The pronounced seasonality of global groundwater recharge

Water Resources Research

Volumn 50, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 8845-8867

  Jasechko, Scott ^a,b   Birks, S Jean ^c   Gleeson, Tom ^d   Wada, Yoshihide ^e   Fawcett, Peter J ^a   Sharp, Zachary D ^a   McDonnell, Jeffrey J ^f,g   Welker, Jeffrey M ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c Alberta Innovates Technology Futures   (Canada)

^d MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA ANCHORAGE   (United States)

Author keywords

deuterium; groundwater; hydrology; oxygen 18; recharge; stable isotope

Indexed keywords

AQUIFERS; ARID REGIONS; DEUTERIUM; GROUNDWATER; GROUNDWATER RESOURCES; HYDROGEOLOGY; HYDROLOGY; ISOTOPES; POTABLE WATER;

ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY; GROUND WATER RECHARGE; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; OXYGEN-18; RECHARGE; SEASONAL DIFFERENCES; SEASONAL PRECIPITATIONS; STABLE ISOTOPES;

RECHARGING (UNDERGROUND WATERS);

ARID ENVIRONMENT; DRINKING WATER; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GLOBAL WARMING; GROUNDWATER; IRRIGATION; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; LIVING RESOURCE; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RECHARGE; SEASONALITY;

EID: 84919642860     PISSN: 00431397     EISSN: 19447973     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014WR015809     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. 3H measurements constrain groundwater recharge patterns in an upland fractured bedrock aquifer, Vermont, USA, J. Hydrol., 228, 101-112.
2. Aeschbach-Hertig, W., and, T. Gleeson, (2012), Regional strategies for the accelerating global problem of groundwater depletion, Nat. Geosci., 5, 853-861.
3. Aeschbach-Hertig, W., M. Stute, J. F. Clark, R. F. Reuter, and, P. Schlosser, (2002), A paleotemperature record derived from dissolved noble gases in groundwater of the Aquia Aquifer (Maryland, USA), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 797-817.
4. 34S, Ground Water, 42, 17-31.
5. Allen, D. M., A. J. Cannon, M. W. Toews, and, J. Scibek, (2010), Variability in simulated recharge using different GCMs, Water Resour. Res., 46, W00F03, doi: 10.1029/2009WR008932.
6. 18O, Oecologia, 120, 375-385.
7. Araguás-Araguás, L., K. Froehlich, and, K. Rozanski, (2000), Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation and atmospheric moisture, Hydrol. Processes, 14, 1341-1355.
8. Asmerom, Y., V. J. Polyak, and, S. J. Burns, (2010), Variable winter moisture in the southwestern United States linked to rapid glacial climate shifts, Nat. Geosci., 3, 114-117.
9. Bakari, S. S., P. Aagaard, R. D. Vogt, F. Ruden, M. S. Brennwald, I. Johansen, and, S. Gulliksen, (2012), Groundwater residence time and paleorecharge conditions in the deep confined aquifers of the coastal watershed, South-East Tanzania, J. Hydrol., 466, 127-140.
10. Bates, R. E., and, M. A. Bilello, (1966), Defining the cold regions of the northern hemisphere, Tech. Rep. 178, CRREL, Hanover, N. H.
11. Bearup, L., R. M. Maxwell, D. W. Clow, and, J. E. McCray, (2014), Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 481-486.
12. Belle, P., B. Aunay, S. Bernardie, G. Grandjean, B. Ladouche, R. Mazué, and, J.-L. Join, (2013), The application of an innovative inverse model for understanding and predicting landslide movements (Salazie cirque landslides, Reunion Island), Landslides, 11 (3), 343-355.
13. Berg, J. A., and, S. R. Pearson, (2011), South-central Minnesota groundwater monitoring of the Mt. Simon aquifer: Minnesota, Version 3.2, report, 92 pp., Dep. of Natl. Resour., Ecol. and Water Resour. Div., St. Paul, Minn.
14. Berghuijs, W. R., R. A. Woods, and, M. Hrachowitz, (2014), A precipitation shift from snow towards rain leads to a decrease in streamflow, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 583-586.
15. Birks, S. J., and, T. W. D. Edwards, (2009), Atmospheric circulation controls on precipitation isotope-climate relations in western Canada, Tellus, Ser. B, 61, 566-576.
16. Blumenthal, D., R. Chimner, J. M. Welker, and, J. Morgan, (2008), Increased snow facilitates plant invasion in mixedgrass prairie, New Phytol., 179, 440-448.
17. Boutin, P., (2009), Etude geochmique des eaux souterraines à la mine joe mann, Chibougamau, Québec, MSc thesis, 141 pp., Univ. du Qué, Chicoutimi, Canada.
18. Bowen, G. J., and, J. Revenaugh, (2003), Interpolating the isotopic composition of modern meteoric precipitation, Water Resour. Res., 39 (10), 1299, doi: 10.1029/2003WR002086.
19. 18O in meteoric precipitation, Geology, 30, 315-318.
20. Bretzler, A., K. Osenbrück, R. Gloaguen, J. S. Ruprecht, S. Kebede, and, S. Stadler, (2011), Groundwater origin and flow dynamics in active rift systems-A multi-isotope approach in the Main Ethiopian Rift, J. Hydrol., 402, 274-289.
21. Cable, J., K. Olge, D. Bolton, L. Bentley, V. Romonvsky, H. Iwata, Y. Harazona, and, J. M. Welker, (2013), Permafrost thaw affects boreal deciduous plant transpiration through increased soil water, deeper thaw, and warmer soils, Ecohydrology, 7, 982-997.
22. Carey, S. K., and, W. L. Quinton, (2005), Evaluating runoff generation during summer using hydrometric, stable isotope and hydrochemical methods in a discontinuous permafrost alpine catchment, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 95-114.
23. Carreira, P. M., J. M. Marques, J. E. Marques, H. I. Chaminé, P. E. Fonseca, F. M. Santos, R. M. Moura, and, J. M. Carvalho, (2011), Defining the dynamics of groundwater in Serra da Estrela Mountain area, central Portugal: An isotopic and hydrogeochemical approach, Hydrogeol. J., 19, 117-131.
24. Castle, S. L., B. F. Thomas, J. T. Reager, M. Rodell, S. C. Swenson, and, J. S. Famiglietti, (2014), Groundwater depletion during drought threatens future water security of the Colorado River Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5904-5911, doi: 10.1002/2014GL061055.
25. Cheung, K., and, B. Mayer, (2009), Chemical and isotopic characterization of shallow groundwater from selected monitoring wells in Alberta: Part I: 2006-2007, Alberta Environ. Rep., 88 pp., Edmonton, Canada.
26. Chiew, F. H. S., and, T. A. McMahon, (1991), Groundwater recharge from rainfall and irrigation in the Campaspe River Basin, Soil Res., 29, 651-670.
27. Chimner, R. A., and, J. M. Welker, (2005), Ecosystem respiration responses to experimental manipulations of winter and summer precipitation in a Mixedgrass Prairie, WY, USA, Biogeochemistry, 73, 257-270.
28. Clark, I. D., and, P. Fritz, (1997), Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, A. F. Lewis, N. Y.
29. Crosbie, R. S., W. R. Dawes, S. P. Charles, F. S. Mpelasoka, S. Aryal, O. Barron, and, G. K. Summerell, (2011), Differences in future recharge estimates due to GCMs, downscaling methods and hydrological models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11406, doi: 10.1029/2011GL047657.
30. Cunningham, E. E., A. Long, C. Eastoe, and, R. L. Bassett, (1998), Migration of recharge waters downgradient from the Santa Catalina Mountains into the Tucson basin aquifer, Arizona, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 6, 94-103.
31. Dams, J., E. Salvadore, T. Van Daele, V. Ntegeka, P. Willems, O. Batelaan, and, H. J. Hendricks Franssen, (2012), Spatio-temporal impact of climate change on the groundwater system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1517-1531.
32. Dansgaard, W., (1964), Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436-468.
33. Darling, W. G., and, A. H. Bath, (1988), A stable isotope study of recharge processes in the English Chalk, J. Hydrol., 101, 31-46.
34. Darling, W. G., W. M. Edmunds, and, P. L. Smedley, (1997), Isotopic evidence for palaeowaters in the British Isles, Appl. Geochem., 12, 813-829.
35. Darling, W. G., A. H. Bath, and, J. C. Talbot, (2003), The O and H stable isotope composition of freshwaters in the British Isles. 2. Surface waters and groundwater, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 183-195.
36. Das, B. K., Y. P. Kakar, H. Moser, and, W. Stichler, (1988), Deuterium and oxygen-18 studies in groundwater of the Delhi area, India, J. Hydrol., 98, 133-146.
37. Dawson, T. E., S. Mambelli, A. H. Plamboeck, P. H. Templer, and, K. P. Tu, (2002), Stable isotopes in plant ecology, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 33, 507-559.
38. Delin, G. N., R. W. Healy, D. L. Lorenz, and, J. R. Nimmo, (2007), Comparison of local-to regional-scale estimates of ground-water recharge in Minnesota, USA, J. Hydrol., 334, 231-249.
39. 3H) and chloride mass balance, Hydrol. Processes, 21, 807-818.
40. Dettinger, M. D., and, H. F. Diaz, (2000), Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability, J. Hydrometeorol., 1, 289-310.
41. Dodd, M. B., W. K. Lauenroth, and, J. M. Welker, (1998), Differential water resource use by herbaceous and woody plants in a shortgrass steppe community, Oecologia, 117, 504-512.
42. Döll, P., and, K. Fiedler, (2008), Global-scale modeling of groundwater recharge, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 4, 4069-4124.
43. Douglas, M., I. D. Clark, K. Raven, and, D. Bottomley, (2000), Groundwater mixing dynamics at a Canadian Shield mine, J. Hydrol., 235, 88-103.
44. Dripps, W. R., (2012), An integrated field assessment of groundwater recharge, Open Hydrol. J., 6, 15-22.
45. Dripps, W. R., and, K. R. Bradbury, (2010), The spatial and temporal variability of groundwater recharge in a forested basin in northern Wisconsin, Hydrol. Processes, 24, 383-392, doi: 10.1002/hyp.7497.
46. Dunne, T., and, L. B. Leopold, (1978), Water in environmental planning, New York, 818 pp.
47. Durack, P. J., S. E. Wijffels, and, R. J. Matear, (2012), Ocean salinities reveal strong global water cycle intensification during 1950 to 2000, Science, 336, 455-458.
48. Earman, S., A. R. Campbell, F. M. Phillips, and, B. D. Newman, (2006), Isotopic exchange between snow and atmospheric water vapor: Estimation of the snowmelt component of groundwater recharge in the southwestern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09302, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006470.
49. Eckhardt, K., and, U. Ulbrich, (2003), Potential impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge and streamflow in a central European low mountain range, J. Hydrol., 284, 244-252.
50. Edmunds, W. M., (2009), Palaeoclimate and groundwater evolution in Africa-implications for adaptation and management, Hydrol. Sci. J., 54, 781-792.
51. Edmunds, W. M., and, C. J. Milne, (Eds.) (2001), Palaeowaters in Coastal Europe: Evolution of Groundwater Since the Late Pleistocene, Geol. Soc. of London, Bath, U. K.
52. Ehleringer, J. R., and, T. A. Cooper, (1992), On the role of orientation in reducing photoinhibitory damage in photosynthetic-twig desert shrubs, Plant Cell Environ., 15, 301-306.
53. Elliot, T., J. N. Andrews, and, W. M. Edmunds, (1999), Hydrochemical trends, palaeorecharge and groundwater ages in the fissured Chalk aquifer of the London and Berkshire Basins, UK, Appl. Geochem., 14, 333-363.
54. Even, H., I. Carmi, M. Magaritz, and, R. Gerson, (1986), Timing the transport of water through the upper vadose zone in a karstic system above a cave in Israel, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 11, 181-191.
55. Famiglietti, J. S., M. Lo, S. L. Ho, J. Bethune, K. J. Anderson, T. H. Syed, S. C. Swenson, C. R. de Linage, and, M. Rodell, (2011), Satellites measure recent rates of groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03403, doi: 10.1029/2010GL046442.
56. Feng, W., M. Zhong, J. M. Lemoine, R. Biancale, H. T. Hsu, and, J. Xia, (2013), Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and ground-based measurements, Water Resour. Res., 49, 2110-2118, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20192.
57. Feng, X., G. Vico, and, A. Porporato, (2012), On the effects of seasonality on soil water balance and plant growth, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05543, doi: 10.1029/2011WR011263.
58. Ferguson, G. A., R. N. Betcher, and, S. E. Grasby, (2007), Hydrogeology of the Winnipeg formation in Manitoba, Canada, Hydrogeol. J., 15, 573-587.
59. Flerchinger, G. N., K. R. Cooley, and, D. R. Ralston, (1992), Groundwater response to snowmelt in a mountainous watershed, J. Hydrol., 133, 293-311.
60. Foley, J. A., et al. (2011), Solutions for a cultivated planet, Nature, 478, 337-342.
61. Fortin, G., G. van der Kamp, and, J. A. Cherry, (1991), Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of an aquifer-aquitard system within glacial deposits, Saskatchewan, Canada, J. Hydrol., 126, 265-292.
62. Friedman, I., (1953), Deuterium content of natural waters and other substances, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 4, 89-103.
63. Genty, D., et al. (2014), Rainfall and cave water isotopic relationships in two South-France sites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 131, 323-343.
64. 18O evaporation slopes for lakes and soil water accounting for seasonality, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB2031, doi: 10.1029/2007GB002997.
65. Gill, I., (1994), Groundwater geochemistry of the Kingshill aquifer system, St. Croix, Environ. Geosci., 1, 40-49.
66. Gleeson, T., K. Novakowski, and, T. K. Kyser, (2009), Extremely rapid and localized recharge to a fractured rock aquifer, J. Hydrol., 376, 496-509.
67. Gleeson, T., Y. Wada, M. F. Bierkens, and, L. P. van Beek, (2012), Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint, Nature, 488, 197-200.
68. Goede, A., D. C. Green, and, R. S. Harmon, (1982), Isotopic composition of precipitation, cave drips and actively forming speleothems at three Tasmanian cave sites, Helictite, 20, 17-29.
69. Granger, R. J., D. M. Gray, and, G. E. Dyck, (1984), Snowmelt infiltration to frozen Prairie soils, Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 669-677.
70. Grasby, S. E., and, Z. Chen, (2005), Subglacial recharge into the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin-Impact of Pleistocene glaciation on basin hydrodynamics, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 500-514.
71. Grasby, S. E., J. Osborn, Z. Chen, and, P. R. Wozniak, (2010), Influence of till provenance on regional groundwater geochemistry, Chem. Geol., 273, 225-237.
72. Grassi, S., and, G. Cortecci, (2005), Hydrogeology and geochemistry of the multilayered confined aquifer of the Pisa plain (Tuscany-central Italy), Appl. Geochem., 20, 41-54.
73. Hayashi, M., G. van der Kamp, and, R. Schmidt, (2003), Focused infiltration of snowmelt water in partially frozen soil under small depressions, J. Hydrol., 270, 214-229.
74. Hayhoe, K., et al. (2004), Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 12,422-12,427.
75. Heppner, C. S., J. R. Nimmo, G. J. Folmar, W. J. Gburek, and, D. W. Risser, (2007), Multiple-methods investigation of recharge at a humid-region fractured rock site, Pennsylvania, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 15, 915-927.
76. Hoffmann, G., M. Werner, and, M. Heimann, (1998), Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,871-16,896.
77. 18O evidence for inputs to groundwater at a wetland coastal boundary in the southern Great Lakes region of Canada, J. Hydrol., 214, 18-31.
78. Iacumin, P., G. Venturelli, and, E. Selmo, (2009), Isotopic features of rivers and groundwater of the Parma Province (Northern Italy) and their relationships with precipitation, J. Geochem. Explor., 102, 56-62.
79. Jasechko, S., J. J. Gibson, S. J. Birks, and, Y. Yi, (2012), Quantifying saline groundwater seepage to surface waters in the Athabasca oil sands region, Appl. Geochem., 27, 2068-2076.
80. Jasechko, S., Z. D. Sharp, J. J. Gibson, S. J. Birks, Y. Yi, and, P. J. Fawcett, (2013), Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration, Nature, 496, 347-350.
81. Jiráková, H., F. Huneau, H. Celle-Jeanton, Z. Hrkal, and, P. L. La Coustumer, (2011), Insights into palaeorecharge conditions for European deep aquifers, Hydrogeol. J., 19, 1545-1562.
82. Jocson, J. M. U., J. W. Jenson, and, D. N. Contractor, (2002), Recharge and aquifer response: Northern Guam lens aquifer, Guam, Mariana Islands, J. Hydrol., 260, 231-254.
83. Jones, I. C., and, J. L. Banner, (2003), Estimating recharge thresholds in tropical karst island aquifers: Barbados, Puerto Rico and Guam, J. Hydrol., 278, 131-143.
84. Jones, I. C., J. L. Banner, and, J. D. Humphrey, (2000), Estimating recharge in a tropical karst aquifer, Water Resour. Res., 36, 1289-1299.
85. Joodaki, G., J. Wahr, and, S. Swenson, (2014), Estimating the human contribution to groundwater depletion in the Middle East, from GRACE data, land surface models, and well observations, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2679-2692, doi: 10.1002/2013WR014633.
86. Jukic, D., and, V. Denic-Jukic, (2009), Groundwater balance estimation in karst by using a conceptual rainfall-runoff model, J. Hydrol., 373, 302-315.
87. Julian, J., L. Araguás-Araguás, K. Rozanski, J. Benavente, J. Cardenal, M. C. Hidalgo, S. Garcia-Lopez, J. C. Martinez-Garrido, F. Moral, and, M. Olias, (1992), Sources of precipitation over south-eastern Spain and groundwater recharge: An isotopic study, Tellus, Ser. B, 44, 226-236.
88. Jyrkama, M. I., and, J. F. Sykes, (2007), The impact of climate change on spatially varying groundwater recharge in the grand river watershed (Ontario), J. Hydrol., 338, 237-250.
89. Kagabu, M., J. Shimada, R. Delinom, M. Tsujimura, and, M. Taniguchi, (2011), Groundwater flow system under a rapidly urbanizing coastal city as determined by hydrogeochemistry, J. Asian Earth Sci., 40, 226-239.
90. Kalin, R. M., (1994), The hydrogeochemical evolution of the groundwater of the Tucson Basin with application to 3-dimensional groundwater flow modelling, PhD thesis, 510 pp., Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, Ariz.
91. Karro, E., A. Marandi, and, R. Vaikmäe, (2004), The origin of increased salinity in the Cambrian-Vendian aquifer system on the Kopli Peninsula, northern Estonia, Hydrogeol. J., 12, 424-435.
92. Kebede, S., Y. Travi, A. Asrat, T. Alemayehu, T. Ayenew, and, Z. Tessema, (2008), Groundwater origin and flow along selected transects in Ethiopian rift volcanic aquifers, Hydrogeol. J., 16, 55-73.
93. Keenan, T. F., D. Y. Hollinger, G. Bohrer, D. Dragoni, J. W. Munger, H. P. Schmid, and, A. D. Richardson, (2013), Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise, Nature, 499, 324-327.
94. Kim, J. H., and, R. B. Jackson, (2012), A global analysis of groundwater recharge for vegetation, climate, and soils, Vadose Zone J., 11, doi: 10.2136/vzj2011.0021RA.
95. Kloppmann, W., L. Dever, and, W. M. Edmunds, (1998), Residence time of Chalk groundwaters in the Paris Basin and the North German Basin: A geochemical approach, Appl. Geochem., 13, 593-606.
96. Konikow, L. F., (2011), Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17401, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048604.
97. Konikow, L. F., and, E. Kendy, (2005), Groundwater depletion: A global problem, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 317-320, doi: 10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8.
98. Kortelainen, N. M., and, J. A. Karhu, (2004), Regional and seasonal trends in the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of Finnish groundwaters: A key for mean annual precipitation, J. Hydrol., 285, 143-157.
99. Kulmatiski, A., K. H. Beard, R. J. Verweij, and, E. C. February, (2010), A depth-controlled tracer technique measures vertical, horizontal and temporal patterns of water use by trees and grasses in a subtropical savanna, New Phytol., 188, 199-209.
100. Kurita, N., N. Yoshida, G. Inoue, and, E. A. Chayanova, (2004), Modern isotope climatology of Russia: A first assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03102, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003404.
101. Kurylyk, B. L., K. T. B. MacQuarrie, and, C. I. Voss, (2014), Climate change impacts on the temperature and magnitude of groundwater discharge from shallow, unconfined aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 50, 3253-3274, doi: 10.1002/2013WR014588.
102. Lanza, S., (2009), Groundwater anammox at an industrial site in Calgary, MSc thesis, 96 pp., Univ. of Calgary.
103. Lee, K. S., and, Y. Kim, (2007), Determining the seasonality of groundwater recharge using water isotopes: A case study from the upper North Han River basin, Korea, Environ. Geol., 52, 853-859.
104. Lee, K. S., D. B. Wenner, and, I. Lee, (1999), Using H-and O-isotopic data for estimating the relative contributions of rainy and dry season precipitation to groundwater: Example from Cheju Island, Korea, J. Hydrol., 222, 65-74.
105. Leffler, J., and, J. M. Welker, (2013), Long-term increases in snow elevate leaf N and photosynthesis in Salix arctica: Response to a snow fence experiment in NW Greenland, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 025023.
106. Leterme, B., D. Mallants, and, D. Jacques, (2012), Sensitivity of groundwater recharge using climatic analogues and HYDRUS-1D, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2485-2497.
107. Li, B., D. Yuan, J. Qin, Y. Lin, and, M. Zhang, (2000), Oxygen and carbon isotopic characteristics of rainwater, drip water and present speleothems in a cave in Guilin area, and their environmental meanings, Sci. China, Ser. D, 43, 277-285.
108. 18O) across the contiguous USA and adjacent regions: A GCM-Based Analysis, J. Clim., 27, 1046-1061.
109. Lorenzen, G., C. Sprenger, P. Baudron, D. Gupta, and, A. Pekdeger, (2012), Origin and dynamics of groundwater salinity in the alluvial plains of western Delhi and adjacent territories of Haryana State, India, Hydrol. Processes, 26, 2333-2345.
110. Madonia, P., R. D'Aleo, C. Di Maggio, R. Favara, and, A. Hartwig, (2013), The use of shallow dripwater as an isotopic marker of seepage in karst areas: A comparison between Western Sicily (Italy) and the Harz Mountains (Germany), Appl. Geochem., 34, 231-239.
111. Maulé, C. P., D. S. Chanasyk, and, K. Muehlenbachs, (1994), Isotopic determination of snow-water contribution to soil water and groundwater, J. Hydrol., 155, 73-91.
112. McCarroll, D., and, N. J. Loader, (2004), Stable isotopes in tree rings, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 771-801.
113. McIntosh, J. C., M. E. Schlegel, and, M. Person, (2012), Glacial impacts on hydrologic processes in sedimentary basins: Evidence from natural tracer studies, Geofluids, 12, 7-12.
114. McMahon, P. B., J. K. Bohlke, and, C. P. Carney, (2007), Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the northern High Plains aquifer, Nebraska, 2003, U.S. Geol. Surv. Sci. Invest. Rep. 2006-5294, 66 pp., U.S. Dep. of the Interior, Reston, Va.
115. Menking, K. M., J. L. Bischoff, J. A. Fitzpatrick, J. W. Burdette, and, R. O. Rye, (1997), Climatic/hydrologic oscillations since 155,000 yr BP at Owens Lake, California, reflected in abundance and stable isotope composition of sediment carbonate, Quat. Res., 48, 58-68.
116. Mileham, L., R. G. Taylor, M. Todd, C. Tindimugaya, and, J. Thompson, (2009), The impact of climate change on groundwater recharge and runoff in a humid, equatorial catchment: Sensitivity of projections to rainfall intensity, Hydrol. Sci. J., 54, 727-738.
117. Muñoz-Villers, L. E., and, J. J. McDonnell, (2012), Runoff generation in a steep, tropical montane cloud forest catchment on permeable volcanic substrate, Water Resour. Res., 48, W09528, doi: 10.1029/2011WR011316.
118. 144Nd) in the groundwater of French Guiana as indicators of their origin, interrelations, C. R. Géosci., 342, 786-795.
119. 18O of water and climate parameters in a simulation of atmospheric circulation for 1979-95, J. Clim., 15, 3150-3169.
120. 18O variations and groundwater recharge for three landscape types in central Pennsylvania, USA, J. Hydrol., 303, 108-124.
121. Owor, M., R. G. Taylor, C. Tindimugaya, and, D. Mwesigwa, (2009), Rainfall intensity and groundwater recharge: Empirical evidence from the Upper Nile Basin, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 035009.
122. Pangle, L., J. W. Gregg, and, J. J. McDonnell, (2014), Rainfall seasonality and an ecohydrological feedback offset the potential impact of climate warming on evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1308-1321, doi: 10.1002/2012WR013253.
123. Plummer, L. N., (1993), Stable isotope enrichment in paleowaters of the southeast Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States, Science, 262, 2016-2020.
124. Plummer, L. N., L. M. Bexfield, S. K. Anderholm, W. E. Sanford, and, E. Busenberg, (2004), Hydrochemical tracers in the middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 1. Conceptualization of groundwater flow, Hydrogeol. J., 12, 359-388.
125. Portmann, F. T., P. Döll, S. Eisner, and, M. Flörke, M., (2013), Impact of climate change on renewable groundwater resources: Assessing the benefits of avoided greenhouse gas emissions using selected CMIP5 climate projections, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 024023.
126. Power, G., R. S. Brown, and, J. G. Imhof, (1999), Groundwater and fish-insights from northern North America, Hydrol. Processes, 13, 401-422.
127. Praamsma, T., K. Novakowski, K. Kyser, and, K. Hall, (2009), Using stable isotopes and hydraulic head data to investigate groundwater recharge and discharge in a fractured rock aquifer, J. Hydrol., 366, 35-45.
128. Pulliainen, J., (2006), Mapping of snow water equivalent and snow depth in boreal and sub-arctic zones by assimilating space-borne microwave radiometer data and ground-based observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 101, 257-269.
129. Qin, D., Y. Qian, L. Han, Z. Wang, C. Li, and, Z. Zhao, (2011). Assessing impact of irrigation water on groundwater recharge and quality in arid environment using CFCs, tritium and stable isotopes, in the Zhangye Basin, Northwest China, J. Hydrol., 405, 194-208.
130. 86Sr ratios, Appl. Geochem., 25, 1860-1871.
131. Risi, C., S. Bony, F. Vimeux, and, J. Jouzel, (2010), Water-stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present-day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12118, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013255.
132. 18O water isotope in the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.0)-Part 1: Implementation and verification, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 6, 1481-1491.
133. Rock, L., and, B. Mayer, (2009), Identifying the influence of geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities on riverine sulfate on a watershed scale by combining hydrometric, chemical and isotopic approaches, Chem. Geol., 262, 121-130.
134. Rodell, M., I. Velicogna, and, J. S. Famiglietti, (2009), Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India, Nature, 460, 999-1002.
135. Rodhe, A., (1981), Spring flood meltwater or groundwater? Nord. Hydrol., 12, 21-30.
136. 14C, T) in carbonate aquifers, southern Poland, Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 49, 73-97.
137. 3- in groundwater of an agricultural region: A dual-isotope study, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06422, doi: 10.1029/2006WR005469.
138. Sayama, T., J. J. McDonnell, A. Dhakal, and, K. Sullivan, (2011), How much water can a watershed store? Hydrol. Processes, 25, 3899-3908.
139. Siebert, S., J. Burke, J. M. Faures, K. Frenken, J. Hoogeveen, P. Döll, and, F. T. Portmann, (2010), Groundwater use for irrigation-A global inventory, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1863-1880.
140. Scanlon, B. R., K. E. Keese, A. L. Flint, L. E. Flint, C. B. Gaye, W. M. Edmunds, and, I. Simmers, (2006), Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions, Hydrol. Processes, 20, 3335-3370.
141. Scanlon, B. R., C. C. Faunt, L. Longuevergne, R. C. Reedy, W. M. Alley, V. L. McGuire, and, P. B. McMahon, (2012), Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 109, 9320-9325.
142. 18O compositions, Quat. Res., 71, 172-180.
143. Schmidt, G. A., A. N. LeGrande, and, G. Hoffmann, (2007), Water isotope expressions of intrinsic and forced variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10103, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007781.
144. Sklash, M. G., and, R. N. Farvolden, (1979), The role of groundwater in storm runoff. In: Back, W. and D. A. Stephenson (eds.), Contemporary Hydrogeology-The George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume, Dev. Water Sci., 43, 45-65.
145. Simpson, E. S., D. B. Thorud, and, I. Friedman, (1972), Distinguishing seasonal recharge to groundwater by deuterium analysis in southern Arizona, in Proc. Reeding Symposium, International Association of Scientific Hydrology, pp. 623-633, UNESCO-WMO, Gentbrugge, Belgium.
146. Smith, G. I., and, J. L. Bischoff, (Eds.) (1997), An 800,000-year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, Geol. Soc. of Am. Spec. Pap. 317, 37-47.
147. Stevenson, B. A., E. Kelly, E. McDonald, A. Busacca, and, J. M. Welker, (2010), Oxygen isotope ratios in Holocene carbonates across a climatic gradient, eastern Washington State, USA: Evidence for seasonal effects on pedogenic mineral isotopic composition, Holocene, 20, 575-583.
148. Steward, D. R., P. J. Bruss, X. Yang, S. A. Staggenborg, S. M. Welch, and, M. D. Apley, (2013), Tapping unsustainable groundwater stores for agricultural production in the High Plains Aquifer of Kansas, projections to 2110, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 110, E3477-E3486.
149. Stoll, S., H. J. Franssen, M. Butts, and, W. Kinzelbach, (2011), Analysis of the impact of climate change on groundwater related hydrological fluxes: A multi-model approach including different downscaling methods, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 21-38.
150. Takala, M., J. Pulliainen, S. J. Metsamaki, and, J. T. Koskinen, (2009), Detection of snowmelt using spaceborne microwave radiometer data in Eurasia from 1979 to 2007, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 47, 2996-3007.
151. Taylor, R. G., M. C. Todd, L. Kongola, L. Maurice, E. Nahozya, H. Sanga, and, A. M. MacDonald, (2013), Evidence of the dependence of groundwater resources on extreme rainfall in East Africa, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 374-378.
152. Taylor, S., X. Feng, M. Williams, and, J. McNamara, (2002), How isotopic fractionation of snowmelt affects hydrograph separation, Hydrol. Processes, 16, 3683-3690.
153. Tweed, S. O., T. R. Weaver, and, I. Cartwright, (2005), Distinguishing groundwater flow paths in different fractured-rock aquifers using groundwater chemistry: Dandenong Ranges, southeast Australia, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 771-786.
154. 18O) of the United States: Connections with surface temperatures, moisture source conditions, and air mass trajectories, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21126, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014105.
155. Van Beynen, P., and, P. Febbroriello, (2006), Seasonal isotopic variability of precipitation and cave drip water at Indian Oven Cave, New York, Hydrol. Processes, 20, 1793-1803.
156. Vera, C., G. Silvestri, B. Liebmann, and, P. González, (2006), Climate change scenarios for seasonal precipitation in South America from IPCC-AR4 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13707, doi: 10.1029/2006GL025759.
157. Vogel, J. C., D. Ehhalt, and, W. Roether, (1963), A survey of the natural isotopes of water in South Africa, in Proceedings of Tokyo Conference on Radioisotopes in Hydrology, pp. 407-416, Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna.
158. Voss, K. A., J. S. Famiglietti, M. Lo, C. Linage, M. Rodell, and, S. C. Swenson, (2013), Groundwater depletion in the Middle East from GRACE with implications for transboundary water management in the Tigris-Euphrates-Western Iran region, Water Resour. Res., 49, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20078.
159. Wada, Y., L. P. H. van Beek, C. M. van Kempen, J. W. T. M. Reckman, S. Vasek, and, M. F. P. Bierkens, (2010), Global depletion of groundwater resources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20402, doi: 10.1029/2010GL044571.
160. Wada, Y., L. P. H. van Beek, and, M. F. P. Bierkens, (2012a), Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment, Water Resour. Res., 48, W00L06, doi: 10.1029/2011WR010562.
161. Wada, Y., L. P. H. van Beek, F. C. S. Weiland, B. F. Chao, Y.-H. Wu, and, M. F. P. Bierkens, (2012b), Past and future contribution of global groundwater depletion to sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09402, doi: 10.1029/2012GL051230.
162. Wada, Y., D. Wisser, and, M. F. P. Bierkens, (2014), Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources, Earth Syst. Dyn., 5, 15-40.
163. Wallick, E. I., (1981), Chemical evolution of groundwater in a drainage basin of Holocene age, east-central Alberta, Canada, J. Hydrol., 54, 245-283.
164. Walraevens, K., I. Vandecasteele, K. Martens, J. Nyssen, J. Moeyersons, T. Gebreyohannes, F. de Smedt, J. Poesen, J. Deckers, and, M. Van Camp, (2009), Groundwater recharge and flow in a small mountain catchment in northern Ethiopia, Hydrol. Sci. J., 54, 739-753.
165. Wang, L., F. Hu, L. Yin, L. Wan, and, Q. Yu, (2013), Hydrochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Yinchuan plain, China, Environ. Earth Sci., 69, 2037-2057.
166. Wanke, H., A. Dünkeloh, and, P. Udluft, (2008), Groundwater recharge assessment for the Kalahari catchment of north-eastern Namibia and north-western Botswana with a regional-scale water balance model, Water Resour. Manage., 22, 1143-1158.
167. 18O) for Mexico, J. Geochem. Explor., 102, 123-136.
168. 18O) characteristics of weekly precipitation collected across the USA: An initial analysis with application to water source studies, Hydrol. Processes, 14, 1449-1464.
169. 2H and d-excess) of precipitation across the US using a long-term network (USNIP), Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17, 1655-1660.
170. Welker, J. M., S. McClelland, and, T. W. Weaver, (1991), Soil water retention after natural and simulated rainfall on a temperate grassland, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 44, 447-453.
171. Williams, J. W., (2003), Variations in tree cover in North America since the last glacial maximum, Global Planet. Change, 35, 1-23.
172. Williams, P. W., and, A. Fowler, (2002), Relationship between oxygen isotopes in rainfall, cave percolation waters at Waitomo, New Zealand, J. Hydrol., 41, 53-70.
173. Winnick, M., J. M. Welker, and, P. Chamberlain, (2013), Stable Isotope evidence of El Nino like circulation in Pliocene western United States, Clim. Past, 9, 903-912.
174. Winograd, I. J., T. B. Coplen, J. M. Landwehr, A. C. Riggs, K. R. Ludwig, B. J. Szabo, P. T. Kolesar, and, K. M. Revesz, (1992), Continuous 500,000-year climate record from vein calcite in Devils Hole, Nevada, Science, 258, 255-260.
175. Winograd, I. J., A. C. Riggs, and, T. B. Coplen, (1998), The relative contributions of summer and cool-season precipitation to groundwater recharge, Spring Mountains, Nevada, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 6, 77-93.
176. Wischusen, J. D., L. K. Fifield, and, R. G. Cresswell, (2004), Hydrogeology of Palm Valley, central Australia: A Pleistocene flora refuge? J. Hydrol., 293, 20-46.
177. Yechieli, Y., U. Kafri, and, O. Sivan, (2009), The inter-relationship between coastal sub-aquifers and the Mediterranean Sea, deduced from radioactive isotopes analysis, Hydrogeol. J., 17, 265-274.
178. Yeh, P. J. F., and, J. S. Famiglietti, (2009), Regional groundwater evapotranspiration in Illinois, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 464-478.
179. Yonge, C. J., D. C. Ford, J. Gray, and, H. P. Schwarcz, (1985), Stable isotope studies of cave seepage water, Chem. Geol. Isot. Geosci. Sec., 58, 97-105.
180. 18O variability with a Rayleigh-type isotope circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D20), 4647, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003477.
181. Zuber, A., S. M. Weise, J. Motyka, Osenbrück, K., and, K. Rõzański, (2004), Age and flow pattern of groundwater in a Jurassic limestone aquifer and related Tertiary sands derived from combined isotope, noble gas and chemical data, J. Hydrol., 286, 87-112.