Construct accessibility and interpretation of self-behaviors: Tracing and reducing the signatures of self-protection and self-enhancement

Social Thinking and Interpersonal Behavior

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 239-257

  Sedikides, Constantine ^a   Skowronski, John J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84918914356     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203139677     Document Type: Chapter

References (83)

1. Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005). The better-than-average effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. A. Dunning, & J. I. Krueger (Eds.), The self in social judgment (pp. 85-106). New York: Psychology Press.
2. Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology 20, 1-48.
3. Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2011). Handbook of self-enhancement and. self-protection. New York: Guilford Press.
4. Allison, S. T., Messick, D. M., & Goethals, G. R. (1989). On being better but not smarter than others: The Muhammad Ali effect. Social Cognition, 7, 275-296.
5. Batson, C. D., & Collins, E. C. (2011). Moral hypocricy: A self-enhancement/self- protection motive in the moral domain. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 92-111). New York: Guilford Press.
6. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to selfregulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
7. Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement among high- exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 984-998.
8. Burger, J. M., & Caldwell, D. F. (2003). The effects of monetary incentives and labeling on the foot-in-the-door effect: Evidence for a self-perception process. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 235-241.
9. Campbell, K. W., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A metaanalytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3, 23-43.
10. Campbell, K. W., Sedikides, C., Reeder, G., & Elliot, A. T. (2000). Among friends? An examination of friendship and the self-serving bias. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 229-239.
11. Chatard, A., Guimond, S., & Selimbegovic, L. (2007). “How good are you in math?”: The effect of gender stereotypes on students’ recollection of their school marks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 1017-1024.
12. Critcher, C. R., Helzer, E. G., & Dunning, D. (2011). Self-enhancement via redefinition: Defining social Concepts to ensure positive views of self. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and.self-protection (pp. 69-91). New York: Guilford Press.
13. DeCoster, J., & Claypool, H. M. (2004). A meta-analysis of priming effects on impression formation supporting a general model of informational biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 2-27.
14. DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Priming a new identity: Selfmonitoring moderates the effects of nonself primes on self-judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 657-671.
15. DeSteno, D., & Salovey, P. (1997). Structural dynamism in the concept of self: A flexible model for a malleable concept. Review of General Psychology, 1, 389-489.
16. DePaulo, P. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M., & Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979-995.
17. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is linked to antisocial behavior and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328-335.
18. Donovan, J. J., Dwight, S. A., & Hurtz, G. M. (2003). An assessment of the prevalence, severity, and verifiability of entry-level applicant faking using the randomized response technique. Human Performance, 16, 81-106.
19. Farc, M. M., Crouch, J. L., Skowronski, J. J., & Milner, J. S. (2008). Hostility ratings by parents at risk for child physical abuse: Impact of chronic and temporary schema activation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 177-193.
20. Fazio, R. H., Effrein, E. A., & Falender, V. J. (1981). Self-perceptions following social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 232-242.
21. Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31-44.
22. Felson, R. B. (1981). Ambiguity and bias in the self-concept. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 64-69.
23. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.
24. Fiske, S. T. (1992). Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from Daguerreotype to laserphoto. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 877-889.
25. Galinsky, A. D., Wang, C. S., & Ku, G. (2008). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 404-419.
26. Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Forgotten but not gone: The recall and recognition of self-threatening memories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 547-561.
27. Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Pinter, B., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2009). Two sides to self-protection: Self-improvement strivings and feedback from close relationships eliminate mnemic neglect. Self and Identity, 8, 233-250.
28. Hansen, J., & Wanke, M. (2009). Liking what’s familiar: The importance of unconscious familiarity in the mere-exposure effect. Social Cognition, 27, 161-182.
29. Heine, S. J., Takemoto, T., Moshalenko, S., Lasaleta, J., & Henrich, J. (2008). Mirrors in the head: Cultural variation in objective self-awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 879-887.
30. Hepper, E. G., Gramzow, R. H., & Sedikides, C. (2010). Individual differences in self enhancement and self-protection strategies: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality, 78, 781-814.
31. Hepper, E. G., Sedikides, C., & Cai, H. (2011). Self-enhancement and self-protection strategies in china: Cultural expressions of a fundamental human motive. Unpublished manuscript, University of Southampton.
32. Kurman, J., & Eshel, Y. (1998). Self-enhancement, generality level of self-evaluation, and emotional adjustment. Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 549-563.
33. Leary, M. (2004). The self we know and the self we show: Self-esteem, self-presentation, and the maintenance of interpersonal relationships. In G. J. Fletcher & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Emotion and motivation (pp. 204-224). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
34. Leary, M. R., Tchividjian, L. R., & Kraxberger, B. E. (1994). Self-presentation can be hazardous to your health: Impression management and health risk. Health Psychology, 13, 461-470.
35. Markus, H., & Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 858-866.
36. McCall, M., Reno, R. R., Jalbert, N., & West, S. G. (2000). Communal orientation and attributions between the self and other. Basic and Applied Psychology, 22, 301-308.
37. Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., & Hankin, B. L. (2004). Is there a universal positive bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 711-747.
38. Norem, J., & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1208-1217.
39. Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001). Goal setting and goal striving. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Intraindividual processes: Blackwell handbook of psychology (pp. 329-347). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
40. Olson, M.A., & Fazio, R. H. (2008). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 19-63). New York: Psychology Press.
41. Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1197-1208.
42. Paulhus, D. L., & Levitt, K. (1987). Desirable responding triggered by affect: Automatic egotism? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 245-29.
43. Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2010). Prediction of behavior. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 255-277). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Petty, R. E., Brinol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 722-741.
45. Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 369-381.
46. Pryor, J. B., Gibbons, F. X., Wicklund, R. A., Fazio, R. H., & Hood, R. (1997). Self-focused attention and self-report validity. Journal of Personality, 45, 513-527.
47. Robins, R. W., & Beer, J. S. (2001). Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 340-352.
48. Sanna, L. J., Chang, E. C., & Meier, S. (2001). Counterfactual thinking and self motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1023-1034.
49. Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 89-104.
50. Schubert, T. W., & Hafner, M. (2003). Contrast from social stereotypes in automatic behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 577-584.
51. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simmons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 195-202.
52. Sedikides, C. (in press). Self-protection. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of. self and identity (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
53. Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G., & Elliot, A. J. (1998). The self-serving bias in relational context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 378-386.
54. Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2000). On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management: Using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 906-922.
55. Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2004). What I don’t recall can’t hurt me: Information negativity versus information inconsistency as determinants of memorial self-defense. Social Cognition, 22, 44-29.
56. Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2009). Memory as a self-protective mechanism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 1055-1068.
57. Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2003). Portraits of the self. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 110-138). London, England: Sage Publications.
58. Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 102-116.
59. Sedikides, C., Gregg, A. P., & Hart, C. M. (2007). The importance of being modest. In C. Sedikides & S. Spencer (Eds.), The self: Frontiers in social psychology (pp. 163-184). New York: Psychology Press.
60. Sedikides, C., & Herbst, K. (2002). How does accountability reduce self-enhancement? The role of self-focus. Revue Internationale De Psychologie Sociale, 15, 113-128.
61. Sedikides, C., Herbst, K. C., Hardin, D. P., & Dardis, G. J. (2002). Accountability as a deterrent to self-enhancement: The search for mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 592-605.
62. Sedikides, C., Horton, R. S., & Gregg, A. P. (2007). The why’s the limit: Curtailing selfenhancement with explanatory introspection. Journal of Personality, 75, 783-824.
63. Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (1991). The law of cognitive structure activation. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 169-184.
64. Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 209-269.
65. Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 183-242.
66. Silvia, P. J., & Duval, T. S. (2001). Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 230-241.
67. Skowronski, J. J. (2011). The positivity bias and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory: A self-motives perspective. In C. Sedikides & M. D. Alicke (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 211-231). New York: Guildford Press.
68. Skowronski, J. J., Sedikides, C., Heider, J. D., Wood, S. E., & Scherer, C. R. (2010). On the road to self-perception: Interpretation of self-behaviors can be altered by priming. Journal of Personality, 78, 362-391.
69. Smeesters, D., Wheeler, C., & Kay, A. C. (2010). Indirect prime-to-behavior effects: The role of perceptions of the self, others, and situations in connecting primed constructs to social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 259-317.
70. Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660-1672.
71. Stapel, D. A., & Koomen, W. (2001). I, we, and the effects of others on me: How self- construal level moderates social comparison effects. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 80, 766-781.
72. Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2001). A self-standards model of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 228-243.
73. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
74. Taylor, S. E., Lerner, J. S., Sherman, D. K., Sage, R. M., & McDowell, N. K. (2003). Portrait of the self-enhancer: Well-adjusted and well-liked or maladjusted and friendless? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 165-176.
75. Van Lange, P. A. M., & Sedikides, C. (1998). Being more honest but not necessarily more intelligent than others: Generality and explanations for the Muhammad Ali effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 675-680.
76. Van Overwalle, F., & Labiouse, C. (2004). A recurrent connectionist model of person impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 28-61.
77. Van Yperen, N. W. (1992). Self-enhancement among major league soccer players: The role of importance and ambiguity on social comparison behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1186-1196.
78. Weinstein, N. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.
79. Wheeler, S. C., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2008). A match made in the laboratory: Persuasion and matches to primed traits and stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1035-1047.
80. Willard, G., & Gramzow, R. H. (2009). Beyond oversights, lies, and pies in the sky: Exaggeration as goal projection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 477-492.
81. Wilson, A. E., & Ross, M. (2001). From chump to champ: People’s appraisals of their earlier and present selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 572-584.
82. Wyer, N. A., Calvini, G., & Nash, A. (2010). Priming in interpersonal contexts: Implications for affect and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1693-1705.
83. Zuckerman, M., & Tsai, F. (2005). Costs of self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 73, 411-442.