QTL analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant breeding

Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 21-48

  Kelly, James D ^a   Vallejo, Veronica ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84919844529     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23266-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Ali, M. A. 1950. Genetics of resistance to the common bean mosaic virus bean virus 1) in the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Phytopathology 40:69-79.
2. Ariyarathne, H. M., Coyne, D. P., Jung, G., Skroch P. W., Vidaver, A. K., Steadman, J. R., Miklas, P. N., and Bassett,. M. J. 1999. Molecular mapping of disease resistance genes for halo blight, common bacterial blight, and bean common mosaic virus in a segregating population of common bean. J. Am. Soc. Horticult. Sci. 124:654-662.
3. Asins, M. J. 2002. Present and future of quantitative trait locus analysis in plant breeding. Plant Breed. 121:281-291.
4. Backes, G., G. Schwarz, Wenzel, G., and Jahoor, A. 1996. Comparison between QTL analysis of powdery mildew resistance in barley based on detached primary leaves and on field data. Plant Breed. 115:419-421.
5. Bent, A. F. 1996. Plant disease resistance genes: function meets structure. Plant Cell 8:1757-1771.
6. Bernardo, R. 2001. What if we knew all the genes for a quantitative trait in hybrid crops? Crop Sci. 41:1-4.
7. Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., and Davis, R. W. 1980. Construction of a geneticlinkagemapinmanusing restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331.
8. Burr, B., and Burr, F. A. 1991. Recombinant inbreds for molecular mapping in maize - theoretical and practical considerations. Trends Genet. 7:55-60.
9. Byrne, P. F., McMullen, M. D., Snook, M. E., Musket, T. A., Theuri, J. M., Widstrom, N. W., Wiseman, B. R., and Coe, E. H. 1996. Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: Genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8820-8825.
10. Caranta, C., Lefebvre, V., and Palloix, A. 1997. Polygenic resistanceof pepper to potyviruses consists of a combination of isolate-specific and broad-spectrum quantitative trait loci. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 10:872-878.
11. Castano, F., Vear, F., and Delabrouhe, D. T. 1993. Resistance of sunflower inbred lines to various forms of attack by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and relations with some morphological characters. Euphytica 68:85-98.
12. Castro, A. J., Chen, X. M., Hayes, P. M., Knapp, S. J., Line, R. F., Toojinda, T., and Vivar, H. 2002. Coincident QTL which determine seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in barley. Crop Sci. 42:1701-1708.
13. Causse, M., Rocher, J. P., Henry, A. M., Charcosset, A., Prioul, J. L., and Devienne, D. 1995. Genetic dissection of the relationship between carbon metabolism and early growth in maize, with emphasis on key-enzyme loci. Mol. Breed. 1:259-272.
14. Chen, F. Q., Prehn, D., Hayes, P. M., Mulrooney, D., Corey, A., and Vivar, H. 1994. Mapping genes for resistance to barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei). Theor. Appl. Genet. 88:215-219.
15. Coyne, D. P. 1980. Modification of plant architecture and crop yield by breeding. HortScience 15:244-247.
16. Cregan, P. B., Mudge, J., Fickus, E. W., Marek, L. F., Danesh, D., Denny, R., Shoemaker, R. C., Matthews, B. F., Jarvik, T., and Young, N. D. 1999a. Targeted isolation of simple sequence repeat markers through the use of bacterial artificial chromosomes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:919-928.
17. Cregan, P. B., Jarvik, T., Bush, A. L., Shoemaker, R. C., Lark, K. G., Kahler, A. L., Kaya, N., Van Toai, T. T., Lohnes, D. G., Chung, L., and Specht, J. E. 1999b. An integrated genetic linkage map of the soybean genome. Crop Sci. 39:1464-1490.
18. Danesh, D., and Young, N. D. 1994. Partial resistance loci for tomato bacterial wilt show differential race specificity. Rep. Tomato Genet. Coop. 44:12-13.
19. Eenink, A. H. 1976. Genetics of host-parasite relationships and uniform and differential resistance. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 82:133-145.
20. Faris, J. D., Li, W. L., Liu, D. J., Chen, P. D., and Gill, B. S. 1999. Candidate gene analysis of quantitative disease resistance in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:219-225.
21. Frary, A., Nesbitt, T. C., Grandillo, S., Van Der Knaap, E., Cong, B., Liu, J. P., Meller, J., Elber, R., Alpert, K. B., and Tanksley, S. D. 2000. Fw2.2: a quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size. Science 289:85-88.
22. Freymark, P. J., Lee, M., Woodman, W. L., and Martinson, C. A. 1993. Quantitative and qualitative trait loci affecting host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in maize (Zea mays L). Theor. Appl. Genet. 87:537-544.
23. Freyre, R., Skroch, P. W., Geffroy, V., Adam-Blondon, A. F., Shirmohamadali, A., Johnson, W. C., Llaca, V., Nodari, R. O., Pereira, P. A., Tsai, S. M., Tohme, J., Dron, M., Nienhuis, J., Vallejos, C. E., and Gepts, P. 1998. Towards an integrated linkage map of common bean. 4. Development of a core linkage map and alignment of RFLP maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:847-856.
24. Gale, M. D., and Devos, K. M. 1998. Plant comparative genetics after 10 years. Science 282:656-659.
25. Gebhardt, C., Ritter, E., Barone, A., Debener, T., Walkemeier, B., Schachtschabel, U., Kaufmann, H., Thompson, R. D., Bonierbale, M. W., Ganal, M. W., Tanksley, S. D., and Salamini, F. 1991. RFLP maps of potato and their alignment with the homoeologous tomato genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:49-57.
26. Geffroy, V., Creusot, F., Falquet, J., Sevignac, M., Adam-Blondon, A. F., Bannerot, H., Gepts, P., and Dron, M. 1998. A family of LRR sequences in the vicinity of the Co-2 locus for anthracnose resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris and its potential use in markerassisted selection. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:494-502.
27. Geffroy, V., Sevignac, M., De Oliveira, J. C. F., Fouilloux, G., Skroch, P., Thoquet, P., Gepts, P., Langin, T., and Dron, M. 2000. Inheritance of partial resistance againstColletotrichum lindemuthianum in Phaseolus vulgaris and co-localization of quantitative trait loci with genes involved in specific resistance. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 13:287-296.
28. Giovannoni, J. J., Wing, R. A., Ganal, M. W., and Tanksley, S. D. 1991. Isolation of molecular markers from specific chromosomal intervals using DNA pools from existing mapping populations. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6553-6558.
29. Goldman, I. L., Rocheford, T. R., and Dudley, J. W. 1993. Quantitative trait loci influencing protein and starch concentration in the Illinois long-term selection maize strains. Theor. Appl. Genet. 87:217-224.
30. Grube, R. C., Radwanski, E. R., and Jahn, M. 2000. Comparative genetics of disease resistance within the Solanaceae. Genetics 155:873-887.
31. Hadley, H. H., and Openshaw, S. J. 1980. Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. In Hybridization of Crop Plants, eds. W. R. Fehr, and H. H. Hadley, pp. 133-159. Amdison, WI: American Society Agronomy.
32. Hallauer, A. R., and Miranda, J. B. 1981. Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding. Ames IA: Iowa State University Press.
33. Hammond-Kosack, K. E., and Jones, J. D. G. 1997. Plant disease resistance genes. Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:575-607.
34. Harrison, B. D. 2002. Virus variation in relation to resistance-breaking in plants. Euphytica 124:181-192.
35. Honma, S. 1956. A bean interspecific hybrid. J. Hered. 47:217-220.
36. Hunter, R. L., and Markert, C. L. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoreses in starch gels. Science 125:1294-1295.
37. Jensen, J. 1989. Estimation of recombination parameters between a quantitative trait locus (QTL) and two marker gene loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:613-618.
38. Johnson, R. 1984. A critical analysis of durable resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 22:309-330.
39. Jones, E. S., Breese, W. A., Liu, C. J., Singh, S. D., Shaw, D. S., and Witcombe, J. R. 2002. Mapping quantitative trait loci for resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet: Field and glasshouse screens detect the same QTL. Crop Sci. 42:1316-1323.
40. Jung, G., Skroch, P. W., Nienhuis, J., Coyne, D. P., Arnaud-Santana, E., Ariyarathne, H. M., and Marita, J. M. 1999. Confirmation of QTL associated with common bacterial blight resistance in four different genetic backgrounds in common bean. Crop Sci. 39:1448-1455.
41. Keller, M., Keller, B., Schachermayr, G., Winzeler, M., Schmid, J. E., Stamp, P., and Messmer, M. M. 1999. Quantitative trait loci for resistance against powdery mildew in a segregating wheat x spelt population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:903-912.
42. Kelly, J. D., Gepts, P., Miklas, P. N., and Coyne, D. P. 2003. Tagging and mapping of genes and QTL and molecular marker-assisted selection for traits of economic importance in bean and cowpea. Field Crops Res. 82:135-154.
43. Kelly, J. D., and V. A. Vallejo. 2005. QTL analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant breeding. In S. Tuzun and E. Bent (ed.) Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants (in press).
44. Kim, H. S., and Diers, B. W. 2000. Inheritance of partial resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot in soybean. Crop Sci. 40:55-61.
45. Knapp, S. J. 1991. Using molecular markers to map multiple quantitative trait loci - models for backcross, recombinant inbred, and doubled haploid progeny. Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:333-338.
46. Knapp, S. J., Bridges, W. C., and Birkes. D. 1990. Mapping quantitative trait loci using molecular marker linkage maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79:583-592.
47. Kolb, F. L., Bai, G. H., Muehlbauer, G. J., Anderson, J. A., Smith, K. P., and Fedak, G. 2001. Host plant resistance genes for fusarium head blight: mapping and manipulation with molecular markers. Crop Sci. 41:611-619.
48. Kolkman, J. M., and Kelly, J. D. 2002. Agronomic traits affecting resistance to white mold in common bean. Crop Sci. 42:693-699.
49. Kolkman, J. M., and Kelly, J. D. 2003. QTL conferring resistance and avoidance to white mold in common bean. Crop Sci. 43:539-548.
50. Lamb, C. J., Lawton, M. A., Dron, M., and Dixon, R. A. 1989. Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defenses against microbial attack. Cell 56:215-224.
51. Lander, E. S., and Botstein, D. 1986a. Mapping complex genetic-traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:49-62.
52. Lander, E. S., and Botstein, D. 1986b. Strategies for studying heterogeneous genetic-traits in humans by using a linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7353-7357.
53. Lander, E. S., and Botstein, D. 1989. Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics 121:185-199.
54. Leonards-Schippers, C., Gieffers, W., Schaferpregl, R., Ritter, E., Knapp, S. J., Salamini, F., and Gebhardt, C. 1994. Quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato - a case-study for QTL mapping in an allogamous plant-species. Genetics 137:67-77.
55. Li, Z. K., Luo, L. J., Mei, H. W., Paterson, A. H., Zhao, X. Z., Zhong, D. B., Wang, Y. P., Yu, X. Q., Zhu, L., Tabien, R., Stansel, J. W., and Ying, C. S. 1999. A "defeated" rice resistance gene acts as a QTL against a virulent strain of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 261:58-63.
56. Lindhout, P. 2002. The perspectives of polygenic resistance in breeding for durable disease resistance. Euphytica 124:217-226.
57. Liu, B. H. 1998. Statistical genomics: Linkage, Mapping, and QTL Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
58. Lubberstedt, T., Klein, D., and Melchinger, A. E. 1998. Comparative QTL mapping of resistance to Ustilago maydis across four populations of European flint-maize. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:1321-1330.
59. Mangin, B., Thoquet, P., Olivier, J., and Grimsley, N. H. 1999. Temporal and multiple quantitative trait loci analyses of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato permit the resolution of linked loci. Genetics 151:1165-1172.
60. Martin, T. J., and Ellingboe, A. H. 1976. Differences between compatible parasite/host genotypes involving the Pm4 locus of wheat and the correspondiing genes in Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology 66:1435-1438.
61. McElroy, J. B. 1985. Breeding dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. for common bacterial blight resistance derived from Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray. Ph. D. dissertation., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
62. Mestries, E., Gentzbittel, L., De Labrouhe, D. T., Nicolas, P., and Vear, F. 1998. Analyses of quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.), using molecular markers. Mol. Breed. 4:215-226.
63. Michelmore, R. W., and Meyers, B. C. 1998. Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process. Genome Res. 8:1113-1130.
64. Michelmore, R. W., Paran, I., and Kesseli, R. V. 1991. Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:9828-9832.
65. Miklas, P. N., Stone, V., Urrea, C. A., Johnson, E., and Beaver, J. S. 1998. Inheritance and QTL analysis of field resistance to ashy stem blight in common bean. Crop Sci. 38:916-921.
66. Miklas, P. N., Johnson, E., Stone, V., Beaver, J. S., Montoya, C., and Zapata, M. 1996. Selective mapping of QTL conditioning disease resistance in common bean. Crop Sci. 36:1344-1351.
67. Miklas, P. N., Smith, J. R., Riley, R., Grafton, K. F., Singh, S. P., Jung, G., and Coyne, D. P. 2000. Marker-assisted breeding for pyramided resistance to common bacterial blight in common bean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 43:39-40.
68. Miklas, P. N., Coyne, D. P., Grafton, K. F., Mutlu, N., Reiser, J., Lindgren, D. T., and Singh, S. P. 2003. Amajor QTL for common bacterial blight resistance derives from the common bean great northern landrace cultivar Montana No. 5. Euphytica 131:137-146.
69. Mundt, C. C., Cowger, C., and Garrett, K. A. 2002. Relevance of integrated disease management to resistance durability. Euphytica 124:245-252.
70. Narayanan, N. N., Baisakh, N., Vera Cruz, C. M., Gnanamanickam, S. S., Datta, K., and Datta, S. K. 2002. Molecular breeding for the development of blast and bacterial blight resistance in rice cv. IR50. Crop Sci 42:2072-2079.
71. Nass, H. A., Pedersen, W. L., Mackenzie, D. R., and Nelson, R. R. 1981. The residual effects of some "defeated" powdery mildew resistance genes in isolines of winter wheat. Phytopathology 71:1315-1318.
72. Nelson, R. R. 1978. Genetics of horizontal resistance to plant diseases. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 16:359-378.
73. Nodari, R. O., Tsai, S. M., Guzman, P., Gilbertson, R. L., and Gepts, P. 1993. Toward an integrated linkage map of common bean. 3. Mapping genetic-factors controlling hostbacteria interactions. Genetics 134:341-350.
74. Parlevliet, J. E. 1975. Disease resistance in plants and its consequences for plant breeding, In Plant Breeding II, ed K. J. Frey., pp. 309-364. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
75. Parlevliet, J. E. 2002. Durability of resistance against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens; present situation. Euphytica 124:147-156.
76. Parlevliet, J. E., and Zadoks, J. C. 1977. Integrated concept of disease resistance - new view including horizontal and vertical resistance in plants. Euphytica 26:5-21.
77. Parniske, M., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Golstein, C., Thomas, C. M., Jones, D. A., Harrison, K., Wulff, B. B. H., and Jones, J. D. G. 1997. Novel disease resistance specificities result from sequence exchange between tandemly repeated genes at the Cf-4/9 locusof tomato. Cell 91:821-832.
78. Paterson, A. H. 1998. Of blending, beans, and bristles: the foundations of QTL mapping, In Molecular Dissection of Complex Traits, ed. A. H. Paterson, pp. 1-10. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
79. Pflieger, S., Palloix, A., Caranta, C., Blattes, A., and Lefebvre, V. 2001. Defense response genes co-localize with quantitative disease resistance loci in pepper. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103:920-929.
80. Pilet, M. L., Delourme, R., Foisset, N., and Renard, M. 1998. Identification of QTL involved in field resistance to light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) and blackleg resistance (Leptosphaeria maculans) in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:398-406.
81. Pryor, T., and Ellis, J. 1993. The genetic complexity of fungal resistance genes in plants. Adv. Plant Pathol. 10:281-305.
82. Qi, X., Niks, R. E., Stam, P., and Lindhout, P. 1998. Identification of QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:1205-1215.
83. Qi, X., Jiang, G., Chen, W., Niks, R. E., Stam, P., and Lindhout, P. 1999. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:877-884.
84. Riley, R. 1973. Genetic changes in hosts and the significance of disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 75:128-132.
85. Robertson, D. S. 1989. Understanding the relationship between qualitative and quantitative genetics, In Development and Application of Molecular Markers to Problems in Plant Genetics, eds. T. Helentjaris, and B. Benjamin, pp. 81-87. Cold Spring, Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
86. Ronald, P. C. 1997. The molecular basis of disease resistance in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 35:179-186.
87. Ronald, P. C. 1998. Resistance gene evolution. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1:294-298.
88. Ronin, Y. I., Korol, A. B., and Weller, J. I. 1998. Selective genotyping to detect quantitative trait loci affecting multiple traits: interval mapping analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:1169-1178.
89. Ryder, T. B., Hedrick, S. A., Bell, J. N., Liang, X. W., Couse, S. D., and Lamb, C. J. 1987. Organization and differential activation of a gene family encoding the plant defense enzyme chalcone synthase in Phaseolus vulgaris. Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:219-233.
90. Sax, K. 1923. The association of size differences with seed-coat pattern and pigmentation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Genetics 8:552-560.
91. Schechert, A. W., Welz, H. G., and Geiger, H. H. 1999. QTL for resistance to Setosphaeria turcica in tropical African maize. Crop Sci. 39:514-523.
92. Schneider, K. A., Grafton, K. F., and Kelly, J. D. 2001. QTL analysis of resistance to fusarium root rot in bean. Crop Sci. 41:535-542.
93. Scott, M. E., and Michaels, T. E. 1992. Xanthomonas resistance of Phaseolus interspecific cross selections confirmed by field performance. HortScience 27:348-350.
94. Singh, S. P., and Munoz, C. G. 1999. Resistancetocommon bacterial blight amongPhaseolus species and common bean improvement. Crop Sci. 39:80-89.
95. Smithies, O. 1955. Zone electrophoreses in starch gels. Biochem. J. 61:629.
96. Song, W. Y., Pi L. Y, Wang, G. L., Gardner, J., Holsten, T., and Ronald, P. C. 1997. Evolution of the rice Xa21 disease resistance gene family. Plant Cell 9:1279-1287.
97. Sprague, G. F. 1966. Quantitative genetics in plant improvement. In Plant Breeding, ed. K. J. Frey, pp. 315-357. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
98. Staub, J. E., Serquen, F. C., and Gupta, M. 1996. Genetic markers, map construction, and their application in plant breeding. HortScience 31:729-741.
99. Tanksley, S. D., and McCouch, S. R. 1997. Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277:1063-1066.
100. Tanksley, S. D., Young, N. D., Paterson, A. H., and Bonierbale, M. W. 1989. RFLP mapping in plant-breeding - new tools for an old science. Bio/Technology 7:257-264.
101. Thoday, J. M. 1961. Location of polygenes. Nature 191:368-370.
102. Timmerman-Vaughan, G. M., Frew, T. J., Russell, A. C., Khan, T., Butler, R., Gilpin, M., Murray, S., and Falloon, K. 2002. QTL mapping of partial resistance to field epidemics of ascochyta blight of pea. Crop Sci 42:2100-2111.
103. Toubart, P., Desiderio, A., Salvi, G., Cervone, F., Daroda, L., Delorenzo, G., Bergmann, C., Darvill, A. G., and Albersheim, P. 1992. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant J. 2:367-373.
104. Van Der Plank, J. E. 1968. Disease Resistance in Plants. Academic Press, New York.
105. Van Der Voort, J. R., Lindeman, W., Folkertsma, R., Hutten, R., Overmars, H., Van Der Vossen, E., Jacobsen, E., and Bakker, J. 1998. A QTL for broad-spectrum resistance to cyst nematode species (Globodera spp.) maps to a resistance gene cluster in potato. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:654-661.
106. Vleeshouwers, V., Van Dooijeweert, W., Govers, F., Kamoun, S., and Colon, L. T. 2000. The hypersensitive response is associated with host and nonhost resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Planta 210:853-864.
107. Vos, P., Hogers, R., Bleeker, M., Reijans, M., Vandelee, T., Hornes, M., Frijters, A., Pot, J., Peleman, J., Kuiper, M., and Zabeau, M. 1995. AFLP - a new technique for DNA-fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:4407-4414.
108. Walter, M. H., Liu, J., Grand, C., Lamb, C. J., and Hess, D. 1990. Bean pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins deduced from elicitor-induced transcripts are members of a ubiquitous new class of conserved PR proteins including pollen allergens. Mol. Gen. Genet. 222:353-360.
109. Wang, G. L., and Paterson, A. H. 1994. Assessment of DNA pooling strategies for mapping of QTL. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88:355-361.
110. Wang, G. L., Mackill, D. J., Bonman, J. M., McCouch, S. R., Champoux, M. C., and Nelson, R. J. 1994. RFLP mapping of genes conferring complete and partial resistance to blast in a durably resistant rice cultivar. Genetics 136:1421-1434.
111. Weber, J. L., and May, P. E. 1989. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain-reaction. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44:388-396.
112. Williams, J. G. K., Kubelik, A. R., Livak, K. J., Rafalski, J. A., and Tingey, S. V. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic-markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6531-6535.
113. Young, N. D. 1996. QTL mapping and quantitative disease resistance in plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34:479-501.
114. Yu, Y. G., Buss, G. R., and Maroof, M. A. S. 1996. Isolation of a superfamily of candidate disease-resistance genes in soybean based on a conserved nucleotide binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11751-11756.
115. Yu, Z. H., Mackill, D. J., Bonman, J. M., and Tanksley, S. D. 1991. Tagging genes for blast resistance in rice via linkage to RFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:471-476.
116. Zeng, Z. B. 1993. Theoretical basis for separation of multiple linked gene effects in mapping quantitative trait loci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10972-10976.
117. Zeng, Z. B. 1994. Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci. Genetics 136:1457-1468.
118. Zimnoch-Guzowska, E., Marczewski, W., Lebecka, R., Flis, B., Schafer-Pregl, R., Salamini, F., and Gebhardt, C. 2000. QTL analysis of new sources of resistance to Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica in potato done by AFLP, RFLP, and resistance-gene-like markers. Crop Sci. 40:1156-1167.