Levels and temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from Svalbard in relation to dietary habits and food availability

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 511, Issue , 2015, Pages 112-122

  Andersen, Martin S ^a,b   Fuglei, Eva ^a   König, Max ^a   Lipasti, Inka ^c   Pedersen, Åshild Ø ^a   Polder, Anuschka ^d   Yoccoz, Nigel G ^b   Routti, Heli ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^d NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

Arctic fox; Climate change; Contaminant; Reindeer mortality; Sea ice; Stable isotope

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; FLAME RETARDANTS; IMPURITIES; ISOTOPES; MAMMALS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC FOX; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; ORGANOCHLORINATED PESTICIDES; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER (PBDES); POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS); REINDEER MORTALITY; STABLE ISOTOPES;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

BETA HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; CARBON; HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; 1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHYLENE; BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; BROMINATED HYDROCARBON; CHLORDANE; DIPHENYL ETHER DERIVATIVE; FLAME RETARDANT; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; LINDANE; PESTICIDE; POLLUTANT;

CANID; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEER; DIET; FOOD AVAILABILITY; MORTALITY; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; SEA ICE; STABLE ISOTOPE;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CARCASS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); EATING HABIT; FEMALE; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FORAGE; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION (SPECIES); ICE COVER; MALE; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NORWAY; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT; REINDEER; SEA ICE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; TREND STUDY; VULPES LAGOPUS; ANIMAL; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FOX; METABOLISM; POLLUTANT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN;

ARCTIC; SVALBARD; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN;

ALOPEX LAGOPUS; CANIDAE; RANGIFER TARANDUS; VULPES LAGOPUS;

ANIMALS; CHLORDAN; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHYLENE; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FLAME RETARDANTS; FOXES; HALOGENATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; HYDROCARBONS, BROMINATED; LINDANE; PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; SVALBARD;

EID: 84919712771     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.039     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Aanes R., Saether B.E., Smith F.M., Cooper E.J., Wookey P.A., Oritsland N.A. The Arctic Oscillation predicts effects of climate change in two trophic levels in a high-arctic ecosystem. Ecol. Lett. 2002, 5:445-453.
2. Aanes R., Saether B.E., Solberg E.J., Aanes S., Strand O., Oritsland N.A. Synchrony in Svalbard reindeer population dynamics. Can. J. Zool. 2003, 81:103-110.
3. Aas W., Nizzetto P. Monitoring of Environmental Contaminants in Air and Precipitation, Annual Report 2013 Kjeller 2014, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norwegian Environment Agency.
4. AMAP Trends in Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Arctic Air, Human Media and Biota. AMAP Technical Report 2014, 54. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Olso. S. Wilson, H. Hung, D. Katsoyiannis, D. Kong, J. van Oostdam, F.F. Rigét (Eds.).
5. Angerbjorn A., Hersteinsson P., Tannerfeldt M. Arctic foxes: consequences of resource predictability in the Arctic fox two life history strategies. The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids 2004, 163-172. Oxford University Press, Oxford. D.W. Macdonald, C. Sillero-Zubiri (Eds.).
6. Borgå K., Hop H., Skaare J.U., Wolkers H., Gabrielsen G.W. Selective bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and metabolites in Arctic seabirds. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 145:545-553.
7. Braestrup F.W. A study on the arctic fox in Greenland. Medd. Grønl. 1941, 13:1-100.
8. Brevik E.M. Gas chromatographic method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in human milk. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1978, 19:281-286.
9. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Model selection and multimodel inference. A Practical Information-theoretic Approach 2002, Springer-Verlag, New York.
10. Bustnes J.O., Gabrelsen G.W., Verreault J. Climate variability and temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic: a study of Glaucous gulls. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:3155-3161.
11. Bustnes J.O., Yoccoz N.G., Bangjord G., Herzke D., Ahrens L., Skaare J.U. Impacts of climate and feeding conditions on the annual accumulation (1986-2009) of persistent organic pollutants in a terrestrial raptor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:7542-7547.
12. Bytingsvik J., Lie E., Aars J., Derocher A.E., Wiig O., Jenssen B.M. PCBs and OH-PCBs in polar bear mother-cub pairs: a comparative plasma levels in 1998 and 2008. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 417:117-128.
13. Canadian Environmental Protection Act Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Regulations SOR/2008-218 2008.
14. de Wit C.A., Herzke D., Vorkamp K. Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment - trends and new candidates. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:2885-2918.
15. Debier C., Pomeroy P.P., Dupont C.d., Joiris C., Comblin V., Boulenge E.L., et al. Dynamics of PCB transfer from mother to pup during lactation in UK grey seals Halichoerus grypus: differences in PCB profile between compartments of transfer and changes during the lactation period. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2003, 247:249-256.
16. Dietz R., Riget F.F., Sonne C., Born E.W., Bechshoft T., McKinney M.A., et al. Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Part 1: legacy organochlorine contaminants. Environ. Int. 2013, 59:485-493.
17. Dietz R., Rigét F.F., Sonne C., Born E.W., Bechshøft T., McKinney M.A., et al. Three decades (1983-2010) of contaminant trends in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Part 2: brominated flame retardants. Environ. Int. 2013, 59:494-500.
18. Ehrich D., Tarroux A., Stien J., Lecomte N., Killengreen S., Berteaux D., et al. Stable isotope analysis: modelling lipid normalization for muscle and eggs from arctic mammals and birds. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2011, 2:66-76.
19. Eide N.E., Eid P.M., Prestrud P., Swenson J.E. Dietary responses of arctic foxes Alopex lagopus to changing prey availability across an Arctic landscape. Wildl. Biol. 2005, 11:109-121.
20. Eide N.E., Stien A., Prestrud P., Yoccoz N.G., Fuglei E. Reproductive responses to spatial and temporal prey availability in a coastal Arctic fox population. J. Anim. Ecol. 2012, 81:640-648.
21. European Parliament and the Council Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment OJ L 37 2003, 19-23.
22. Fauchald P., Ziryanov S.V., Borkin I.V., Strøm H., Barrett R.T. Seabirds of the Barents Sea. The Barents Sea: Ecosystem, Resources, Management. Half a Century of Russian-Norwegian Cooperation 2011, 373-394. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim. T. Jakobsen, V.K. Ozhigin (Eds.).
23. Frafjord K. Food-habits of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) on the western coast of Svalbard. Arctic 1993, 46:49-54.
24. Frafjord K. Predation on an introduced vole Microtus rossiaemeridionalis by arctic fox Alopex lagopus on Svalbard. Wildl. Biol. 2002, 8:41-47.
25. Fuglei E., Ims R.A. Global warming and effects on the Arctic fox. Sci. Prog. 2008, 91:175-191.
26. Fuglei E., Oritsland N.A., Prestrud P. Local variation in arctic fox abundance on Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biol. 2003, 26:93-98.
27. Fuglei E., Bustnes J.O., Hop H., Mork T., Bjornfoth H., van Bavel B. Environmental contaminants in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Svalbard: relationships with feeding ecology and body condition. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 146:128-138.
28. Gaden A., Ferguson S.H., Harwood L., Melling H., Alikamik J., Stern G.A. Western Canadian Arctic ringed seal organic contaminant trends in relation to sea ice break-up. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:4427-4433.
29. Gelman A., Hill J. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel-Hierarchical Models 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
30. Gjertz I.A.N., Lydersen C. Polar bear predation on ringed seals in the fast-ice of Hornsund, Svalbard. Polar Res. 1986, 4:65-68.
31. Grue H., Jensen B. Annual cementum structures in canine teeth in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus L.) from Greenland and Denmark. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 1976, 10:1-12.
32. Hansen B.B., Aanes R., Herfindal I., Kohler J., Saether B.E. Climate, icing, and wild arctic reindeer: past relationships and future prospects. Ecology 2011, 92:1917-1923.
33. Hansen B.B., Grotan V., Aanes R., Saether B.E., Stien A., Fuglei E., et al. Climate events synchronize the dynamics of a resident vertebrate community in the high Arctic. Science 2013, 339:313-315.
34. Haukås M., Berger U., Hop H., Gulliksen B., Gabrielsen G.W. Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in selected species from the Barents Sea food web. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 148:360-371.
35. Helgason L.B., Sagerup K., Gabrielsen G.W. Organohalogen pollutants in seabird eggs from Northern Norway and Svalbard. Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals 2011, B. Loganathan (Ed.).
36. Helgason L.B., Wolkers H., Fuglei E., Ahlstrom O., Muir D., Jorgensen E.H. Seasonal emaciation causes tissue redistribution and an increased potential for toxicity of lipophilic pollutants in farmed arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32:1784-1792.
37. Hindell M.A., Lydersen C., Hop H., Kovacs K.M. Pre-partum diet of adult female bearded seals in years of contrasting ice conditions. PLoS One 2012, 7:1-10.
38. Hiruki L.M., Stirling I. Population-dynamics of the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), on banks island, northwest territories. Can. Field Nat. 1989, 103:380-387.
39. Hoekstra P.F., Braune B.M., O'Hara T.M., Elkin B., Solomon K.R., Muir D.C.G. Organochlorine contaminant and stable isotope profiles in Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) from the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 122:423-433.
40. Hoekstra P.F., O'Hara T.M., Fisk A.T., Borgå K., Solomon K.R., Muir D.C.G. Trophic transfer of persistent organochlorine contaminants (OCs) within an Arctic marine food web from the southern Beaufort-Chukchi Seas. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 124:509-522.
41. IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013, 1535. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung (Eds.).
42. Kelly J.F. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology. Can. J. Zool. 2000, 78:1-27.
43. Klobes U., Vetter W., Glotz D., Luckas B., Skirnisson K., Hersteinsson P. Levels and enantiomeric ratios of chlorinated hydrocarbons in livers of arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) and adipose tissue and liver of a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sampled in Iceland. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1998, 69:67-81.
44. Knudsen L.B., Borgå K., Jørgensen E.H., van Bavel B., Schlabach M., Verreault J., et al. Halogenated organic contaminants and mercury in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis): levels, relationships to dietary descriptors and blood to liver comparison. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 146:25-33.
45. Li Y.F., Macdonald R.W. Sources and pathways of selected organochlorine pesticides to the Arctic and the effect of pathway divergence on HCH trends in biota: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 342:87-106.
46. Lukacs P.M., Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Model selection bias and Freedman's paradox. Ann. Inst. Stat. Math. 2010, 62:117-125.
47. Madsen J., Williams J.H. International species management plan for the Svalbard population of the Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus. AEWA Technical Series 2012, 48. (Bonn, Germany).
48. Mazerolle M.J. AICcmodavg: model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q)AIC(c). R package Version 1.35 2013.
49. McKinney M.A., Peacock E., Letcher R.J. Sea ice-associated diet change increases the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in polar bears. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:4334-4339.
50. McKinney M.A., Stirling I., Lunn N.J., Peacock E., Letcher R.J. The role of diet on long-term concentration and pattern trends of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in western Hudson Bay polar bears, 1991-2007. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:6210-6222.
51. McKinney M.A., Letcher R., Aars J., Born E., Branigan M., Dietz R., et al. Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008. Environ. Int. 2011, 37:365-374.
52. McKinney M.A., Iverson S.J., Fisk A.T., Sonne C., Riget F.F., Letcher R.J., et al. Global change effects on the long-term feeding ecology and contaminant exposures of East Greenland polar bears. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2013, 19:2360-2372.
53. Muir D.C., Backus S., Derocher A.E., Dietz R., Evans T.J., Gabrielsen G.W., et al. Brominated flame retardants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, East Greenland, and Svalbard. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:449-455.
54. Mysterud A., Yoccoz N.G., Langvatn R., Pettorelli N., Stenseth N.C. Hierarchical path analysis of deer responses to direct and indirect effects of climate in northern forest. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2008, 363:2359-2368.
55. Norheim G. The composition and distribution of PCB in arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) caught near Longyearbyen on Svalbard. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1978, 42:7-13.
56. Norwegian Standard-European Committee for Standardization/The International Electrotechnical Comission General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration 2005.
57. Pamperin N.J., Follmann E.H., Person B.T. Sea-ice use by arctic foxes in northern Alaska. Polar Biol. 2008, 31:1421-1426.
58. Pavlov A.K., Tverberg V., Ivanov B.V., Nilsen F., Falk-Petersen S., Granskog M.A. Warming of Atlantic Water in two west Spitsbergen fjords over the last century (1912-2009). Polar Res. 2013, 32:11206.
59. Plummer M. rjags: Bayesian graphical models using MCMC. R Package Version 3-13 2014.
60. Polder A., Gabrielsen G.W., Odland J.O., Savinova T.N., Tkachev A., Loken K.B., et al. Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 391:41-54.
61. Polder A., Skåre J.U., Tryland M., Ropstad E., Gabrielsen G.W., Vikøren T., et al. Screening of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in wild living terrestrial mammals in Svalbard, Norway and Northern Sweden. Report 1064/2009 2009, 55. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT), Oslo, Norway.
62. Prestrud P. Food-habits and observations of the hunting behavior of arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, in Svalbard. Can. Field Nat. 1992, 106:225-236.
63. Prestrud P., Nilssen K. Fat deposition and seasonal variation in body composition of arctic foxes in Svalbard. J. Wildl. Manag. 1992, 56:221-233.
64. R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2014, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
65. Raach M., Lebeuf M., Pelletier E. PBDEs and PCBs in the liver of the St Lawrence Estuary beluga (Delphinapterus leucas): a comparison of levels and temporal trends with the blubber. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13:649-656.
66. Reimers E. Svalbard reindeer population size and trends in four sub-areas of Edgeoya. Polar Res. 2012, 31.
67. Rigét F., Bignert A., Braune B., Stow J., Wilson S. Temporal trends of legacy POPs in Arctic biota, an update. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:2874-2884.
68. Roth J.D. Temporal variability in arctic fox diet as reflected in stable-carbon isotopes; the importance of sea ice. Oecologia 2002, 133:70-77.
69. Roth J.D., Hobson K.A. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissue of captive red fox: implications for dietary reconstruction. Can. J. Zool. 2000, 78:848-852.
70. Routti H., Letcher R.J., Arukwe A., van Bavel B., Yoccoz N.G., Chu S., et al. Biotransformation of PCBs in relation to phase I and II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Svalbard and the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:8952-8958.
71. Routti H., Letcher R.J., van Bavel B., Chu S., Gabrielsen G.W. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated analogues in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Svalbard and the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:3494-3499.
72. Routti H., van Bavel B., Letcher R.J., Arukwe A., Chu S.G., Gabrielsen G.W. Concentrations, patterns and metabolites of organochlorine pesticides in relation to xenobiotic phase I and II enzyme activities in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Svalbard and the Baltic Sea. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157:2428-2434.
73. Severinsen T., Skaare S.U. Levels of heavy metals and persistent organic components in some terrestrial animals from Svalbard. The AMAP International Symposium on Environmental Pollution in the Arctic, Extended Abstracts, Tromsø, Norway, 1-5 June 1997, 407-409.
74. Shaw S.D., Berger M.L., Weijs L., Covaci A. Tissue-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) including Deca-BDE and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic. Environ. Int. 2012, 44:1-6.
75. Smith T.G., Lydersen C. Availability of suitable land-fast ice and predation as factors limiting ringed seal populations, Phoca hispida, in Svalbard. Polar Res. 1991, 10:585-594.
76. Solberg E.J., Jordhøy P., Strand O., Aanes R., Loison A., Sæther B.E., et al. Effects of density-dependence and climate on the dynamics of a Svalbard reindeer population. Ecography 2001, 24:441-451.
77. Sørmo E.G., Jenssen B.M., Hop H., Baek K., Kovacs K.M., Lydersen C., et al. Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in the polar bear food chain in Svalbard, Norway. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25:2502-2511.
78. Stockholm Convention UNEP/POPS/CONF/4. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2001, UNEP, Stockholm.
79. Stockholm Convention C.N.524.2009.TREATIES-4. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2009, UNEP, Stockholm.
80. Stockholm Convention C.N.934.2013.TREATIES-XXVII.15 (Depositary Notification) 2013.
81. Tarroux A., Berteaux D., Bêty J. Northern nomads: ability for extensive movements in adult arctic foxes. Polar Biol. 2010, 33:1021-1026.
82. Tyler N.J.C., Øritsland N. Varig ustabilitet og bestandsregulering hos svalbardrein. Meddelelse nr. 150 1999, 125-138. (Tromsø). S.A. Bengtson, F. Mehlum, T. Severeinsen (Eds.).
83. Verreault J., Muir D.C.G., Norstrom R.J., Stirling I., Fisk A.T., Gabrielsen G.W., et al. Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996-2002. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 351:369-390.
84. Verreault J., Gebbink W.A., Gauthier L.T., Gabrielsen G.W., Letcher R.J. Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:4925-4931.
85. Verreault J., Shahmiri S., Gabrielsen G.W., Letcher R.J. Organohalogen and metabolically-derived contaminants and associations with whole body constituents in Norwegian Arctic glaucous gulls. Environ. Int. 2007, 33:823-830.
86. Verreault J., Letcher R.J., Sonne C., Dietz R. Dietary, age and trans-generational effects on the fate of organohalogen contaminants in captive sledge dogs in Greenland. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:56-62.
87. Voorspoels S., Covaci A., Jaspers, Neels H., Schepens P. Biomagnification of PBDEs in three small terrestrial food chains. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 41:411-416.
88. Voorspoels S., Covaci A., Lepom P., Escutenaire S., Schepens P. Remarkable findings concerning PBDEs in the terrestrial top-predator red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:2937-2943.
89. Vorkamp K., Rigét F.F., Glasius M., Muir D.C.G., Dietz R. Levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Central West Greenland, with particular focus on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Environ. Int. 2008, 34:499-508.
90. Wang-Andersen G., Skaare J.U., Prestrud P., Steinnes E. Levels and congener pattern in arctic fox, Alopex lagopus, in Svalbard. Environ. Pollut. 1993, 82:269-275.
91. Yoccoz N.G. Use, Overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 1991, 72:106-111.
92. Zhuravskiy D., Ivanov B., Pavlov A. Ice conditions at Gronfjorden Bay, Svalbard, from 1974 to 2008. Polar Geogr. 2012, 35:169-176.
93. Zuur A.F., Ieno E.N., Elphick C.S. A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2010, 1:3-14.