Virulence Factors of Uropathogenic E. coli and Their Interaction with the Host

Advances in Microbial Physiology

Volumn 65, Issue , 2014, Pages 337-372

  Lüthje, Petra ^a   Brauner, Annelie ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Adhesins; Immune evasion; Iron acquisition; Toxins; Uropathogenic e. coli; Virulence factors

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; AFA ADHESIN; ALPHA HEMOLYSIN; ANTIGEN 43; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; CHUA RECEPTOR; CURLI FIMBRIAE; CYTOTOXIC NECROTIZING FACTOR 1; DR ADHESIN; ENDOTOXIN; F1C FIMBRIAE; F9 FIMBRIAE; HEME; HMA RECEPTOR; P FIMBRIAE; S FIMBRIAE; SERINE PROTEINASE; SIDEROPHORE; TYPE 1 FIMBRIAE; TYPE 3 FIMBRIAE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRULENCE FACTOR; ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BIOFILM; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIMBRIA; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IMMUNE EVASION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHAGOCYTE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; UROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ANIMAL; BACTERIAL GENE; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION; GENETICS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; VIRULENCE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI;

ADHESINS, ESCHERICHIA COLI; ANIMALS; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTEINS; FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL; GENES, BACTERIAL; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS; UROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; VIRULENCE; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 84919497315     PISSN: 00652911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.006     Document Type: Chapter

References (224)

1. Allsopp L.P., Beloin C., Moriel D.G., Totsika M., Ghigo J.M., Schembri M.A. Functional heterogeneity of the UpaH autotransporter protein from uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 2012, 194(21):5769-5782.
2. Allsopp L.P., Beloin C., Ulett G.C., Valle J., Totsika M., Sherlock O., et al. Molecular characterization of UpaB and UpaC, two new autotransporter proteins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(1):321-332.
3. Allsopp L.P., Totsika M., Tree J.J., Ulett G.C., Mabbett A.N., Wells T.J., et al. UpaH is a newly identified autotransporter protein that contributes to biofilm formation and bladder colonization by uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78(4):1659-1669.
4. Anderson G.G., Goller C.C., Justice S., Hultgren S.J., Seed P.C. Polysaccharide capsule and sialic acid-mediated regulation promote biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities during cystitis. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78(3):963-975.
5. Anderson G.G., Palermo J.J., Schilling J.D., Roth R., Heuser J., Hultgren S.J. Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections. Science 2003, 301(5629):105-107.
6. Backhed F., Alsen B., Roche N., Angstrom J., von Euler A., Breimer M.E., et al. Identification of target tissue glycosphingolipid receptors for uropathogenic, F1C-fimbriated Escherichia coli and its role in mucosal inflammation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002, 277(20):18198-18205.
7. Bahrani-Mougeot F.K., Buckles E.L., Lockatell C.V., Hebel J.R., Johnson D.E., Tang C.M., et al. Type 1 fimbriae and extracellular polysaccharides are preeminent uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence determinants in the murine urinary tract. Molecular Microbiology 2002, 45(4):1079-1093.
8. Barnhart M.M., Chapman M.R. Curli biogenesis and function. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 2006, 60:131-147.
9. Berry R.E., Klumpp D.J., Schaeffer A.J. Urothelial cultures support intracellular bacterial community formation by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2009, 77(7):2762-2772.
10. Bhakdi S., Greulich S., Muhly M., Eberspacher B., Becker H., Thiele A., et al. Potent leukocidal action of Escherichia coli hemolysin mediated by permeabilization of target cell membranes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1989, 169(3):737-754.
11. Bhushan S., Hossain H., Lu Y., Geisler A., Tchatalbachev S., Mikulski Z., et al. Uropathogenic E. coli induce different immune response in testicular and peritoneal macrophages: Implications for testicular immune privilege. PLoS One 2011, 6(12):e28452.
12. Bian Z., Brauner A., Li Y., Normark S. Expression of and cytokine activation by Escherichia coli curli fibers in human sepsis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000, 181(2):602-612.
13. Bian Z., Yan Z.Q., Hansson G.K., Thoren P., Normark S. Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide by curli fibers leads to a fall in blood pressure during systemic Escherichia coli infection in mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001, 183(4):612-619.
14. Billips B.K., Schaeffer A.J., Klumpp D.J. Molecular basis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli evasion of the innate immune response in the bladder. Infection and Immunity 2008, 76(9):3891-3900.
15. Birosova E., Siegfried L., Kmet'ova M., Makara A., Ostro A., Gresova A., et al. Detection of virulence factors in alpha-haemolytic Escherichia coli strains isolated from various clinical materials. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2004, 10(6):569-573.
16. Bitto E., McKay D.B. The periplasmic molecular chaperone protein SurA binds a peptide motif that is characteristic of integral outer membrane proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003, 278(49):49316-49322.
17. Blanco M., Blanco J.E., Alonso M.P., Blanco J. Virulence factors and O groups of Escherichia coli strains isolated from cultures of blood specimens from urosepsis and non-urosepsis patients. Microbiología 1994, 10(3):249-256.
18. Blanco M., Blanco J.E., Alonso M.P., Blanco J. Virulence factors and O groups of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with acute pyelonephritis, cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. European Journal of Epidemiology 1996, 12(2):191-198.
19. Blanco J., Blanco M., Alonso M.P., Blanco J.E., Gonzalez E.A., Garabal J.I. Characteristics of haemolytic Escherichia coli with particular reference to production of cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1). Research in Microbiology 1992, 143(9):869-878.
20. Boquet P. The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) from Escherichia coli. Toxicon 2001, 39(11):1673-1680.
21. Brauner A., Katouli M., Tullus K., Jacobson S.H. Production of cytotoxic necrotizing factor, verocytotoxin and haemolysin by pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1990, 9(10):762-767.
22. Bryan A., Roesch P., Davis L., Moritz R., Pellett S., Welch R.A. Regulation of type 1 fimbriae by unlinked FimB- and FimE-like recombinases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74(2):1072-1083.
23. Buckles E.L., Wang X., Lane M.C., Lockatell C.V., Johnson D.E., Rasko D.A., et al. Role of the K2 capsule in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection and serum resistance. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009, 199(11):1689-1697.
24. Burns S.M., Hull S.I. Comparison of loss of serum resistance by defined lipopolysaccharide mutants and an acapsular mutant of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O75:K5. Infection and Immunity 1998, 66(9):4244-4253.
25. Burns S.M., Hull S.I. Loss of resistance to ingestion and phagocytic killing by O(-) and K(-) mutants of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli O75:K5 strain. Infection and Immunity 1999, 67(8):3757-3762.
26. Cegelski L., Pinkner J.S., Hammer N.D., Cusumano C.K., Hung C.S., Chorell E., et al. Small-molecule inhibitors target Escherichia coli amyloid biogenesis and biofilm formation. Nature Chemical Biology 2009, 5(12):913-919.
27. Charbonneau M.E., Mourez M. Functional organization of the autotransporter adhesin involved in diffuse adherence. Journal of Bacteriology 2007, 189(24):9020-9029.
28. Chen S.L., Hung C.S., Pinkner J.S., Walker J.N., Cusumano C.K., Li Z., et al. Positive selection identifies an in vivo role for FimH during urinary tract infection in addition to mannose binding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106(52):22439-22444.
29. Chromek M., Brauner A. Antimicrobial mechanisms of the urinary tract. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany) 2008, 86(1):37-47.
30. Chromek M., Slamova Z., Bergman P., Kovacs L., Podracka L., Ehren I., et al. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection. Nature Medicine 2006, 12(6):636-641.
31. Connell I., Agace W., Klemm P., Schembri M., Marild S., Svanborg C. Type 1 fimbrial expression enhances Escherichia coli virulence for the urinary tract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93(18):9827-9832.
32. Costerton J.W., Stewart P.S., Greenberg E.P. Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999, 284(5418):1318-1322.
33. Czaja C.A., Scholes D., Hooton T.M., Stamm W.E. Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007, 45(3):273-280.
34. Daigle F., Harel J., Fairbrother J.M., Lebel P. Expression and detection of pap-, sfa-, and afa-encoded fimbrial adhesin systems among uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1994, 40(4):286-291.
35. Davis J.M., Carvalho H.M., Rasmussen S.B., O'Brien A.D. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 delivered by outer membrane vesicles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli attenuates polymorphonuclear leukocyte antimicrobial activity and chemotaxis. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74(8):4401-4408.
36. Davis J.M., Rasmussen S.B., O'Brien A.D. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 production by uropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73(9):5301-5310.
37. Dhakal B.K., Mulvey M.A. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli invades host cells via an HDAC6-modulated microtubule-dependent pathway. Journal of Biolo gy Chemistry 2009, 284(1):446-454.
38. Dhakal B.K., Mulvey M.A. The UPEC pore-forming toxin alpha-hemolysin triggers proteolysis of host proteins to disrupt cell adhesion, inflammatory, and survival pathways. Cell Host & Microbe 2012, 11(1):58-69.
39. Doye A., Mettouchi A., Bossis G., Clement R., Buisson-Touati C., Flatau G., et al. CNF1 exploits the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery to restrict Rho GTPase activation for bacterial host cell invasion. Cell 2002, 111(4):553-564.
40. Duncan M.J., Li G., Shin J.S., Carson J.L., Abraham S.N. Bacterial penetration of bladder epithelium through lipid rafts. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279(18):18944-18951.
41. Ejrnaes K., Stegger M., Reisner A., Ferry S., Monsen T., Holm S.E., et al. Characteristics of Escherichia coli causing persistence or relapse of urinary tract infections: Phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and biofilm formation. Virulence 2011, 2(6):528-537.
42. Eto D.S., Jones T.A., Sundsbak J.L., Mulvey M.A. Integrin-mediated host cell invasion by type 1-piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathogens 2007, 3(7):e100.
43. Eto D.S., Sundsbak J.L., Mulvey M.A. Actin-gated intracellular growth and resurgence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Cellular Microbiology 2006, 8(4):704-717.
44. Falzano L., Filippini P., Travaglione S., Miraglia A.G., Fabbri A., Fiorentini C. Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 blocks cell cycle G2/M transition in uroepithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74(7):3765-3772.
45. Falzano L., Fiorentini C., Donelli G., Michel E., Kocks C., Cossart P., et al. Induction of phagocytic behaviour in human epithelial cells by Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1. Molecular Microbiology 1993, 9(6):1247-1254.
46. Falzano L., Quaranta M.G., Travaglione S., Filippini P., Fabbri A., Viora M., et al. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 enhances reactive oxygen species-dependent transcription and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in human uroepithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 2003, 71(7):4178-4181.
47. Feldmann F., Sorsa L.J., Hildinger K., Schubert S. The salmochelin siderophore receptor IroN contributes to invasion of urothelial cells by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro. Infection and Immunity 2007, 75(6):3183-3187.
48. Fexby S., Bjarnsholt T., Jensen P.O., Roos V., Hoiby N., Givskov M., et al. Biological Trojan horse: Antigen 43 provides specific bacterial uptake and survival in human neutrophils. Infection and Immunity 2007, 75(1):30-34.
49. Fischbach M.A., Lin H., Zhou L., Yu Y., Abergel R.J., Liu D.R., et al. The pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster mediates bacterial evasion of lipocalin 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103(44):16502-16507.
50. Fischer H., Ellstrom P., Ekstrom K., Gustafsson L., Gustafsson M., Svanborg C. Ceramide as a TLR4 agonist; a putative signalling intermediate between sphingolipid receptors for microbial ligands and TLR4. Cellular Microbiology 2007, 9(5):1239-1251.
51. Foxman B., Brown P. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: Transmission and risk factors, incidence, and costs. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2003, 17(2):227-241.
52. Foxman B., Gillespie B., Koopman J., Zhang L., Palin K., Tallman P., et al. Risk factors for second urinary tract infection among college women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000, 151(12):1194-1205.
53. Foxman B., Zhang L., Tallman P., Palin K., Rode C., Bloch C., et al. Virulence characteristics of Escherichia coli causing first urinary tract infection predict risk of second infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995, 172(6):1536-1541.
54. Frendeus B., Wachtler C., Hedlund M., Fischer H., Samuelsson P., Svensson M., et al. Escherichia coli P fimbriae utilize the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway for cell activation. Molecular Microbiology 2001, 40(1):37-51.
55. Fux C.A., Costerton J.W., Stewart P.S., Stoodley P. Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends in Microbiology 2005, 13(1):34-40.
56. Garcia E.C., Brumbaugh A.R., Mobley H.L. Redundancy and specificity of Escherichia coli iron acquisition systems during urinary tract infection. Infection and Immunity 2011, 79(3):1225-1235.
57. Garcia T.A., Ventura C.L., Smith M.A., Merrell D.S., O'Brien A.D. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 and hemolysin from uropathogenic Escherichia coli elicit different host responses in the murine bladder. Infection and Immunity 2013, 81(1):99-109.
58. Garenaux A., Caza M., Dozois C.M. The Ins and Outs of siderophore mediated iron uptake by extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 2011, 153(1-2):89-98.
59. Gerstel U., Romling U. Oxygen tension and nutrient starvation are major signals that regulate agfD promoter activity and expression of the multicellular morphotype in Salmonella typhimurium. Environmental Microbiology 2001, 3(10):638-648.
60. Goluszko P., Moseley S.L., Truong L.D., Kaul A., Williford J.R., Selvarangan R., et al. Development of experimental model of chronic pyelonephritis with Escherichia coli O75:K5:H-bearing Dr fimbriae: Mutation in the dra region prevented tubulointerstitial nephritis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997, 99(7):1662-1672.
61. Goluszko P., Niesel D., Nowicki B., Selvarangan R., Nowicki S., Hart A., et al. Dr operon-associated invasiveness of Escherichia coli from pregnant patients with pyelonephritis. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(7):4678-4680.
62. Goluszko P., Popov V., Selvarangan R., Nowicki S., Pham T., Nowicki B.J. Dr fimbriae operon of uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediate microtubule-dependent invasion to the HeLa epithelial cell line. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997, 176(1):158-167.
63. Goluszko P., Selvarangan R., Popov V., Pham T., Wen J.W., Singhal J. Decay-accelerating factor and cytoskeleton redistribution pattern in HeLa cells infected with recombinant Escherichia coli strains expressing Dr family of adhesins. Infection and Immunity 1999, 67(8):3989-3997.
64. Guignot J., Bernet-Camard M.F., Pous C., Plancon L., Le Bouguenec C., Servin A.L. Polarized entry of uropathogenic Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli strain IH11128 into human epithelial cells: Evidence for alpha5beta1 integrin recognition and subsequent internalization through a pathway involving caveolae and dynamic unstable microtubules. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(3):1856-1868.
65. Gur C., Coppenhagen-Glazer S., Rosenberg S., Yamin R., Enk J., Glasner A., et al. Natural killer cell-mediated host defense against uropathogenic E. coli is counteracted by bacterial hemolysinA-dependent killing of NK cells. Cell Host & Microbe 2013, 14(6):664-674.
66. Guyer D.M., Henderson I.R., Nataro J.P., Mobley H.L. Identification of sat, an autotransporter toxin produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology 2000, 38(1):53-66.
67. Hagan E.C., Lloyd A.L., Rasko D.A., Faerber G.J., Mobley H.L. Escherichia coli global gene expression in urine from women with urinary tract infection. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6(11):e1001187.
68. Hagan E.C., Mobley H.L. Haem acquisition is facilitated by a novel receptor Hma and required by uropathogenic Escherichia coli for kidney infection. Molecular Microbiology 2009, 71(1):79-91.
69. Hagberg L., Hull R., Hull S., Falkow S., Freter R., Svanborg Eden C. Contribution of adhesion to bacterial persistence in the mouse urinary tract. Infection and Immunity 1983, 40(1):265-272.
70. Hart A., Nowicki B.J., Reisner B., Pawelczyk E., Goluszko P., Urvil P., et al. Ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in gestational pyelonephritis: Increased occurrence and association with the colonization factor Dr adhesin. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001, 183(10):1526-1529.
71. Hedlund M., Wachtler C., Johansson E., Hang L., Somerville J.E., Darveau R.P., et al. P fimbriae-dependent, lipopolysaccharide-independent activation of epithelial cytokine responses. Molecular Microbiology 1999, 33(4):693-703.
72. Heimer S.R., Rasko D.A., Lockatell C.V., Johnson D.E., Mobley H.L. Autotransporter genes pic and tsh are associated with Escherichia coli strains that cause acute pyelonephritis and are expressed during urinary tract infection. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(1):593-597.
73. Henderson I.R., Nataro J.P. Virulence functions of autotransporter proteins. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(3):1231-1243.
74. Henderson I.R., Navarro-Garcia F., Nataro J.P. The great escape: Structure and function of the autotransporter proteins. Trends in Microbiology 1998, 6(9):370-378.
75. Hertting O., Chromek M., Slamova Z., Kadas L., Soderkvist M., Vainumae I., et al. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) induces an inflammatory response in the urinary tract in vitro but not in vivo. Toxicon 2008, 51(8):1544-1547.
76. Herzer P.J., Inouye S., Inouye M., Whittam T.S. Phylogenetic distribution of branched RNA-linked multicopy single-stranded DNA among natural isolates of Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 1990, 172(11):6175-6181.
77. Hilbert D.W., Paulish-Miller T.E., Tan C.K., Carey A.J., Ulett G.C., Mordechai E., et al. Clinical Escherichia coli isolates utilize alpha-hemolysin to inhibit in vitro epithelial cytokine production. Microbes and Infection 2012, 14(7-8):628-638.
78. Hooton T.M. Clinical practice. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection. The New England Journal of Medicine 2012, 366(11):1028-1037.
79. Hooton T.M., Winter C., Tiu F., Stamm W.E. Association of acute cystitis with the stage of the menstrual cycle in young women. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996, 23(3):635-636.
80. Hughes C., Phillips R., Roberts A.P. Serum resistance among Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infection in relation to O type and the carriage of hemolysin, colicin, and antibiotic resistance determinants. Infection and Immunity 1982, 35(1):270-275.
81. Hung C., Marschall J., Burnham C.A., Byun A.S., Henderson J.P. The bacterial amyloid curli is associated with urinary source bloodstream infection. PLoS One 2014, 9(1):e86009.
82. Hunstad D.A., Justice S.S., Hung C.S., Lauer S.R., Hultgren S.J. Suppression of bladder epithelial cytokine responses by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73(7):3999-4006.
83. Ikaheimo R., Siitonen A., Karkkainen U., Mustonen J., Heiskanen T., Makela P.H. Community-acquired pyelonephritis in adults: Characteristics of E. coli isolates in bacteremic and non-bacteremic patients. Scandinavian The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1994, 26(3):289-296.
84. Island M.D., Cui X., Foxman B., Marrs C.F., Stamm W.E., Stapleton A.E., et al. Cytotoxicity of hemolytic, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1-positive and -negative Escherichia coli to human T24 bladder cells. Infection and Immunity 1998, 66(7):3384-3389.
85. Jacobson S.H., Ostenson C.G., Tullus K., Brauner A. Serum resistance in Escherichia coli strains causing acute pyelonephritis and bacteraemia. APMIS 1992, 100(2):147-153.
86. Johanson I.M., Plos K., Marklund B.I., Svanborg C. Pap, papG and prsG DNA sequences in Escherichia coli from the fecal flora and the urinary tract. Microbial Pathogenesis 1993, 15(2):121-129.
87. Johnson J.R. papG alleles among Escherichia coli strains causing urosepsis: Associations with other bacterial characteristics and host compromise. Infection and Immunity 1998, 66(9):4568-4571.
88. Johnson D.E., Drachenberg C., Lockatell C.V., Island M.D., Warren J.W., Donnenberg M.S. The role of cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 in colonization and tissue injury in a murine model of urinary tract infection. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2000, 28(1):37-41.
89. Johnson J.R., Jelacic S., Schoening L.M., Clabots C., Shaikh N., Mobley H.L., et al. The IrgA homologue adhesin Iha is an Escherichia coli virulence factor in murine urinary tract infection. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73(2):965-971.
90. Johnson J.R., Kuskowski M.A., Gajewski A., Soto S., Horcajada J.P., Jimenez de Anta M.T., et al. Extended virulence genotypes and phylogenetic background of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with cystitis, pyelonephritis, or prostatitis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005, 191(1):46-50.
91. Johnson J.R., Kuskowski M.A., Owens K., Gajewski A., Winokur P.L. Phylogenetic origin and virulence genotype in relation to resistance to fluoroquinolones and/or extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins among Escherichia coli isolates from animals and humans. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003, 188(5):759-768.
92. Johnson J.R., O'Bryan T.T., Low D.A., Ling G., Delavari P., Fasching C., et al. Evidence of commonality between canine and human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains that express papG allele III. Infection and Immunity 2000, 68(6):3327-3336.
93. Johnson J.R., Oswald E., O'Bryan T.T., Kuskowski M.A., Spanjaard L. Phylogenetic distribution of virulence-associated genes among Escherichia coli isolates associated with neonatal bacterial meningitis in the Netherlands. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002, 185(6):774-784.
94. Johnson J.R., Russo T.A., Brown J.J., Stapleton A. papG alleles of Escherichia coli strains causing first-episode or recurrent acute cystitis in adult women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998, 177(1):97-101.
95. Johnson J.R., Stell A.L., Kaster N., Fasching C., O'Bryan T.T. Novel molecular variants of allele I of the Escherichia coli P fimbrial adhesin gene papG. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(4):2318-2327.
96. Jouve M., Garcia M.I., Courcoux P., Labigne A., Gounon P., Le Bouguenec C. Adhesion to and invasion of HeLa cells by pathogenic Escherichia coli carrying the afa-3 gene cluster are mediated by the AfaE and AfaD proteins, respectively. Infection and Immunity 1997, 65(10):4082-4089.
97. Justice S.S., Hung C., Theriot J.A., Fletcher D.A., Anderson G.G., Footer M.J., et al. Differentiation and developmental pathways of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101(5):1333-1338.
98. Justice S.S., Hunstad D.A., Harper J.R., Duguay A.R., Pinkner J.S., Bann J., et al. Periplasmic peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases are not essential for viability, but SurA is required for pilus biogenesis in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 2005, 187(22):7680-7686.
99. Kai-Larsen Y., Luthje P., Chromek M., Peters V., Wang X., Holm A., et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates immune responses and its curli fimbriae interact with the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6(7):e1001010.
100. Kansau I., Berger C., Hospital M., Amsellem R., Nicolas V., Servin A.L., et al. Zipper-like internalization of Dr-positive Escherichia coli by epithelial cells is preceded by an adhesin-induced mobilization of raft-associated molecules in the initial step of adhesion. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(7):3733-3742.
101. Kaul A.K., Kumar D., Nagamani M., Goluszko P., Nowicki S., Nowicki B.J. Rapid cyclic changes in density and accessibility of endometrial ligands for Escherichia coli Dr fimbriae. Infection and Immunity 1996, 64(2):611-615.
102. Khalil A., Brauner A., Bakhiet M., Burman L.G., Jaremko G., Wretlind B., et al. Cytokine gene expression during experimental Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in mice. The Journal of Urology 1997, 158(4):1576-1580.
103. Khan A.S., Kniep B., Oelschlaeger T.A., Van Die I., Korhonen T., Hacker J. Receptor structure for F1C fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2000, 68(6):3541-3547.
104. Klemm P., Hjerrild L., Gjermansen M., Schembri M.A. Structure-function analysis of the self-recognizing Antigen 43 autotransporter protein from Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology 2004, 51(1):283-296.
105. Konig B., Konig W. Induction and suppression of cytokine release (tumour necrosis factor-alpha; interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta) by Escherichia coli pathogenicity factors (adhesions, alpha-haemolysin). Immunology 1993, 78(4):526-533.
106. Korhonen T.K., Parkkinen J., Hacker J., Finne J., Pere A., Rhen M., et al. Binding of Escherichia coli S fimbriae to human kidney epithelium. Infection and Immunity 1986, 54(2):322-327.
107. Korotkova N., Yarova-Yarovaya Y., Tchesnokova V., Yazvenko N., Carl M.A., Stapleton A.E., et al. Escherichia coli DraE adhesin-associated bacterial internalization by epithelial cells is promoted independently by decay-accelerating factor and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule binding and does not require the DraD invasin. Infection and Immunity 2008, 76(9):3869-3880.
108. Kreft B., Placzek M., Doehn C., Hacker J., Schmidt G., Wasenauer G., et al. S fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli bind to primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells but do not induce expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Infection and Immunity 1995, 63(8):3235-3238.
109. Kudinha T., Johnson J.R., Andrew S.D., Kong F., Anderson P., Gilbert G.L. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from children with urinary tract infection and from healthy carriers. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2013, 32(5):543-548.
110. Landraud L., Gibert M., Popoff M.R., Boquet P., Gauthier M. Expression of cnf1 by Escherichia coli J96 involves a large upstream DNA region including the hlyCABD operon, and is regulated by the RfaH protein. Molecular Microbiology 2003, 47(6):1653-1667.
111. Lane M.C., Alteri C.J., Smith S.N., Mobley H.L. Expression of flagella is coincident with uropathogenic Escherichia coli ascension to the upper urinary tract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104(42):16669-16674.
112. Lane M.C., Lockatell V., Monterosso G., Lamphier D., Weinert J., Hebel J.R., et al. Role of motility in the colonization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the urinary tract. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73(11):7644-7656.
113. Lau M.E., Loughman J.A., Hunstad D.A. YbcL of uropathogenic Escherichia coli suppresses transepithelial neutrophil migration. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(12):4123-4132.
114. Le Bouguenec C., Lalioui L., du Merle L., Jouve M., Courcoux P., Bouzari S., et al. Characterization of AfaE adhesins produced by extraintestinal and intestinal human Escherichia coli isolates: PCR assays for detection of Afa adhesins that do or do not recognize Dr blood group antigens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001, 39(5):1738-1745.
115. Le Bouguenec C., Servin A.L. Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli strains expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): Hitherto unrecognized pathogens. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2006, 256(2):185-194.
116. Leveille S., Caza M., Johnson J.R., Clabots C., Sabri M., Dozois C.M. Iha from an Escherichia coli urinary tract infection outbreak clonal group A strain is expressed in vivo in the mouse urinary tract and functions as a catecholate siderophore receptor. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74(6):3427-3436.
117. Li D., Liu B., Chen M., Guo D., Guo X., Liu F., et al. A multiplex PCR method to detect 14 Escherichia coli serogroups associated with urinary tract infections. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2010, 82(1):71-77.
118. Lim J.Y., Pinkner J.S., Cegelski L. Community behavior and amyloid-associated phenotypes among a panel of uropathogenic E. coli. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2014, 443(2):345-350.
119. Luo Y., Ma Y., Zhao Q., Wang L., Guo L., Ye L., et al. Similarity and divergence of phylogenies, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and virulence factor profiles of Escherichia coli isolates causing recurrent urinary tract infections that persist or result from reinfection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2012, 50(12):4002-4007.
120. Luthje P., Brauner A. Ag43 promotes persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in the urinary tract. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2010, 48(6):2316-2317.
121. Luthje P., Brauner H., Ramos N.L., Ovregaard A., Glaser R., Hirschberg A.L., et al. Estrogen supports urothelial defense mechanisms. Science Translational Medicine 2013, 5(190):190ra180.
122. Malagolini N., Cavallone D., Wu X.R., Serafini-Cessi F. Terminal glycosylation of bovine uroplakin III, one of the major integral-membrane glycoproteins of mammalian bladder. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2000, 1475(3):231-237.
123. Manning S.D., Zhang L., Foxman B., Spindler A., Tallman P., Marrs C.F. Prevalence of known P-fimbrial G alleles in Escherichia coli and identification of a new adhesin class. Clinical and Diagnist Laboratory Immunology 2001, 8(3):637-640.
124. Martinez J.J., Mulvey M.A., Schilling J.D., Pinkner J.S., Hultgren S.J. Type 1 pilus-mediated bacterial invasion of bladder epithelial cells. The EMBO Journal 2000, 19(12):2803-2812.
125. Mills M., Meysick K.C., O'Brien A.D. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 of uropathogenic Escherichia coli kills cultured human uroepithelial 5637 cells by an apoptotic mechanism. Infection and Immunity 2000, 68(10):5869-5880.
126. Mobley H.L., Green D.M., Trifillis A.L., Johnson D.E., Chippendale G.R., Lockatell C.V., et al. Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli and killing of cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells: Role of hemolysin in some strains. Infection and Immunity 1990, 58(5):1281-1289.
127. Mobley H.L., Jarvis K.G., Elwood J.P., Whittle D.I., Lockatell C.V., Russell R.G., et al. Isogenic P-fimbrial deletion mutants of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli: The role of alpha Gal(1-4) beta Gal binding in virulence of a wild-type strain. Molecular Microbiology 1993, 10(1):143-155.
128. Moreno E., Andreu A., Pigrau C., Kuskowski M.A., Johnson J.R., Prats G. Relationship between Escherichia coli strains causing acute cystitis in women and the fecal E. coli population of the host. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008, 46(8):2529-2534.
129. Moreno E., Prats G., Sabate M., Perez T., Johnson J.R., Andreu A. Quinolone, fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in relation to virulence determinants and phylogenetic background among uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006, 57(2):204-211.
130. Mulvey M.A., Lopez-Boado Y.S., Wilson C.L., Roth R., Parks W.C., Heuser J., et al. Induction and evasion of host defenses by type 1-piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Science 1998, 282(5393):1494-1497.
131. Mulvey M.A., Schilling J.D., Hultgren S.J. Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(7):4572-4579.
132. Mysorekar I.U., Hultgren S.J. Mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli persistence and eradication from the urinary tract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103(38):14170-14175.
133. Navas-Nacher E.L., Dardick F., Venegas M.F., Anderson B.E., Schaeffer A.J., Duncan J.L. Relatedness of Escherichia coli colonizing women longitudinally. Molecular Urology 2001, 5(1):31-36.
134. Nicolle L.E., Mayhew W.J., Bryan L. Prospective randomized comparison of therapy and no therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria in institutionalized elderly women. The American Journal of Medicine 1987, 83(1):27-33.
135. Norinder B.S., Koves B., Yadav M., Brauner A., Svanborg C. Do Escherichia coli strains causing acute cystitis have a distinct virulence repertoire?. Microbial Pathogenesis 2012, 52(1):10-16.
136. Norinder B.S., Luthje P., Yadav M., Kadas L., Fang H., Nord C.E., et al. Cellulose and PapG are important for Escherichia coli causing recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Infection 2011, 39(6):571-574.
137. Nowicki B., Selvarangan R., Nowicki S. Family of Escherichia coli Dr adhesins: Decay-accelerating factor receptor recognition and invasiveness. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001, 183(Suppl. 1):S24-S27.
138. Olsen A., Arnqvist A., Hammar M., Sukupolvi S., Normark S. The RpoS sigma factor relieves H-NS-mediated transcriptional repression of csgA, the subunit gene of fibronectin-binding curli in Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology 1993, 7(4):523-536.
139. Ong C.L., Ulett G.C., Mabbett A.N., Beatson S.A., Webb R.I., Monaghan W., et al. Identification of type 3 fimbriae in uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveals a role in biofilm formation. Journal of Bacteriology 2008, 190(3):1054-1063.
140. Otto G., Sandberg T., Marklund B.I., Ulleryd P., Svanborg C. Virulence factors and pap genotype in Escherichia coli isolates from women with acute pyelonephritis, with or without bacteremia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1993, 17(3):448-456.
141. Ouslander J.G., Schapira M., Schnelle J.F., Uman G., Fingold S., Tuico E., et al. Does eradicating bacteriuria affect the severity of chronic urinary incontinence in nursing home residents?. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995, 122(10):749-754.
142. Parham N.J., Pollard S.J., Desvaux M., Scott-Tucker A., Liu C., Fivian A., et al. Distribution of the serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae among extraintestinal clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005, 43(8):4076-4082.
143. Parham N.J., Srinivasan U., Desvaux M., Foxman B., Marrs C.F., Henderson I.R. PicU, a second serine protease autotransporter of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2004, 230(1):73-83.
144. Park B.S., Lee J.O. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2013, 45:e66.
145. Parkkinen J., Rogers G.N., Korhonen T., Dahr W., Finne J. Identification of the O-linked sialyloligosaccharides of glycophorin A as the erythrocyte receptors for S-fimbriated Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 1986, 54(1):37-42.
146. Parkkinen J., Virkola R., Korhonen T.K. Identification of factors in human urine that inhibit the binding of Escherichia coli adhesins. Infection and Immunity 1988, 56(10):2623-2630.
147. Pere A., Leinonen M., Vaisanen-Rhen V., Rhen M., Korhonen T.K. Occurrence of type-1C fimbriae on Escherichia coli strains isolated from human extraintestinal infections. Journal of General Microbiology 1985, 131(7):1705-1711.
148. Pere A., Nowicki B., Saxen H., Siitonen A., Korhonen T.K. Expression of P, type-1, and type-1C fimbriae of Escherichia coli in the urine of patients with acute urinary tract infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1987, 156(4):567-574.
149. Pham T., Kaul A., Hart A., Goluszko P., Moulds J., Nowicki S., et al. dra-related X adhesins of gestational pyelonephritis-associated Escherichia coli recognize SCR-3 and SCR-4 domains of recombinant decay-accelerating factor. Infection and Immunity 1995, 63(5):1663-1668.
150. Phan M.D., Peters K.M., Sarkar S., Lukowski S.W., Allsopp L.P., Gomes Moriel D., et al. The serum resistome of a globally disseminated multidrug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli clone. PLoS Genetics 2013, 9(10):e1003834.
151. Picard B., Garcia J.S., Gouriou S., Duriez P., Brahimi N., Bingen E., et al. The link between phylogeny and virulence in Escherichia coli extraintestinal infection. Infection and Immunity 1999, 67(2):546-553.
152. Pichon C., Hechard C., du Merle L., Chaudray C., Bonne I., Guadagnini S., et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli AL511 requires flagellum to enter renal collecting duct cells. Cellular Microbiology 2009, 11(4):616-628.
153. Plancon L., Du Merle L., Le Friec S., Gounon P., Jouve M., Guignot J., et al. Recognition of the cellular beta1-chain integrin by the bacterial AfaD invasin is implicated in the internalization of afa-expressing pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Cellular Microbiology 2003, 5(10):681-693.
154. Qin X., Hu F., Wu S., Ye X., Zhu D., Zhang Y., et al. Comparison of adhesin genes and antimicrobial susceptibilities between uropathogenic and intestinal commensal Escherichia coli strains. PLoS One 2013, 8(4):e61169.
155. Ramos N.L., Dzung D.T., Stopsack K., Janko V., Pourshafie M.R., Katouli M., et al. Characterisation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from children with urinary tract infection in different countries. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2011, 30(12):1587-1593.
156. Real J.M., Munro P., Buisson-Touati C., Lemichez E., Boquet P., Landraud L. Specificity of immunomodulator secretion in urinary samples in response to infection by alpha-hemolysin and CNF1 bearing uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Cytokine 2007, 37(1):22-25.
157. Reigstad C.S., Hultgren S.J., Gordon J.I. Functional genomic studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and host urothelial cells when intracellular bacterial communities are assembled. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007, 282(29):21259-21267.
158. Restieri C., Garriss G., Locas M.C., Dozois C.M. Autotransporter-encoding sequences are phylogenetically distributed among Escherichia coli clinical isolates and reference strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73(5):1553-1562.
159. Rippere-Lampe K.E., O'Brien A.D., Conran R., Lockman H.A. Mutation of the gene encoding cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (cnf(1)) attenuates the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(6):3954-3964.
160. Robino L., Scavone P., Araujo L., Algorta G., Zunino P., Vignoli R. Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in a child with Escherichia coli recurrent urinary tract infections. Pathogens and Disease 2013, 68(3):78-81.
161. Romling U. Characterization of the rdar morphotype, a multicellular behaviour in Enterobacteriaceae. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2005, 62(11):1234-1246.
162. Romling U., Sierralta W.D., Eriksson K., Normark S. Multicellular and aggregative behaviour of Salmonella typhimurium strains is controlled by mutations in the agfD promoter. Molecular Microbiology 1998, 28(2):249-264.
163. Ronald L.S., Yakovenko O., Yazvenko N., Chattopadhyay S., Aprikian P., Thomas W.E., et al. Adaptive mutations in the signal peptide of the type 1 fimbrial adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105(31):10937-10942.
164. Roos V., Nielsen E.M., Klemm P. Asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strains: Adhesins, growth and competition. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2006, 262(1):22-30.
165. Roos V., Schembri M.A., Ulett G.C., Klemm P. Asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strain 83972 carries mutations in the foc locus and is unable to express F1C fimbriae. Microbiology 2006, 152(Pt 6):1799-1806.
166. Roos V., Ulett G.C., Schembri M.A., Klemm P. The asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strain 83972 outcompetes uropathogenic E. coli strains in human urine. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74(1):615-624.
167. Russo T.A., McFadden C.D., Carlino-MacDonald U.B., Beanan J.M., Barnard T.J., Johnson J.R. IroN functions as a siderophore receptor and is a urovirulence factor in an extraintestinal pathogenic isolate of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2002, 70(12):7156-7160.
168. Salo J., Sevander J.J., Tapiainen T., Ikaheimo I., Pokka T., Koskela M., et al. Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Clinical Nephrology 2009, 71(5):501-507.
169. Samuelsson P., Hang L., Wullt B., Irjala H., Svanborg C. Toll-like receptor 4 expression and cytokine responses in the human urinary tract mucosa. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(6):3179-3186.
170. Sarkar S., Ulett G.C., Totsika M., Phan M.D., Schembri M.A. Role of capsule and O antigen in the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2014, 9(4):e94786.
171. Savoia D., Millesimo M., Fontana G. Evaluation of virulence factors and the adhesive capability of Escherichia coli strains. Microbios 1994, 80(323):73-81.
172. Schilling J.D., Martin S.M., Hunstad D.A., Patel K.P., Mulvey M.A., Justice S.S., et al. CD14- and Toll-like receptor-dependent activation of bladder epithelial cells by lipopolysaccharide and type 1 piliated Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2003, 71(3):1470-1480.
173. Schilling J.D., Mulvey M.A., Vincent C.D., Lorenz R.G., Hultgren S.J. Bacterial invasion augments epithelial cytokine responses to Escherichia coli through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent mechanism. Journal of Immunology 2001, 166(2):1148-1155.
174. Schmoll T., Morschhauser J., Ott M., Ludwig B., van Die I., Hacker J. Complete genetic organization and functional aspects of the Escherichia coli S fimbrial adhesion determinant: Nucleotide sequence of the genes sfa B, C, D, E, F. Microbial Pathogenesis 1990, 9(5):331-343.
175. Schneeberger C., Kazemier B.M., Geerlings S.E. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections in special patient groups: Women with diabetes mellitus and pregnant women. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2014, 27(1):108-114.
176. Schneider G., Dobrindt U., Bruggemann H., Nagy G., Janke B., Blum-Oehler G., et al. The pathogenicity island-associated K15 capsule determinant exhibits a novel genetic structure and correlates with virulence in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(10):5993-6001.
177. Schwan W.R. Regulation of genes in uropathogenic E. coli. World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011, 1(1):17-25.
178. Schwartz D.J., Kalas V., Pinkner J.S., Chen S.L., Spaulding C.N., Dodson K.W., et al. Positively selected FimH residues enhance virulence during urinary tract infection by altering FimH conformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110(39):15530-15537.
179. Selvarangan R., Goluszko P., Singhal J., Carnoy C., Moseley S., Hudson B., et al. Interaction of Dr adhesin with collagen type IV is a critical step in Escherichia coli renal persistence. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(8):4827-4835.
180. Sherlock O., Dobrindt U., Jensen J.B., Munk Vejborg R., Klemm P. Glycosylation of the self-recognizing Escherichia coli Ag43 autotransporter protein. Journal of Bacteriology 2006, 188(5):1798-1807.
181. Siitonen A., Martikainen R., Ikaheimo R., Palmgren J., Makela P.H. Virulence-associated characteristics of Escherichia coli in urinary tract infection: A statistical analysis with special attention to type 1C fimbriation. Microbial Pathogenesis 1993, 15(1):65-75.
182. Simms A.N., Mobley H.L. Multiple genes repress motility in uropathogenic Escherichia coli constitutively expressing type 1 fimbriae. Journal of Bacteriology 2008, 190(10):3747-3756.
183. Simms A.N., Mobley H.L. PapX, a P fimbrial operon-encoded inhibitor of motility in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2008, 76(11):4833-4841.
184. Smith K.D., Andersen-Nissen E., Hayashi F., Strobe K., Bergman M.A., Barrett S.L., et al. Toll-like receptor 5 recognizes a conserved site on flagellin required for protofilament formation and bacterial motility. Nature Immunology 2003, 4(12):1247-1253.
185. Smith Y.C., Grande K.K., Rasmussen S.B., O'Brien A.D. Novel three-dimensional organoid model for evaluation of the interaction of uropathogenic Escherichia coli with terminally differentiated human urothelial cells. Infection and Immunity 2006, 74(1):750-757.
186. Smith Y.C., Rasmussen S.B., Grande K.K., Conran R.M., O'Brien A.D. Hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli evokes extensive shedding of the uroepithelium and hemorrhage in bladder tissue within the first 24 hours after intraurethral inoculation of mice. Infection and Immunity 2008, 76(7):2978-2990.
187. Snyder J.A., Haugen B.J., Buckles E.L., Lockatell C.V., Johnson D.E., Donnenberg M.S., et al. Transcriptome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during urinary tract infection. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72(11):6373-6381.
188. Sonnex C. Influence of ovarian hormones on urogenital infection. Sexually Transmitted Infections 1998, 74(1):11-19.
189. Soto S.M., Smithson A., Horcajada J.P., Martinez J.A., Mensa J.P., Vila J. Implication of biofilm formation in the persistence of urinary tract infection caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2006, 12(10):1034-1036.
190. Spurbeck R.R., Dinh P.C., Walk S.T., Stapleton A.E., Hooton T.M., Nolan L.K., et al. Escherichia coli isolates that carry vat, fyuA, chuA, and yfcV efficiently colonize the urinary tract. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(12):4115-4122.
191. Stahlhut S.G., Chattopadhyay S., Kisiela D.I., Hvidtfeldt K., Clegg S., Struve C., et al. Structural and population characterization of MrkD, the adhesive subunit of type 3 fimbriae. Journal of Bacteriology 2013, 195(24):5602-5613.
192. Stromberg N., Marklund B.I., Lund B., Ilver D., Hamers A., Gaastra W., et al. Host-specificity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on differences in binding specificity to Gal alpha 1-4Gal-containing isoreceptors. The EMBO Journal 1990, 9(6):2001-2010.
193. Stromberg N., Nyholm P.G., Pascher I., Normark S. Saccharide orientation at the cell surface affects glycolipid receptor function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991, 88(20):9340-9344.
194. Subashchandrabose S., Smith S.N., Spurbeck R.R., Kole M.M., Mobley H.L. Genome-wide detection of fitness genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli during systemic infection. PLoS Pathogens 2013, 9(12):e1003788.
195. Tapiainen T., Hanni A.M., Salo J., Ikaheimo I., Uhari M. Escherichia coli biofilm formation and recurrences of urinary tract infections in children. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2014, 33(1):111-115.
196. Tarchouna M., Ferjani A., Ben-Selma W., Boukadida J. Distribution of uropathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013, 17(6):e450-e453.
197. Tarr P.I., Bilge S.S., Vary J.C., Jelacic S., Habeeb R.L., Ward T.R., et al. Iha: A novel Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence-conferring molecule encoded on a recently acquired chromosomal island of conserved structure. Infection and Immunity 2000, 68(3):1400-1407.
198. Thomas W.E., Nilsson L.M., Forero M., Sokurenko E.V., Vogel V. Shear-dependent 'stick-and-roll' adhesion of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology 2004, 53(5):1545-1557.
199. Thumbikat P., Berry R.E., Schaeffer A.J., Klumpp D.J. Differentiation-induced uroplakin III expression promotes urothelial cell death in response to uropathogenic E. coli. Microbes and Infection 2009, 11(1):57-65.
200. Thumbikat P., Berry R.E., Zhou G., Billips B.K., Yaggie R.E., Zaichuk T., et al. Bacteria-induced uroplakin signaling mediates bladder response to infection. PLoS Pathogens 2009, 5(5):e1000415.
201. Torres A.G., Redford P., Welch R.A., Payne S.M. TonB-dependent systems of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Aerobactin and heme transport and TonB are required for virulence in the mouse. Infection and Immunity 2001, 69(10):6179-6185.
202. Totsika M., Wells T.J., Beloin C., Valle J., Allsopp L.P., King N.P., et al. Molecular characterization of the EhaG and UpaG trimeric autotransporter proteins from pathogenic Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2012, 78(7):2179-2189.
203. Tukel C., Nishimori J.H., Wilson R.P., Winter M.G., Keestra A.M., van Putten J.P., et al. Toll-like receptors 1 and 2 cooperatively mediate immune responses to curli, a common amyloid from enterobacterial biofilms. Cellular Microbiology 2010, 12(10):1495-1505.
204. Tukel C., Raffatellu M., Humphries A.D., Wilson R.P., Andrews-Polymenis H.L., Gull T., et al. CsgA is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium that is recognized by Toll-like receptor 2. Molecular Microbiology 2005, 58(1):289-304.
205. Ulett G.C., Mabbett A.N., Fung K.C., Webb R.I., Schembri M.A. The role of F9 fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in biofilm formation. Microbiology 2007, 153(Pt. 7):2321-2331.
206. Ulett G.C., Valle J., Beloin C., Sherlock O., Ghigo J.M., Schembri M.A. Functional analysis of antigen 43 in uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveals a role in long-term persistence in the urinary tract. Infection and Immunity 2007, 75(7):3233-3244.
207. Valle J., Mabbett A.N., Ulett G.C., Toledo-Arana A., Wecker K., Totsika M., et al. UpaG, a new member of the trimeric autotransporter family of adhesins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 2008, 190(12):4147-4161.
208. Vejborg R.M., Hancock V., Schembri M.A., Klemm P. Comparative genomics of Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infections. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2011, 77(10):3268-3278.
209. Virkola R., Parkkinen J., Hacker J., Korhonen T.K. Sialyloligosaccharide chains of laminin as an extracellular matrix target for S fimbriae of Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 1993, 61(10):4480-4484.
210. Waksman G., Hultgren S.J. Structural biology of the chaperone-usher pathway of pilus biogenesis. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2009, 7(11):765-774.
211. Wang A., Nizran P., Malone M.A., Riley T. Urinary tract infections. Primary Care 2013, 40(3):687-706.
212. Wang X., Quinn P.J. Lipopolysaccharide: Biosynthetic pathway and structure modification. Progress in Lipid Research 2010, 49(2):97-107.
213. Watts R.E., Totsika M., Challinor V.L., Mabbett A.N., Ulett G.C., De Voss J.J., et al. Contribution of siderophore systems to growth and urinary tract colonization of asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80(1):333-344.
214. Welch R.A., Burland V., Plunkett G., Redford P., Roesch P., Rasko D., et al. Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99(26):17020-17024.
215. Wiles T.J., Bower J.M., Redd M.J., Mulvey M.A. Use of zebrafish to probe the divergent virulence potentials and toxin requirements of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathogens 2009, 5(12):e1000697.
216. Wiles T.J., Mulvey M.A. The RTX pore-forming toxin alpha-hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Progress and perspectives. Future Microbiology 2013, 8(1):73-84.
217. Wright K.J., Seed P.C., Hultgren S.J. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli flagella aid in efficient urinary tract colonization. Infection and Immunity 2005, 73(11):7657-7668.
218. Wright K.J., Seed P.C., Hultgren S.J. Development of intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on type 1 pili. Cellular Microbiology 2007, 9(9):2230-2241.
219. Wu X.R., Kong X.P., Pellicer A., Kreibich G., Sun T.T. Uroplakins in urothelial biology, function, and disease. Kidney International 2009, 75(11):1153-1165.
220. Wurpel D.J., Beatson S.A., Totsika M., Petty N.K., Schembri M.A. Chaperone-usher fimbriae of Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2013, 8(1):e52835.
221. Wurpel D.J., Totsika M., Allsopp L.P., Hartley-Tassell L.E., Day C.J., Peters K.M., et al. F9 Fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli are expressed at low temperature and recognise Galbeta1-3GlcNAc-containing glycans. PLoS One 2014, 9(3):e93177.
222. Yamamoto S., Tsukamoto T., Terai A., Kurazono H., Takeda Y., Yoshida O. Genetic evidence supporting the fecal-perineal-urethral hypothesis in cystitis caused by Escherichia coli. The Journal of Urology 1997, 157(3):1127-1129.
223. Zhang L., Foxman B., Tallman P., Cladera E., Le Bouguenec C., Marrs C.F. Distribution of drb genes coding for Dr binding adhesins among uropathogenic and fecal Escherichia coli isolates and identification of new subtypes. Infection and Immunity 1997, 65(6):2011-2018.
224. Zhou G., Mo W.J., Sebbel P., Min G., Neubert T.A., Glockshuber R., et al. Uroplakin Ia is the urothelial receptor for uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Evidence from in vitro FimH binding. Journal of Cell Science 2001, 114(Pt. 22):4095-4103.