology, 61, 992-996.
140. Inouye, D. W., & Waller, G. D. (1984). Responses of honeybees (Apis mellifera) to amino acid solutions mimicking floral nectars. Ecology, 65, 618-625.
141. Jackson, S., & Nicolson, S. W. (2002). Xylose as a nectar sugar: from biochemistry to ecology. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 131, 613-620.
142. Jakubska, A., Przado, D., Steininger, M., Aniol-Kwiatkowska, J., & Kadej, M. (2005). Why do pollinators become "sluggish"? Nectar chemical constituents from Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3, 29-38.
143. Jaycox, E. R. (1964). Effect on honeybees of nectar from systemic insecticide-treated plants. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57, 31-35.
144. Jeffrey, D. C., Arditti, J., & Koopowitz, H. (1970). Sugar content in floral and extrafloral exudates of orchids: pollination, myrmecology and chemotaxonomy implication. New Phytologist, 69, 187-195.
145. Johnson, S. A., Nicolson, S. W., & Jackson, S. (2006a). Nectar xylose metabolism in a rodent pollinator (Aethomys namaquensis): defining the role of gastrointestinal microflora using 14C-labelled xylose. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 79, 159-168.
146. Johnson, S. D., Hargreaves, A. L., & Brown, M. (2006b). Dark bitter-tasting nectar functions as a filter of flower visitors in a bird-pollinated plant. Ecology, 87, 2709-2716.
147. Johnson, S. D., Pauw, A., & Midgley, J. (2001). Rodent pollination in the African lily Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88, 1768-1773.
148. Juergens, A. (2004). Nectar sugar composition and floral scent compounds of diurnal and nocturnal Conophytum species (Aizoaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 70, 191-205.
149. Kaczorowski, R. L., Gardener, M. C., & Holtsford, T. P. (2005). Nectar traits in Nicotiana section Alatae (Solanaceae) in relation to floral traits, pollinators, and mating system. American Journal of Botany, 92, 1270-1283.
150. Kearns, C. A., & Inouye, D. W. (1993). Techniques for pollination biologists. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
151. Kevan, P. G. (1976). Fluorescent nectar. Science, 194, 341-342.
152. Kingsolver, J. G., & Daniel, T. L. (1983). Mechanical determinants of nectar feeding strategy in hummingbirds: energetics, tongue morphology, and licking behavior. Oecologia, 60, 214-226.
153. Kingsolver, J. G., & Daniel, T. L. (1995). Mechanics of food handling by fluid-feeding insects. In: R. F. Chapman & G. de Boer (Eds.), (pp. 32-73). Regulatory mechanisms in insect feeding New York: Chapman & Hall.
154. Kleijn, D., & Snoeijing, G. I. J. (1997). Field boundary vegetation and the effects of agrochemical drift: botanical change caused by low levels of herbicide and fertilizer. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1413-1425.
155. Klinkhamer, P. G. L., & De Jong, T. J. (1993). Attractiveness to pollinators: a plant's dilemma. Oikos, 66, 180-184.
156. Knudsen, J. T., Tollsten, L., & Bergstrom, L. G. (1993). Floral scents. A checklist of volatile compounds isolated by head-space techniques. Phytochemistry, 33, 253-280.
157. Koptur, S. (1994). Floral and extrafloral nectars of Costa Rican Inga trees: a comparison of their constituents and composition. Biotropica, 26, 276-284.
158. Krenn, H. W., Plant, J. D., & Szucsich, N. U. (2005). Mouthparts of flower-visiting insects. Arthropod Structure and Development, 34, 1-40.
159. Kronestedt-Robards, E. C., Greger, M., & Robards, A. W. (1989). The nectar of the Strelitzia reginae flower. Physiologia Plantarum, 77, 341-346.
160. Landolt, P. J., & Lenczewski, B. (1993). Lack of evidence for the toxic nectar hypothesis: a plant alkaloid did not deter nectar feeding by Lepidoptera. Florida Entomologist, 76, 556-566.
161. Langenberger, M. W., & Davis, A. R. (2002). Temporal changes in floral nectar production, reabsorption and composition associated with dichogamy in annual caraway (Carum carvi; Apiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 89, 1588-1598.
162. Lanza, J., Smith, G. C., Sack, S., & Cash, A. (1995). Variation in nectar volume and composition of Impatiens capensis at the individual, plant, and population levels. Oecologia, 102, 113-119.
163. Leiss, K. A., & Klinkhamer, P. G. L. (2005). Genotype by environment interactions in the nectar production of Echium vulgare. Functional Ecology, 19, 454-459.
164. Li, G., Bishop, K. J., & Hall, T. C. (2001). De novo activation of the beta-phaseolin promoter by phosphatase or protein synthesis inhibitors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 2062-2068.
165. Liu, F., He, J., & Fu, W. (2005). Highly controlled nest homeostasis of honey bees helps deactivate phenolics in nectar. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 297-299.
166. Loper, G. M., Waller, G. D., & Berdel, R. L. (1976). Effect of flower age on sucrose content in nectar of citrus. HortScience, 11, 416-417.
167. Lord, K. A., May, M. A., & Stevenson, J. H. (1968). The secretion of the systemic insecticides dimethoate and phorate into nectar. Annals of Applied Biology, 61, 19-27.
168. Lotz, C. N., & Nicolson, S. W. (1996). Sugar preferences of a nectarivorous passerine bird, the lesser double-collared sunbird (Nectarinia chalybea). Functional Ecology, 10, 360-365.
169. Lüttge, U. (1961). Über die Zusammensetzung des Nektars und den Mechanismus seiner Sekretion. I. Planta, 56, 189-212.
170. Lüttge, U. (1962). Über die Zusammensetzung des Nektars und den Mechanismus seiner Sekretion. II. Planta, 59, 108-114.
171. Martínez Del Rio, C., Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. (1992). Ecological and evolutionary implications of digestive processes: bird preferences and the sugar constituents of floral nectar and fruit pulp. Experientia, 48, 544-551.
172. Martínez Del Rio, C., Schondube, J. E., McWhorter, T. J., & Herrera, L. G. (2001). Intake responses in nectar feeding birds: digestive and metabolic causes, osmoregulatory consequences, and coevolutionary effects. American Zoologist, 41, 902-915.
173. Martins, D. J., & Johnson, S. D. (2007). Hawkmoth pollination of Aerangis and Rangaeris (Orchidaceae) in Kenya, with special reference to nectar sugar concentration gradients in the floral spurs. American Journal of Botany, in press.
174. Masters, A. R. (1991). Dual role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in nectar. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17, 195-205.
175. Mathlouthi, M., & Génotelle, J. (1995). Rheological properties of sucrose solutions and suspensions. In: M. Mathlouthi & P. Reiser (Ed.), Sucrose properties and applications (pp. 126-154). London: Blackie Academic & Professional.
176. McKenna, M. A., & Thomson, J. D. (1988). A technique for sampling and measuring small amounts of floral nectar. Ecology, 69, 1306-1307.
177. McTavish, H. S., Davies, N. W., & Menary, R. C. (2000). Emission of volatiles from brown Boronia flowers: some comparative observations. Annals of Botany, 86, 347-354.
178. Metzler, D. E. (2003). Biochemistry: the chemical reactions of living cells, 2nd edn. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
179. Micheu, S., Crailsheim, K., & Leonhard, B. (2000). Importance of proline and other amino acids during honeybee flight-Apis mellifera carnica (Pollmann). Amino Acids, 18, 157-175.
180. Mullin, C. A., Alfatafta, A. A., Harman, J. L., Serino, A. A., & Everett, S. L. (1991). Corn rootworm feeding on sunflower and other Compositae: influence of floral terpenoid and phenolic factors. In: P. A. Hedin (Ed.), Naturally occurring pest bioregulators (pp. 278-292). Washington DC: American Chemical Society.
181. Naef, R., Jaquier, A., Velluz, A., & Bachofen, B. (2004). From the linden flower to linden honey-volatile constituents of linden nectar, the extract of bee-stomach and ripe honey. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 1, 1870-1879.
182. Naqvi, S. M. S., Harper, A., Carter, C., Ren, G., Guirgis, A., York, W. S., & Thornburg, R. W. (2005). Nectarin IV, a potent endoglucanase inhibitor secreted into the nectar of ornamental tobacco plants. Isolation, cloning and characterization. Plant Physiology, 139, 1389-1400.
183. Natale, D., Mattiacci, L., Hern, A., Pasqualini, E., & Dorn, S. (2003). Response of female Cydia molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to plant derived volatiles. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 93, 335-342.
184. Nepi, M., Guarnieri, M., & Pacini, E. (2001). Nectar secretion, reabsorption, and sugar composition in male and female flowers of Cucurbita pepo. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 353-358.
185. Nicolson, S. W. (1990). Osmoregulation in a nectar-feeding insect, the carpenter bee Xylocopa capitata: water excess and ion conservation. Physiological Entomology, 15, 433-441.
186. Nicolson, S. W. (1994). Eucalyptus nectar: production, availability, composition and osmotic consequences for the larva of the eucalypt nectar fly, Drosophila flavohirta. South African Journal of Science, 90, 75-79.
187. Nicolson, S. W. (1998). The importance of osmosis in nectar secretion and its consumption by insects. American Zoologist, 38, 418-425.
188. Nicolson, S. W. (2002). Pollination by passerine birds: why are the nectars so dilute? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 131, 645-652.
189. Nicolson, S. W. (2007). Nectar consumers. In: S. W. Nicolson, M. Nepi, & E. Pacini (Eds.), Nectaries and nectar (pp. 289-342). Dordrecht: Springer.
190. Nicolson, S. W., & Fleming, P. A. (2003). Nectar as food for birds: the physiological consequences of drinking dilute sugar solutions. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 139-153.
191. Nicolson, S. W., & Nepi, M. (2005). Dilute nectar in dry atmospheres: nectar secretion patterns in Aloe castanea (Asphodelaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 227-233.
192. Nicolson, S. W., & Van Wyk, B.-E. (1998). Nectar sugars in Proteaceae: patterns and processes. Australian Journal of Botany, 46, 489-504.
193. Nicolson, S. W., & W.-Worswick, P. V. (1990). Sodium and potassium concentrations in floral nectars in relation to foraging by honey bees. South African Journal of Zoology, 25, 93-96.
194. Nobel, P. S. (1977). Water relations of flowering of Agave deserti. Botanical Gazette, 138, 1-6.
195. Olesen, J. M., Rønsted, N., Tolderlund, U., Cornett, C., Mølgaard, P., Madsen, J., Jones, C. G., & Olsen, C. E. (1998). Mauritian red nectar remains a mystery. Nature, 393, 529-529.
196. Omand, E., & Dethier, V. G. (1969). An electrophysiological analysis of the action of carbohydrates on the sugar receptor of the blowfly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 62, 136-143.
197. Ordano, M., & Ornelas, J. F. (2004). Generous-like flowers: nectar production in two epiphytic bromeliads and a meta-analysis of removal effects. Oecologia, 140, 495-505.
198. Ozoe, Y., Akamatsu, M., Higata, T., Ikeda, I., Mochida, K., Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., & Nikaido, T. (1999). Interactions of picrodendrins and related terpenoids with ionotropic GABA receptors of mammals and insects. Pesticide Science, 55, 665-666.
199. Pacini, E., & Nepi, M. (2007). Nectar production and presentation. In: S. W. Nicolson, M. Nepi, & E. Pacini (Eds.), Nectaries and nectar (pp. 167-214). Dordrecht: Springer.
200. Passreiter, C. M., & Isman, M. B. (1997). Antifeedant bioactivity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata and their antagonism by gamma-aminobutyric acid. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 25, 371-377.
201. Pate, J., Shedley, E., Arthur, D., & Adams, M. (1998). Spatial and temporal variations in phloem sap composition of plantation-grown Eucalyptus globulus. Oecologia, 117, 312-322.
202. Pate, J. S., Peoples, M. B., Storer, P. J., & Atkins, C. A. (1985). The extrafloral nectaries of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) II. Nectar composition, origin of nectar solutes, and nectary functioning. Planta, 166, 28-38.
203. Patiño, S., & Grace, J. (2002). The cooling of convolvulaceous flowers in a tropical environment. Plant, Cell and Environment, 25, 41-51.
204. Paul, J., & Roces, F. (2003). Fluid intake rates in ants correlate with their feeding habits. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49, 347-357.
205. Percival, M. S. (1961). Types of nectar in angiosperms. New Phytologist, 60, 235-281.
206. Pérez-Giraldo, C., Cruz-Villalón, G., Sánchez-Silos, R., Martínez-Rubio, R., Blanco, M. T., & Gómez-García, A. C. (2003). In vitro activity of allicin against Staphylococcus epidermiis and influence of subinhibitory concentrations on biofilm formation. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 709-711.
207. Perret, M., Chautems, A., Spichiger, R., Kite, G., & Savolainen, V. (2003). Systematics and evolution of tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): evidence from phylogenetic analyses of six plastid DNA regions and nuclear ncpGS. American Journal of Botany, 90, 445-460.
208. Perret, M., Chautems, A., Spichiger, R., Peixoto, M., & Savolainen, V. (2001). Nectar sugar composition in relation to pollination syndromes in Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae). Annals of Botany, 87, 267-273.
209. Petanidou, T. (2005). Sugars in Mediterranean floral nectars: an ecological and evolutionary approach. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31, 1065-1088.
210. Petanidou, T. (2007). Ecological and evolutionary aspects of floral nectars in Mediterranean habitats. In: S. W. Nicolson, M. Nepi, & E. Pacini (Eds.), Nectaries and nectar (pp. 343-375). Dordrecht: Springer.
211. Petanidou, T., Goethals, V., & Smets, E. (2000). Nectary structure of Labiatae in relation to their nectar secretion and characteristics in a Mediterranean shrub community-does flowering time matter? Plant Systematics and Evolution, 225, 103-118.
212. Petanidou, T., Van Laere, A., Ellis, W. N., & Smets, E. (2006). What shapes amino acid and sugar composition in Mediterranean floral nectars? Oikos, 115, 155-169.
213. Petanidou, T., Van Laere, A. J., & Smets, E. (1996). Change in floral nectar components from fresh to senescent flowers of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae), a nocturnally flowering Mediterranean shrub. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 199, 79-92.
214. Petit, S., & Freeman, C. E. (1997). Nectar production of two sympatric species of columnar cacti. Biotropica, 29, 175-183.
215. Peumans, W. J., Smeets, K., Van Nerum, K., Van Leuven, F., & Van Damme, E. J. M. (1997). Lectin and alliinase are the predominant proteins in nectar from leek (Allium porrum L.) flowers. Planta, 201, 298-302.
216. Pichersky, E., & Gershenzon, J. (2002). The formation and function of plant volatiles: perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5, 237-243.
217. Pivnick, K. A., & McNeil, J. N. (1985). Effects of nectar concentration on butterfly feeding: measured feeding rates for Thymelicus lineola (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and a general feeding model for adult Lepidoptera. Oecologia, 66, 226-237.
218. Plepys, D., Ibarra, F., Francke, W., & Lofstedt, C. (2002). Odour-mediated nectar foraging in the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): behavioral and electrophysiological responses to floral volatiles. Oikos, 99, 75-82.
219. Plowright, R. C. (1981). Nectar production in the boreal forest lily Clintonia borealis. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59, 156-160.
220. Plowright, R. C. (1987). Corolla depth and nectar concentration: an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65, 1011-1013.
221. Powell, K. S., Gatehouse, A. M. R., Hilder, V. A., Van Damme, E. J. M., Peumans, W. J., Boonjawat, J., Horsham, K., & Gatehouse, J. A. (1995). Different antimetabolic effects of related lectins towards nymphal stages of Nilaparvata lugens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 75, 61-65.
222. Pressey, R. (1996). Polygalacturonase inhibitors in bean pods. Phytochemistry, 42, 1267-1270.
223. Prince, R. C., & Gunson, D. E. (1987). Superoxide production in neutrophils. Trends in Biochemical Science, 12, 86-87.
224. Proctor, M., Yeo, P., & Lack, A. (1996). The natural history of pollination. London: Harper-Collins.
225. Pryce-Jones, J. (1944). Some problems associated with nectar, pollen, and honey. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 1944, 129-174.
226. Pr͵s-Jones, O. E., & Willmer, P. G. (1992). The biology of alkaline nectar in the purple toothwort (Lathraea clandestina): ground level defences. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 45, 373-388.
227. Pyke, G. H., & Waser, N. M. (1981). The production of dilute nectars by hummingbird and honeyeater flowers. Biotropica, 13, 260-270.
228. Rabhé, Y., Sauvion, N., Febvay, G., Peumans, W. J., & Gatehouse, A. M. R. (1995). Toxicity of lectins and processing of injested proteins in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 76, 143-155.
229. Radzevenchuk, I. F., Voronina, A. I., Zaitseva, Z. M., & Lukish, N. I. (1976). Effect of phenol compounds, manganese, boron and cobalt on the [berry] yield and composition of the nectar of black currant flowers. Agrokhimiya, 6, 105-107.
230. Raguso, R. A. (2004). Why are some floral nectars scented? Ecology, 85, 1486-1494.
231. Raguso, R. A., Light, D. M., & Pickersky, E. (1996). Electroantennogram responses of Hyles lineata (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera) to volatile compounds from Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae) and other moth-pollinated flowers. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22, 1735-1766.
232. Restrepo, S., Myers, K. L., Del Pozo, O., Martin, G. B., Hart, A. L., Buell, C. R., Fry, W. E., & Smart, C. D. (2005). Gene profiling of a compatible interaction between Phytophthora infestans and Solanum tuberosum suggests a role for carbonic anhydrase. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 18, 913-922.
233. Rhoades, D. F., & Bergdahl, J. C. (1981). Adaptive significance of toxic nectar. American Naturalist, 117, 798-803.
234. Robards, A. W., & Oates, K. (1986). X-ray microanalysis of ion distribution in Abutilon nectary hairs. Journal of Experimental Botany, 37, 940-946.
235. Roubik, D. W., & Buchmann, S. L. (1984). Nectar selection by Melipona and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest. Oecologia, 61, 1-10.
236. Roulston, T. H., Cane, J. H., & Buchmann, S. L. (2000). What governs protein content of pollen: pollinator preferences, pollen-pistil interactions, or phylogeny? Ecological Monographs, 70, 617-643.
237. Rowley, D. A., & Halliwell, B. (1983). Formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide and iron salts by superoxide- and ascorbate-dependent mechanisms: relevance to the pathology of rheumatoid disease. Clinical Science (London), 64, 649-653.
238. 2 on flowering phenology and nectar production of nectar plants important for butterflies of calcareous grasslands. Oecologia, 113, 341-349.
239. Sandhu, D. K., & Waraich, M. K. (1985). Yeasts associated with pollinating bees and flower nectar. Microbial Ecology, 11, 51-58.
240. Sazima, M., Vogel, S., Do Prado, A. L., De Oliveira, D. M., Franz, G., & Sazima, I. (2001). The sweet jelly of Combretum lanceolatum flowers (Combretaceae): a cornucopia resource for bird pollinators in the Pantanal, western Brazil. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 227, 195-208.
241. Schwerdtfeger, M. (1996). Die Nektarzusammensetzung der Asteridae und ihre Beziehung zu Blütenökologie und Systematik. Dissertationes Botanicae, 264, 95 pp. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
242. Scobell, S. A., & Scott, P. E. (2002). Visitors and floral traits of a hummingbird-adapted cactus (Echinocereus coccineus) show only minor variation along an elevational gradient. American Midland Naturalist, 147, 1-15.
243. Scogin, R. (1979). Nectar constituents in the genus Fremontia (Sterculiaceae): sugars, flavonoids, and proteins. Botanical Gazette, 140, 29-31.
244. Seigler, D., Simpson, B. B., Martin, C., & Neff, J. L. (1978). Free 3-acetoxyfatty acids in floral glands of Krameria species. Phytochemistry, 17, 995-996.
245. Shiraishi, A., & Kuwabara, M. (1970). The effects of amino acids on the labellar hair chemosensory cells of the fly. Journal of General Physiology, 56, 768-782.
246. Singaravelan, N., Nee'man, G., Inbar, M., & Izhaki, I. (2005). Feeding responses of freeflying honeybees to secondary compounds mimicking floral nectars. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31, 2791-2804.
247. Smith, G. F., Van Wyk, B.-E., Steyn, E. M. A., & Breuer, I. (2001). Infrageneric classification of Haworthia (Aloaceae): perspectives from nectar sugar analysis. Systematics and Geography of Plants, 71, 391-397.
248. Smith, L. L., Lanza, J., & Smith, G. C. (1990). Amino acid concentrations in extrafloral nectar of Impatiens sultani increase after simulated herbivory. Ecology, 71, 107-115.
249. Sols, A., Cadenas, E., & Alvarado, F. (1960). Enzymatic basis of mannose toxicity in honey bees. Science, 131, 297-298.
250. Sroka, Z., Cisowski, W., Seredynska, M., & Luczkiewicz, M. (2001). Phenolic extracts from meadowsweet and hawthorn flowers have antioxidative properties. Zeitung für Naturforschung C, 56, 739-744.
251. Stebbins, G. L. (1989). Adaptive shifts toward hummingbird pollination. In: J. H. Bock, & Y. B. Linhart (Eds.), The evolutionary ecology of plants (pp. 39-60). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
252. Stephenson, A. G. (1982). Iridoid glycosides in the nectar of Catalpa speciosa are unpalatable to nectar thieves. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8, 1025-1034.
253. Stiles, F. G. (1981). Geographical aspects of bird-flower coevolution, with particular reference to Central America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, 323-351.
254. Stiles, F. G., & Freeman, C. E. (1993). Patterns in floral nectar characteristics of some birdvisited plant species from Costa Rica. Biotropica, 25, 191-205.
255. Stone, T. B., Thompson, A. C., & Pitre, H. N. (1985). Analysis of lipids in cotton extrafloral nectar. Journal of Entomological Science, 20, 422-428.
256. Sugiyama, J., Tokuoka, K., Suh, S.-O., Hirata, A., & Komagata, K. (1991). Sympodiomycopsis: a new yeast-like anamorph genus with basidiomycetous nature from orchid nectar. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 59, 95-108.
257. Swain, T. (1977). Secondary compounds as protective agents. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 479-501.
258. Tadey, M., & Aizen, M. A. (2001). Why do flowers of a hummingbird-pollinated mistletoe face down? Functional Ecology, 15, 782-790.
259. Tholl, D., Chen, F., Gershenzon, J., & Pichersky, E. (2004). Arabidopsis thaliana, a model system for investigating volatile terpene biosynthesis, regulation, and function. In: J. T. Romeo (Ed.), Secondary metabolism in model systems (pp. 1-18). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
260. Thornburg, R. W., Carter, C., Powell, A., Mittler, R., Rizhsky, L., & Horner, H. T. (2003). A major function of the tobacco floral nectary is defense against microbial attack. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 211-218.
261. Thorp, R. W., Briggs, D. L., Estes, J. R., & Erickson, E. H. (1975). Nectar fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation. Science, 189, 476-478.
262. Torres, C., & Galetto, L. (2002). Are nectar sugar composition and corolla tube length related to the diversity of insects that visit Asteraceae flowers? Plant Biology, 4, 360-366.
263. Van Wyk, B.-E., Whitehead, C. S., Glen, H. F., Hardy, D. S., Van Jaarsveld, E. J., & Smith, G. F. (1993). Nectar sugar composition in the subfamily Alooideae (Asphodelaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 249-253.
264. Vesprini, J. L., Nepi, M., & Pacini, E. (1999). Nectary structure, nectar secretion patterns and nectar composition in two Helleborus species. Plant Biology, 1, 560-568.
265. Villarreal, A. G., & Freeman, C. E. (1990). Effects of temperature and water stress on some floral nectar characteristics in Ipomopsis longiflora (Polemoniaceae) under controlled conditions. Botanical Gazette, 151, 5-9.
266. Vogel, S. (1971). Pollination of oil-producing flowers by oil-collecting bees. Naturwissenschaften, 58, 58.
267. Völkl, W., Woodring, J., Fischer, M., Lorenz, M. W., & Hoffmann, K. H. (1999). Ant-aphid mutualisms: the impact of honeydew production and honeydew sugar composition on ant preferences. Oecologia, 118, 483-491.
268. Wacht, S., Lunau, K., & Hansen, K. (2000). Chemosensory control of pollen ingestion in the hoverfly Eristalis tenax by labellar taste hairs. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 186, 193-203.
269. Waller, G. D., Carpenter, E. W., & Ziehl, O. A. (1972). Potassium in onion nectar and its probable effect on attractiveness of onion flowers to honey bees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 97, 535-539.
270. Weast, R. C., (Ed.) (1980). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 60th edn. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
271. Weller, S. G., & Sakai, A. K. (1999). Using phylogenetic approaches for the analysis of plant breeding system evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 167-199.
272. Williams, N. M., & Thomson, J. D. (1998). Trapline foraging by bumble bees: III. Temporal patterns of visitation and foraging success at single plants. Behavioral Ecology, 9, 612-621.
273. Willmer, P. G. (1980). The effects of insect visitors on nectar constituents in temperate plants. Oecologia, 47, 270-277.
274. Wolff, D. (2006). Nectar sugar composition and volumes of 47 species of Gentianales from a southern Ecuadorian montane forest. Annals of Botany, 97, 767-777.
275. Wyatt, R., Broyles, S. B., & Derda, G. S. (1992). Environmental influences on nectar production in milkweeds (Asclepias syriaca and A. exaltata). American Journal of Botany, 79, 636-642.
276. Zalewski, W. (1966). Phosphatases in honey. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 9, 1-34.
277. Zauralov, O. A. (1969). Oxidizing enzymes in nectaries and nectar. Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Pchelovodstva, 1969, 197-225.
278. Ziegler, H. (1956). Untersuchungen über die Leitung und Sekretion der Assimilate. Planta, 47, 447-500.
279. Ziegler, H. (1975). Nature of transported substances. In: M. H. Zimmerman, & J. A. Milburn (Eds.), Transport in plants. I. Phloem transport. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, volume 1 (pp. 59-100). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
280. Zimmerman, J. G. (1954). Über die Sekretion saccharosespaltender trans-Glucosidasen in pflanzlichem Nektar. Experientia, 10, 145-149.
281. Zimmerman, M. (1953). Papierchromatographische Untersuchungen über die pflanzliche Zuckersekretion. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 63, 402-429.
282. Zimmerman, M. (1983). Plant reproduction and optimal foraging: experimental nectar manipulations in Delphinium nelsonii. Oikos, 41, 57-63.