Intracellular Transport of Fat-Soluble Vitamins A and E

Traffic

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 19-34

  Kono, Nozomu ^a   Arai, Hiroyuki ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

Author keywords

CRABP; CRALBP; CRBP; Lipid transfer protein; Vitamin; TTP

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; BINDING PROTEIN; CELLULAR RETINALDEHYDE BINDING PROTEIN; CELLULAR RETINOIC ACID BINDING PROTEIN; CELLULAR RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIDE; RETINOID BINDING PROTEIN; RETINOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; RETINOID; VITAMIN;

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL DEFICIENCY; ATAXIA; CATABOLISM; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; LIPID TRANSPORT; NONHUMAN; RETINA; REVIEW; VITAMIN METABOLISM; ANIMAL; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS; RETINOIDS; RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS, CELLULAR; VITAMINS;

EID: 84919665447     PISSN: 13989219     EISSN: 16000854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12231     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol 2006;66:606-630.
2. Saari JC. Vitamin A metabolism in rod and cone visual cycles. Annu Rev Nutr 2012;32:125-145.
3. Kumar S, Duester G. SnapShot: retinoic acid signaling. Cell 2011;147:1422-1422.e1.
4. Harrison EH. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. Annu Rev Nutr 2005;25:87-103.
5. Yeum KJ, Russell RM. Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Annu Rev Nutr 2002;22:483-504.
6. Blomhoff R, Green MH, Berg T, Norum KR. Transport and storage of vitamin A. Science 1990;250:399-404.
7. Blomhoff R, Helgerud P, Rasmussen M, Berg T, Norum KR. In vivo uptake of chylomicron [3H]retinyl ester by rat liver: evidence for retinol transfer from parenchymal to nonparenchymal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:7326-7330.
8. Ronne H, Ocklind C, Wiman K, Rask L, Obrink B, Peterson PA. Ligand-dependent regulation of intracellular protein transport: effect of vitamin a on the secretion of the retinol-binding protein. J Cell Biol 1983;96:907-910.
9. Newcomer ME, Ong DE. Plasma retinol binding protein: structure and function of the prototypic lipocalin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1482:57-64.
10. Goodman DS. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Goodman DS, editors. The Retinoids. New York: Academic Press; 1984, Chapter 8 pp. 41-88.
11. Blomhoff R, Berg T, Norum KR. Transfer of retinol from parenchymal to stellate cells in liver is mediated by retinol-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988;85:3455-3458.
12. Senoo H, Kojima N, Sato M. Vitamin A-storing cells (stellate cells). Vitam Horm 2007;75:131-159.
13. Zanotti G, Berni R. Plasma retinol-binding protein: structure and interactions with retinol, retinoids, and transthyretin. Vitam Horm 2004;69:271-295.
14. Kawaguchi R, Yu J, Honda J, Hu J, Whitelegge J, Ping P, Wiita P, Bok D, Sun H. A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A. Science 2007;315:820-825.
15. Ovchinnikov YuA. Rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin: structure-function relationships. FEBS Lett 1982;148:179-191.
16. Yoshizawa T, Wald G. Pre-lumirhodopsin and the bleaching of visual pigments. Nature 1963;197:1279-1286.
17. Stryer L. Cyclic GMP cascade of vision. Annu Rev Neurosci 1986;9:87-119.
18. Beharry S, Zhong M, Molday RS. N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine is the preferred retinoid substrate for the photoreceptor-specific ABC transporter ABCA4 (ABCR). J Biol Chem 2004;279:53972-53979.
19. Parker RO, Crouch RK. Retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs) in the visual cycle. Exp Eye Res 2010;91:788-792.
20. Saari JC, Bredberg DL. Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase in retinal pigment epithelial microsomes. J Biol Chem 1989;264:8636-8640.
21. Jin M, Li S, Moghrabi WN, Sun H, Travis GH. Rpe65 is the retinoid isomerase in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Cell 2005;122:449-459.
22. Moiseyev G, Chen Y, Takahashi Y, Wu BX, Ma JX. RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:12413-12418.
23. Redmond TM, Poliakov E, Yu S, Tsai JY, Lu Z, Gentleman S. Mutation of key residues of RPE65 abolishes its enzymatic role as isomerohydrolase in the visual cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:13658-13663.
24. D'Angelo G, Uemura T, Chuang CC, Polishchuk E, Santoro M, Ohvo-Rekilä H, Sato T, Di Tullio G, Varriale A, D'Auria S, Daniele T, Capuani F, Johannes L, Mattjus P, Monti M, et al. Vesicular and non-vesicular transport feed distinct glycosylation pathways in the Golgi. Nature 2013;501:116-120.
25. Noy N. Retinoid-binding proteins: mediators of retinoid action. Biochem J 2000;348:481-495.
26. Folli C, Calderone V, Ottonello S, Bolchi A, Zanotti G, Stoppini M, Berni R. Identification, retinoid binding, and x-ray analysis of a human retinol-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:3710-3715.
27. Folli C, Calderone V, Ramazzina I, Zanotti G, Berni R. Ligand binding and structural analysis of a human putative cellular retinol-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2002;277:41970-41977.
28. Vogel S, Mendelsohn CL, Mertz JR, Piantedosi R, Waldburger C, Gottesman ME, Blaner WS. Characterization of a new member of the fatty acid-binding protein family that binds all-trans-retinol. J Biol Chem 2001;276:1353-1360.
29. Eriksson U, Das K, Busch C, Nordlinder H, Rask L, Sundelin J, Sällström J, Peterson PA. Cellular retinol-binding protein. Quantitation and distribution. J Biol Chem 1984;259:13464-13470.
30. Kato M, Kato K, Goodman DS. Immunocytochemical studies on the localization of plasma and of cellular retinol-binding proteins and of transthyretin (prealbumin) in rat liver and kidney. J Cell Biol 1984;98:1696-1704.
31. De Leeuw AM, Gaur VP, Saari JC, Milam AH. Immunolocalization of cellular retinol-, retinaldehyde- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in rat retina during pre- and postnatal development. J Neurocytol 1990;19:253-264.
32. Zetterström RH, Simon A, Giacobini MM, Eriksson U, Olson L. Localization of cellular retinoid-binding proteins suggests specific roles for retinoids in the adult central nervous system. Neuroscience 1994;62:899-918.
33. Wardlaw SA, Bucco RA, Zheng WL, Ong DE. Variable expression of cellular retinol- and cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins in the rat uterus and ovary during the estrous cycle. Biol Reprod 1997;56:125-132.
34. Li E, Demmer LA, Sweetser DA, Ong DE, Gordon JI. Rat cellular retinol-binding protein II: use of a cloned cDNA to define its primary structure, tissue-specific expression, and developmental regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986;83:5779-5783.
35. Crow JA, Ong DE. Cell-specific immunohistochemical localization of a cellular retinol-binding protein (type two) in the small intestine of rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985;82:4707-4711.
36. Schaefer WH, Kakkad B, Crow JA, Blair IA, Ong DE. Purification, primary structure characterization, and cellular distribution of two forms of cellular retinol-binding protein, type II from adult rat small intestine. J Biol Chem 1989;264:4212-4221.
37. Conforti L, Tarlton A, Mack TG, Mi W, Buckmaster EA, Wagner D, Perry VH, Coleman MP. A Ufd2/D4Cole1e chimeric protein and overexpression of Rbp7 in the slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:11377-11382.
38. Li E, Qian SJ, Winter NS, d'Avignon A, Levin MS, Gordon JI. Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the ligand binding properties of two homologous rat cellular retinol-binding proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1991;266:3622-3629.
39. Levin MS, Locke B, Yang NC, Li E, Gordon JI. Comparison of the ligand binding properties of two homologous rat apocellular retinol-binding proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1988;263:17715-17723.
40. MacDonald PN, Ong DE. Binding specificities of cellular retinol-binding protein and cellular retinol-binding protein, type II. J Biol Chem 1987;262:10550-10556.
41. Dong D, Ruuska SE, Levinthal DJ, Noy N. Distinct roles for cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins I and II in regulating signaling by retinoic acid. J Biol Chem 1999;274:23695-23698.
42. Golovleva I, Bhattacharya S, Wu Z, Shaw N, Yang Y, Andrabi K, West KA, Burstedt MS, Forsman K, Holmgren G, Sandgren O, Noy N, Qin J, Crabb JW. Disease-causing mutations in the cellular retinaldehyde binding protein tighten and abolish ligand interactions. J Biol Chem 2003;278:12397-12402.
43. Herr FM, Ong DE. Differential interaction of lecithin-retinol acyltransferase with cellular retinol binding proteins. Biochemistry 1992;31:6748-6755.
44. Napoli JL. Physiological insights into all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1821:152-167.
45. Posch KC, Boerman MH, Burns RD, Napoli JL. Holocellular retinol binding protein as a substrate for microsomal retinal synthesis. Biochemistry 1991;30:6224-6230.
46. Posch KC, Burns RD, Napoli JL. Biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid from retinal. Recognition of retinal bound to cellular retinol binding protein (type I) as substrate by a purified cytosolic dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1992;267:19676-19682.
47. Kakkad BP, Ong DE. Reduction of retinaldehyde bound to cellular retinol-binding protein (type II) by microsomes from rat small intestine. J Biol Chem 1988;263:12916-12919.
48. MacDonald PN, Ong DE. Evidence for a lecithin-retinol acyltransferase activity in the rat small intestine. J Biol Chem 1988;263:12478-12482.
49. Ghyselinck NB, Båvik C, Sapin V, Mark M, Bonnier D, Hindelang C, Dierich A, Nilsson CB, Håkansson H, Sauvant P, Azaïs-Braesco V, Frasson M, Picaud S, Chambon P. Cellular retinol-binding protein I is essential for vitamin A homeostasis. EMBO J 1999;18:4903-4914.
50. E X, Zhang L, Lu J, Tso P, Blaner WS, Levin MS, Li E. Increased neonatal mortality in mice lacking cellular retinol-binding protein II. J Biol Chem 2002;277:36617-36623.
51. Piantedosi R, Ghyselinck N, Blaner WS, Vogel S. Cellular retinol-binding protein type III is needed for retinoid incorporation into milk. J Biol Chem 2005;280:24286-24292.
52. Berry DC, O'Byrne SM, Vreeland AC, Blaner WS, Noy N. Cross talk between signaling and vitamin A transport by the retinol-binding protein receptor STRA6. Mol Cell Biol 2012;32:3164-3175.
53. Berry DC, Jin H, Majumdar A, Noy N. Signaling by vitamin A and retinol-binding protein regulates gene expression to inhibit insulin responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:4340-4345.
54. Fiorella PD, Napoli JL. Expression of cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP) in Escherichia coli. Characterization and evidence that holo-CRABP is a substrate in retinoic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem 1991;266:16572-16579.
55. Fiorella PD, Napoli JL. Microsomal retinoic acid metabolism. Effects of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (type I) and C18-hydroxylation as an initial step. J Biol Chem 1994;269:10538-10544.
56. Boylan JF, Gudas LJ. Overexpression of the cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABP-I) results in a reduction in differentiation-specific gene expression in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. J Cell Biol 1991;112:965-979.
57. Boylan JF, Gudas LJ. The level of CRABP-I expression influences the amounts and types of all-trans-retinoic acid metabolites in F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. J Biol Chem 1992;267:21486-21491.
58. Budhu AS, Noy N. Direct channeling of retinoic acid between cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II and retinoic acid receptor sensitizes mammary carcinoma cells to retinoic acid-induced growth arrest. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:2632-2641.
59. Delva L, Bastie JN, Rochette-Egly C, Kraïba R, Balitrand N, Despouy G, Chambon P, Chomienne C. Physical and functional interactions between cellular retinoic acid binding protein II and the retinoic acid-dependent nuclear complex. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19:7158-7167.
60. Sessler RJ, Noy N. A ligand-activated nuclear localization signal in cellular retinoic acid binding protein-II. Mol Cell 2005;18:343-353.
61. Schug TT, Berry DC, Shaw NS, Travis SN, Noy N. Opposing effects of retinoic acid on cell growth result from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors. Cell 2007;129:723-733.
62. de Bruijn DR, Oerlemans F, Hendriks W, Baats E, Ploemacher R, Wieringa B, Geurts van Kessel A. Normal development, growth and reproduction in cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABPI) null mutant mice. Differentiation 1994;58:141-148.
63. Gorry P, Lufkin T, Dierich A, Rochette-Egly C, Décimo D, Dollé P, Mark M, Durand B, Chambon P. The cellular retinoic acid binding protein I is dispensable. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:9032-9036.
64. Fawcett D, Pasceri P, Fraser R, Colbert M, Rossant J, Giguère V. Postaxial polydactyly in forelimbs of CRABP-II mutant mice. Development 1995;121:671-679.
65. Lampron C, Rochette-Egly C, Gorry P, Dollé P, Mark M, Lufkin T, LeMeur M, Chambon P. Mice deficient in cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) or in both CRABPI and CRABPII are essentially normal. Development 1995;121:539-548.
66. Futterman S, Saari JC, Blair S. Occurrence of a binding protein for 11-cis-retinal in retina. J Biol Chem 1977;252:3267-3271.
67. Stubbs GW, Saari JC, Futterman S. 11-cis-Retinal-binding protein from bovine retina. Isolation and partial characterization. J Biol Chem 1979;254:8529-8533.
68. Saito K, Tautz L, Mustelin T. The lipid-binding SEC14 domain. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1771:719-726.
69. Bankaitis VA, Mousley CJ, Schaaf G. The Sec14 superfamily and mechanisms for crosstalk between lipid metabolism and lipid signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2010;35:150-160.
70. Saari JC, Bredberg L, Garwin GG. Identification of the endogenous retinoids associated with three cellular retinoid-binding proteins from bovine retina and retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem 1982;257:13329-13333.
71. Saari JC, Crabb JW. Focus on molecules: cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP). Exp Eye Res 2005;81:245-246.
72. He X, Lobsiger J, Stocker A. Bothnia dystrophy is caused by domino-like rearrangements in cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein mutant R234W. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:18545-18550.
73. Bunt-Milam AH, Saari JC. Immunocytochemical localization of two retinoid-binding proteins in vertebrate retina. J Cell Biol 1983;97:703-712.
74. Morimura H, Berson EL, Dryja TP. Recessive mutations in the RLBP1 gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in a form of retinitis punctata albescens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:1000-1004.
75. Maw MA, Kennedy B, Knight A, Bridges R, Roth KE, Mani EJ, Mukkadan JK, Nancarrow D, Crabb JW, Denton MJ. Mutation of the gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet 1997;17:198-200.
76. Eichers ER, Green JS, Stockton DW, Jackman CS, Whelan J, McNamara JA, Johnson GJ, Lupski JR, Katsanis N. Newfoundland rod-cone dystrophy, an early-onset retinal dystrophy, is caused by splice-junction mutations in RLBP1. Am J Hum Genet 2002;70:955-964.
77. Katsanis N, Shroyer NF, Lewis RA, Cavender JC, Al-Rajhi AA, Jabak M, Lupski JR. Fundus albipunctatus and retinitis punctata albescens in a pedigree with an R150Q mutation in RLBP1. Clin Genet 2001;59:424-429.
78. Burstedt MS, Sandgren O, Holmgren G, Forsman-Semb K. Bothnia dystrophy caused by mutations in the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein gene (RLBP1) on chromosome 15q26. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:995-1000.
79. Demirci FY, Rigatti BW, Mah TS, Gorin MB. A novel compound heterozygous mutation in the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein gene (RLBP1) in a patient with retinitis punctata albescens. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:171-173.
80. Nakamura M, Lin J, Ito Y, Miyake Y. Novel mutation in RLBP1 gene in a Japanese patient with retinitis punctata albescens. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:1133-1135.
81. Fishman GA, Roberts MF, Derlacki DJ, Grimsby JL, Yamamoto H, Sharon D, Nishiguchi KM, Dryja TP. Novel mutations in the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein gene (RLBP1) associated with retinitis punctata albescens: evidence of interfamilial genetic heterogeneity and fundus changes in heterozygotes. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:70-75.
82. Humbert G, Delettre C, Sénéchal A, Bazalgette C, Barakat A, Arnaud B, Lenaers G, Hamel CP. Homozygous deletion related to Alu repeats in RLBP1 causes retinitis punctata albescens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:4719-4724.
83. Saari JC, Nawrot M, Kennedy BN, Garwin GG, Hurley JB, Huang J, Possin DE, Crabb JW. Visual cycle impairment in cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP) knockout mice results in delayed dark adaptation. Neuron 2001;29:739-748.
84. Winston A, Rando RR. Regulation of isomerohydrolase activity in the visual cycle. Biochemistry 1998;37:2044-2050.
85. Stecher H, Gelb MH, Saari JC, Palczewski K. Preferential release of 11-cis-retinol from retinal pigment epithelial cells in the presence of cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1999;274:8577-8585.
86. Saari JC, Bredberg DL, Noy N. Control of substrate flow at a branch in the visual cycle. Biochemistry 1994;33:3106-3112.
87. Nawrot M, West K, Huang J, Possin DE, Bretscher A, Crabb JW, Saari JC. Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein interacts with ERM-binding phosphoprotein 50 in retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:393-401.
88. Bonilha VL, Bhattacharya SK, West KA, Crabb JS, Sun J, Rayborn ME, Nawrot M, Saari JC, Crabb JW. Support for a proposed retinoid-processing protein complex in apical retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2004;79:419-422.
89. Saari JC, Nawrot M, Stenkamp RE, Teller DC, Garwin GG. Release of 11-cis-retinal from cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein by acidic lipids. Mol Vis 2009;15:844-854.
90. Mustacich DJ, Bruno RS, Traber MG. Vitamin E. Vitam Horm 2007;76:1-21.
91. Niki E, Traber MG. A history of vitamin E. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;61:207-212.
92. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). Nomenclature of tocopherols and related compounds. Recommendations 1981. Eur J Biochem 1982;123:473-475.
93. Bieri JG, Evarts RP. Gamma tocopherol: metabolism, biological activity and significance in human vitamin E nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:980-986.
94. Traber MG, Kayden HJ. Preferential incorporation of alpha-tocopherol vs gamma-tocopherol in human lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:517-526.
95. Meydani M, Cohn JS, Macauley JB, McNamara JR, Blumberg JB, Schaefer EJ. Postprandial changes in the plasma concentration of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in human subjects fed a fat-rich meal supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins. J Nutr 1989;119:1252-1258.
96. Cooper AD. Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants. J Lipid Res 1997;38:2173-2192.
97. Traber MG, Burton GW, Ingold KU, Kayden HJ. RRR- and SRR-alpha-tocopherols are secreted without discrimination in human chylomicrons, but RRR-alpha-tocopherol is preferentially secreted in very low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1990;31:675-685.
98. Traber MG, Burton GW, Hughes L, Ingold KU, Hidaka H, Malloy M, Kane J, Hyams J, Kayden HJ. Discrimination between forms of vitamin E by humans with and without genetic abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism. J Lipid Res 1992;33:1171-1182.
99. Mardones P, Rigotti A. Cellular mechanisms of vitamin E uptake: relevance in alpha-tocopherol metabolism and potential implications for disease. J Nutr Biochem 2004;15:252-260.
100. Manor D, Morley S. The alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Vitam Horm 2007;76:45-65.
101. Catignani GL. An alpha-tocopherol binding protein in rat liver cytoplasm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975;67:66-72.
102. Sato Y, Hagiwara K, Arai H, Inoue K. Purification and characterization of the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein from rat liver. FEBS Lett 1991;288:41-45.
103. Sato Y, Arai H, Miyata A, Tokita S, Yamamoto K, Tanabe T, Inoue K. Primary structure of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein from rat liver. Homology with cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1993;268:17705-17710.
104. Hosomi A, Arita M, Sato Y, Kiyose C, Ueda T, Igarashi O, Arai H, Inoue K. Affinity for alpha-tocopherol transfer protein as a determinant of the biological activities of vitamin E analogs. FEBS Lett 1997;409:105-108.
105. Panagabko C, Morley S, Hernandez M, Cassolato P, Gordon H, Parsons R, Manor D, Atkinson J. Ligand specificity in the CRAL-TRIO protein family. Biochemistry 2003;42:6467-6474.
106. Meier R, Tomizaki T, Schulze-Briese C, Baumann U, Stocker A. The molecular basis of vitamin E retention: structure of human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. J Mol Biol 2003;331:725-734.
107. Min KC, Kovall RA, Hendrickson WA. Crystal structure of human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein bound to its ligand: implications for ataxia with vitamin E deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:14713-14718.
108. Zhang WX, Frahm G, Morley S, Manor D, Atkinson J. Effect of bilayer phospholipid composition and curvature on ligand transfer by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Lipids 2009;44:631-641.
109. Morley S, Cecchini M, Zhang W, Virgulti A, Noy N, Atkinson J, Manor D. Mechanisms of ligand transfer by the hepatic tocopherol transfer protein. J Biol Chem 2008;283:17797-17804.
110. Zhang WX, Thakur V, Lomize A, Pogozheva I, Panagabko C, Cecchini M, Baptist M, Morley S, Manor D, Atkinson J. The contribution of surface residues to membrane binding and ligand transfer by the α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). J Mol Biol 2011;405:972-988.
111. Ouahchi K, Arita M, Kayden H, Hentati F, Ben Hamida M, Sokol R, Arai H, Inoue K, Mandel JL, Koenig M. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency is caused by mutations in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Nat Genet 1995;9:141-145.
112. Gotoda T, Arita M, Arai H, Inoue K, Yokota T, Fukuo Y, Yazaki Y, Yamada N. Adult-onset spinocerebellar dysfunction caused by a mutation in the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1313-1318.
113. Di Donato I, Bianchi S, Federico A. Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency: update of molecular diagnosis. Neurol Sci 2010;31:511-515.
114. Cavalier L, Ouahchi K, Kayden HJ, Di Donato S, Reutenauer L, Mandel JL, Koenig M. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: heterogeneity of mutations and phenotypic variability in a large number of families. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62:301-310.
115. Hoshino M, Masuda N, Ito Y, Murata M, Goto J, Sakurai M, Kanazawa I. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: a Japanese family carrying a novel mutation in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene. Ann Neurol 1999;45:809-812.
116. Shimohata T, Date H, Ishiguro H, Suzuki T, Takano H, Tanaka H, Tsuji S, Hirota K. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency and retinitis pigmentosa. Ann Neurol 1998;43:273.
117. Usuki F, Maruyama K. Ataxia caused by mutations in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:254-256.
118. Yokota T, Shiojiri T, Gotoda T, Arita M, Arai H, Ohga T, Kanda T, Suzuki J, Imai T, Matsumoto H, Harino S, Kiyosawa M, Mizusawa H, Inoue K. Friedreich-like ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa caused by the His101Gln mutation of the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene. Ann Neurol 1997;41:826-832.
119. Terasawa Y, Ladha Z, Leonard SW, Morrow JD, Newland D, Sanan D, Packer L, Traber MG, Farese RV. Increased atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice deficient in alpha -tocopherol transfer protein and vitamin E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:13830-13834.
120. Jishage K, Arita M, Igarashi K, Iwata T, Watanabe M, Ogawa M, Ueda O, Kamada N, Inoue K, Arai H, Suzuki H. Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is important for the normal development of placental labyrinthine trophoblasts in mice. J Biol Chem 2001;276:1669-1672.
121. Leonard SW, Terasawa Y, Farese RV, Traber MG. Incorporation of deuterated RRR- or all-rac-alpha-tocopherol in plasma and tissues of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein--null mice. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:555-560.
122. Yokota T, Igarashi K, Uchihara T, Jishage K, Tomita H, Inaba A, Li Y, Arita M, Suzuki H, Mizusawa H, Arai H. Delayed-onset ataxia in mice lacking alpha -tocopherol transfer protein: model for neuronal degeneration caused by chronic oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:15185-15190.
123. Ulatowski L, Parker R, Warrier G, Sultana R, Butterfield DA, Manor D. Vitamin E is essential for Purkinje neuron integrity. Neuroscience 2014;260:120-129.
124. Traber MG, Sokol RJ, Burton GW, Ingold KU, Papas AM, Huffaker JE, Kayden HJ. Impaired ability of patients with familial isolated vitamin E deficiency to incorporate alpha-tocopherol into lipoproteins secreted by the liver. J Clin Invest 1990;85:397-407.
125. Hosomi A, Goto K, Kondo H, Iwatsubo T, Yokota T, Ogawa M, Arita M, Aoki J, Arai H, Inoue K. Localization of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1998;256:159-162.
126. Kaempf-Rotzoll DE, Igarashi K, Aoki J, Jishage K, Suzuki H, Tamai H, Linderkamp O, Arai H. Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is specifically localized at the implantation site of pregnant mouse uterus. Biol Reprod 2002;67:599-604.
127. Larnaout A, Belal S, Zouari M, Fki M, Ben Hamida C, Goebel HH, Ben Hamida M, Hentati F. Friedreich's ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: a neuropathological study of a Tunisian patient. Acta Neuropathol 1997;93:633-637.
128. Copp RP, Wisniewski T, Hentati F, Larnaout A, Ben Hamida M, Kayden HJ. Localization of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the brains of patients with ataxia with vitamin E deficiency and other oxidative stress related neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res 1999;822:80-87.
129. Shichiri M, Kono N, Shimanaka Y, Tanito M, Rotzoll DE, Yoshida Y, Hagihara Y, Tamai H, Arai H. A novel role for α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) in protecting against chloroquine toxicity. J Biol Chem 2012;287:2926-2934.
130. Neuringer M, Anderson GJ, Connor WE. The essentiality of n-3 fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain. Annu Rev Nutr 1988;8:517-541.
131. Evans HM, Bishop KS. On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction. Science 1922;56:650-651.
132. Kaempf-Rotzoll DE, Horiguchi M, Hashiguchi K, Aoki J, Tamai H, Linderkamp O, Arai H. Human placental trophoblast cells express alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Placenta 2003;24:439-444.
133. Traber MG. Mechanisms for the prevention of vitamin E excess. J Lipid Res 2013;54:2295-2306.
134. Sontag TJ, Parker RS. Influence of major structural features of tocopherols and tocotrienols on their omega-oxidation by tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase. J Lipid Res 2007;48:1090-1098.
135. Swanson JE, Ben RN, Burton GW, Parker RS. Urinary excretion of 2, 7, 8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman is a major route of elimination of gamma-tocopherol in humans. J Lipid Res 1999;40:665-671.
136. Sontag TJ, Parker RS. Cytochrome P450 omega-hydroxylase pathway of tocopherol catabolism. Novel mechanism of regulation of vitamin E status. J Biol Chem 2002;277:25290-25296.
137. Bardowell SA, Duan F, Manor D, Swanson JE, Parker RS. Disruption of mouse cytochrome p450 4f14 (Cyp4f14 gene) causes severe perturbations in vitamin E metabolism. J Biol Chem 2012;287:26077-26086.
138. Arita M, Nomura K, Arai H, Inoue K. Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein stimulates the secretion of alpha-tocopherol from a cultured liver cell line through a brefeldin A-insensitive pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:12437-12441.
139. Oram JF, Vaughan AM, Stocker R. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 mediates cellular secretion of alpha-tocopherol. J Biol Chem 2001;276:39898-39902.
140. Qian J, Morley S, Wilson K, Nava P, Atkinson J, Manor D. Intracellular trafficking of vitamin E in hepatocytes: the role of tocopherol transfer protein. J Lipid Res 2005;46:2072-2082.
141. Shichiri M, Takanezawa Y, Rotzoll DE, Yoshida Y, Kokubu T, Ueda K, Tamai H, Arai H. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 is involved in hepatic alpha-tocopherol secretion. J Nutr Biochem 2010;21:451-456.
142. Horiguchi M, Arita M, Kaempf-Rotzoll DE, Tsujimoto M, Inoue K, Arai H. pH-dependent translocation of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) between hepatic cytosol and late endosomes. Genes Cells 2003;8:789-800.
143. Qian J, Atkinson J, Manor D. Biochemical consequences of heritable mutations in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Biochemistry 2006;45:8236-8242.
144. Kono N, Ohto U, Hiramatsu T, Urabe M, Uchida Y, Satow Y, Arai H. Impaired α-TTP-PIPs interaction underlies familial vitamin E deficiency. Science 2013;340:1106-1110.
145. Morley S, Panagabko C, Shineman D, Mani B, Stocker A, Atkinson J, Manor D. Molecular determinants of heritable vitamin E deficiency. Biochemistry 2004;43:4143-4149.
146. Krugmann S, Anderson KE, Ridley SH, Risso N, McGregor A, Coadwell J, Davidson K, Eguinoa A, Ellson CD, Lipp P, Manifava M, Ktistakis N, Painter G, Thuring JW, Cooper MA, et al. Identification of ARAP3, a novel PI3K effector regulating both Arf and Rho GTPases, by selective capture on phosphoinositide affinity matrices. Mol Cell 2002;9:95-108.
147. Lemmon MA. Membrane recognition by phospholipid-binding domains. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008;9:99-111.
148. Schaaf G, Ortlund EA, Tyeryar KR, Mousley CJ, Ile KE, Garrett TA, Ren J, Woolls MJ, Raetz CR, Redinbo MR, Bankaitis VA. Functional anatomy of phospholipid binding and regulation of phosphoinositide homeostasis by proteins of the sec14 superfamily. Mol Cell 2008;29:191-206.
149. Mesmin B, Bigay J, Moser von Filseck J, Lacas-Gervais S, Drin G, Antonny B. A four-step cycle driven by PI(4)P hydrolysis directs sterol/PI(4)P exchange by the ER-Golgi tether OSBP. Cell 2013;155:830-843.
150. de Saint-Jean M, Delfosse V, Douguet D, Chicanne G, Payrastre B, Bourguet W, Antonny B, Drin G. Osh4p exchanges sterols for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate between lipid bilayers. J Cell Biol 2011;195:965-978.