Development and Validation of a Facebook Relational Maintenance Measure

Communication Methods and Measures

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 244-263

  McEwan, Bree ^a   Fletcher, Jennifer ^b   Eden, Jennifer ^c  

^a WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Office of the Attorney General   (United States)

^c MARIST COLLEGE   (United States)

^d Bryant) Sumner, Erin   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84919706268     PISSN: 19312458     EISSN: 19312466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2014.967844     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Alexa.com. The top 500 sites on the web. Retrieved from http://www.alexa.com/topsites
2. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596–612. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.4.596
3. boyd, d., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210–230.doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
4. Brenner, J. (2012, November). Pew internet: Social networking. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Commentary/2012/March/Pew-Internet-Social-Networking-full-detail.aspx
5. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
6. Bryant, E. M., & Marmo, J. (2010). Relational maintenance strategies on Facebook. The Kentucky Journal of Communication. Retrieved from http://kycommunication.com/jenniferpdf/Bryant.pdf
7. Bryant, E. M., & Marmo, J. (2012). The rules of Facebook friendship: A two-stage examination of interaction rules in close, casual, and acquaintance friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 1013–1035. doi:10.1177/0265407512443616
8. Bryant, E. M., Marmo, J., & Ramirez, A. (2011). A functional approach to social networking sites. In K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb (Eds.), Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships (pp. 320). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
9. Canary, D. J., & Stafford, L. (1994). Maintaining relationships through strategies and routine interaction. In D. J. Canary & L. Stafford (Eds.), Communication and relational maintenance (pp. 6–23). New York, NY: Academic Press.
10. Canary, D. J., Stafford. L., Hause, K. S., & Wallace, L. A. (1993). An inductive analysis of relational maintenance strategies: Comparisons among lovers, relatives, friends, and others. Communication Research Reports, 10, 5–14. doi:10.1080/08824099309359913
11. Canary, D. J., Stafford, L., & Semic, B. A. (2002). A panel study of the associations between maintenance strategies and relational characteristics. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 395–406. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00395.x
12. Costello, A. B., Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, & Evaluation, 10. Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=10&n=7
13. Cowden, K. R. (2012, November). The relational maintenance function of Facebook status updates. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Orlando, FL.
14. Craig, E., & Wright, K. B. (2012). Computer-mediated relational development and maintenance on Facebook. Communication Research Reports, 29, 119–129.doi:10.1080/08824096.r.667777
15. Dainton, M. (2013). Relationship maintenance on Facebook: Development of a measure, relationships to general maintenance, and relational satisfaction. College Student Journal, 47, 113–122.
16. Dainton, M., & Aylor, B. (2002). Routine and strategic maintenance efforts: Behavioral patterns, variations associated with relational length, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communication Monographs, 69, 52–66. doi:10.1080/03637750216533
17. Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A-K., & Hughs, B. N. (2009). Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15, 83–108. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01494.x
18. Dindia, K. (2003). Definitions and perspectives on relational maintenance communication. In D. J. Canary & M. Dainton (Eds.), Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations (pp. 1–28). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
19. Duggan, M., & Smith, A. (2013). Social media update. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Social-Media-Update.aspx
20. Dwyer, C. (2007, January). Digital relationships in the ‘MySpace’ generation: Results from a qualitative study. Paper presented at the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Waikoloa, HI.
21. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2011). Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook enabled communication practices. New Media & Society, 13, 873–892. doi:10.1177/1461444810385389
22. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143–1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
23. Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relational maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 855–870. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12078
24. Facebook.com. About Facebook: Press room. Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics
25. Hampton, K. N., Goulet, L. S., Rainie, L., & Purcell, K. (2011, June). Social networking sites and our lives. In The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Technology-and-social-networks.aspx
26. Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., Scarpello, V. (2004) Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191–205. doi:10.1177/109442810423675
27. Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and Internet connectivity effects. Information, Communication & Society, 8, 125–147.
28. Houser, M. L., Fleuriet, C., & Estrada, D. (2012). The cyber factor: An analysis of relational maintenance through the use of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research Reports, 29, 34–43. doi:10.1080/08824096.2011.639911
29. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
30. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
31. Ledbetter, A. M. (2010). Assessing the measurement invariance of relational maintenance behavior when face-to-face and online. Communication Research Reports, 27, 30–37.doi:10.1080/08824090903526620
32. Ledbetter, A. M., Mazer, J. P., DeGroot, J. M., Meyer, K. R., Yuping, M., & Swafford, B. (2011). Attitudes toward online social connection and self-disclosure as predictors for Facebook communication and relational closeness. Communication Research, 28, 27–53. doi:10.1177/0093650210365537
33. Ledbetter, A. M., Stassen-Ferrara, H. M., & Dowd, M. M. (2013). Comparing equity and self-expansion theory approaches to relational maintenance. Personal Relationships, 20, 38–51. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01395.x
34. Madden, M., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., Lenhart, A., & Duggan, M. (2012). Parents, teens, and online privacy. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Teens-and-Privacy.aspx.
35. Marmo, J., & Bryant, E. M. (2010, November). Using Facebook to maintain friendships: Examining the differences between acquaintances, casual friends, and close friends. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association Convention, San Francisco, CA.
36. McEwan, B. (2013). Sharing, caring, and surveilling: An actor-partner interdependence model investigation of Facebook relational maintenance. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 863–839.
37. McEwan, B., & Guerrero, L. K. (2012). Increasing perceived friendship network resources through relational maintenance: A study of newly-formed college friendships. Communication Studies, 4, 421–440. doi:10.1080/10510974.2011639433
38. Norton, R. (1983). Measuring marital quality: A critical look at the dependent variable. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 141–151.doi:10.2307/351302
39. O’Sullivan, P. B. (2000). What you don’t know won’t hurt me: Impression management functions of communication channels in relationships. Human Communication Research, 26, 403–431.doi:10.1093/hcr/26.3.403
40. Oswald, D. L., & Clark, E. M. (2006). How do friendship maintenance behaviors and problem-solving styles function at the individual and dyadic levels. Personal Relationships, 13, 333–348.
41. Oswald, D. L., Clark, E. M., & Kelly, C. M. (2004). Friendship maintenance: An analysis of individual and dyad behaviors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 413–44. doi:10.1521/jcsp.23.3.413.35460
42. Patil, V. H., Singh, S. N., Mishra, S., & Donovan, D. T. (2007). Parallel analysis engine to aid determining number of factors to retain. Retrieved from http://ires.ku.edu/˜smishra/parallelengine.htm
43. Rabby, M. K. (2007). Relational maintenance and the influence of commitment in online and offline relationships. Communication Studies, 3, 315–337. doi:10.1080/10510970701518405
44. Rusbult, C. E. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development and deterioration of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 101–117. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.101
45. Stafford, L. (2011). Measuring relationship maintenance behaviors: Critique and development of the revised relationship maintenance behavior scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 278–303. doi:10.1177/0265407510378125
46. Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender, and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 217–242.
47. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
48. Tong, S. T., & Walther, J. B. (2011). Relational maintenance and CMC. In K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb (Eds.), Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships (pp. 98–118). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
49. Veksler, A. E., & Eden, J. (2008, November). Do you like me? Check yes or no: Further conceptualizing the differences between love and liking in the context of relational unrequitedness. Poster presented at the National Communication Association Convention, San Diego, CA.
50. Walther, J. B., & Boyd, S. (2002). Attraction to computer-mediated social support. In C. A. Lin & D. Atkin (Eds.), Communication technology arid society: Audience adoption and uses (pp. 53–188). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
51. Walther, J. B., & Ramirez Jr., A. (2009). New technologies and new direction in online relating. In S. Smith & S. Wilson (Eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication (pp. 264–284). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.