A critical review of nanohybrids: Synthesis, applications and environmental implications

Environmental Chemistry

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 609-623

  Aich, Nirupam ^a   Plazas Tuttle, Jaime ^a   Lead, Jamie R ^b   Saleh, Navid B ^a  

^a The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY;

EID: 84918542124     PISSN: 14482517     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/EN14127     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. S. M. Paek, J. M. Oh, J. H. Choy, A lattice-engineering route to heterostructured functional nanohybrids. Chem. Asian J. 2011, 6, 324. doi:10.1002/ASIA.201000578
2. U. Banin, Y. Ben-Shahar, K. Vinokurov, Hybrid semiconductor- metal nanoparticles: from architecture to function. Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 97. doi:10.1021/CM402131N
3. L. H. Liu, R. Metivier, S. F. Wang, H. Wang, Advanced nanohybrid materials: surface modification and applications. J. Nanomater. 2012, 2012, 1. doi:10.1155/2012/327583
4. N. Saleh, A. R. M. N. Afrooz, J. H. Bisesi Jr, N. Aich, J. Plazas-Tuttle, T. Sabo-Attwood, Emergent properties and toxicological considerations for nanohybrid materials in aquatic systems. Nanomaterials 2014, 4, 372. doi:10.3390/NANO4020372
5. M. Schumacher, M. Ruppel, J. Kohlbrecher, M. Burkhardt, F. Plamper, M. Drechsler, A. H. E. Muller, Smart organic-inorganic nanohybrid stars based on star-shaped poly(acrylic acid) and functional silsesquioxane nanoparticles. Polymer 2009, 50, 1908. doi:10.1016/J.POLYMER.2009.02.010
6. N. Nakashima, Y. Tanaka, Y. Tomonari, H. Murakami, H. Kataura, T. Sakaue, K. Yoshikawa, Helical superstructures of fullerene peapods and empty single-walled carbon nanotubes formed in water. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 13076. doi:10.1021/JP050958M
7. E. V. Shevchenko, M. I. Bodnarchuk, M. V. Kovalenko, D. V. Talapin, R. K. Smith, S. Aloni, W. Heiss, A. P. Alivisatos, Gold/iron oxide core/hollow-shell nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4323. doi:10.1002/ADMA.200702994
8. Z. Fan, M. Shelton, A. K. Singh, D. Senapati, S. A. Khan, P. C. Ray, Multifunctional plasmonic shell-magnetic core nanoparticles for targeted diagnostics, isolation, and photothermal destruction of tumor cells. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 1065. doi:10.1021/NN2045246
9. E. Pál, V. Hornok, D. Seb+ok, A. Majzik, I. Dekány, Optical and structural properties of protein/gold hybrid bio-nanofilms prepared by layer-by-layer method. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2010, 79, 276. doi:10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2010.04.010
10. X. J. Zhao, Z. B. Mai, X. H. Kang, Z. Dai, X. Y. Zou, Clay-chitosan- gold nanoparticle nanohybrid: preparation and application for assembly and direct electrochemistry of myoglobin. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 4732. doi:10.1016/J.ELECTACTA.2008.02.007
11. X. Ma, H. Tao, K. Yang, L. Feng, L. Cheng, X. Shi, Y. Li, L. Guo, Z. Liu, A functionalized graphene oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite for magnetically targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Nano Res. 2012, 5, 199. doi:10.1007/ S12274-012-0200-Y
12. D. I. Son, B. W. Kwon, D. H. Park, W. S. Seo, Y. Yi, B. Angadi, C. L. Lee, W. K. Choi, Emissive ZnO-graphene quantum dots for whitelight- emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 465. doi:10.1038/ NNANO.2012.71
13. Y. Xu, Z. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Tian, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, A Graphene hybrid materia covalently functionalized with porphyrin: synthesis and optical limiting property. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1275. doi:10.1002/ADMA.200801617
14. J. Pfannes, One-pot fabrication of crumpled graphene-based nanohybrids for supercapacitors. Reference OTT ID#1330 2013 (UWM Research Foundation: Milwaukee, WI, USA). Available at http://uwmresearchfoundation.org/getdoc/2a8d0d49-6f4b-4b28-8c48- bddf8434078a/Tech-Summary-Graphene-Based-Nanohybrids-for- Supe.aspx [Verified 30 November 2014].
15. S. Q. Chen, P. Chen, Y. Wang, Carbon nanotubes grown in situ on graphene nanosheets as superior anodes for Li-ion batteries. Nanoscale 2011, 3, 4323. doi:10.1039/C1NR10642B
16. D. H. Wang, D. W. Choi, J. Li, Z. G. Yang, Z. M. Nie, R. Kou, D. H. Hu, C. M. Wang, L. V. Saraf, J. G. Zhang, I. A. Aksay, J. Liu, Selfassembled TiO2-graphene hybrid nanostructures for enhanced Li- ion insertion. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 907. doi:10.1021/NN900150Y
17. S. Watcharotone, D. A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, R. Piner, I. Jung, G. H. B. Dommett, G. Evmenenko, S. E. Wu, S. F. Chen, C. P. Liu, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, Graphene-silica composite thin films as transparent conductors. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 1888. doi:10.1021/ NL070477
18. W. A. Rigdon, J. J. Sightler, D. Larrabee, E. McPherson, X. Huang, Titania and carbon nanotube composite catalyst supports for durable electrocatalyst performance. ECS Trans. 2013, 50, 1681. doi:10.1149/05002.1681ECST
19. T. Usui, World budget of platinum 2010 (Department of Physics, Stanford University: Stanford, CA, USA). Available at http://large. stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/usui1/ [Verified 30 November 2014].
20. S. J. Klaine, P. J. J. Alvarez, G. E. Batley, T. F. Fernandes, R. D. Handy, D. Y. Lyon, S. Mahendra, M. J. McLaughlin, J. R. Lead, Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27, 1825. doi:10.1897/ 08-090.1
21. M. R. Wiesner, J.-Y. Bottero, Environmental Nanotechnology 2007 (McGraw-Hill: New York).
22. V. L. Colvin, The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nat. Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 1166, doi:10.1038/NBT875
23. J. S. Tsuji, A. D. Maynard, P. C. Howard, J. T. James, C.-w. Lam, D. B. Warheit, A. B. Santamaria, Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part IV. Risk assessment of nanoparticles. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 89, 42. [Published online early 21 September 2005]. doi:10.1093/TOXSCI/KFI339
24. K. L. Chen, M. Elimelech, Relating colloidal stability of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles to nanoparticle charge and electrokinetic properties. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 7270. doi:10.1021/ ES900185P
25. N. B. Saleh, L. D. Pfefferle, M. Elimelech, Aggregation kinetics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in aquatic systems: measurements and environmental implications. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7963. doi:10.1021/ES801251C
26. C. Levard, E. M. Hotze, G. V. Lowry, G. E. Brown Jr, Environmental transformations of silver nanoparticles: impact on stability and toxicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 6900. doi:10.1021/ ES2037405
27. R. Ma, C. Levard, F. M. Michel, G. E. Brown Jr, G. V. Lowry, Sulfidation mechanism for zinc oxide nanoparticles and the effect of sulfidation on their solubility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 2527. doi:10.1021/ES3035347
28. M. Nanko, Definition and categories of hybrid materials. Adv. Tech. Mat. Mat. Proc. J. 2009, 11, 1.
29. G. Lövestam, H. Rauscher, G. Roebben, B. S. Klüttgen, N. Gibson, J.-P. Putaud, H. Stamm, Considerations on a definition of nanomaterial for regulatory purposes 2010 (Publications Office of the European Union, European Commission, Joint Research Centre: Luxembourg). Available at http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ repository/handle/JRC58726 [Verified 30 November 2014].
30. K. Leonard, M. Kawashima, H. Okamura, J. Kurawaki, One-pot sonochemical synthesis of dendron-stabilized gold nanoparticles as promising nano-hybrid with potential impact in biological application. Mater. Lett. 2010, 64, 2240. doi:10.1016/J.MATLET.2010. 07.012
31. H. I. Elim, B. Cai, Y. Kurata, O. Sugihara, T. Kaino, T. Adschiri, A. L. Chu, N. Kambe, Refractive index control and Rayleigh scattering properties of transparent TiO2 nanohybrid polymer. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 10143. doi:10.1021/JP902598F
32. A. Arribas, M. D. Bermudez, W. Brostow, F. J. Carrion-Vilches, O. Olea-Mejia, Scratch resistance of a polycarbonate plus organoclay nanohybrid. eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2009, 3, 621. doi:10.3144/EXPRESSPOLYMLETT.2009.78
33. A. G. Nasibulin, P. V. Pikhitsa, H. Jiang, D. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov,A. S.Anisimov, P.Queipo, A.Moisala,D.Gonzalez, G. Lientschnig, A. Hassanien, S. D. Shandakov, G. Lolli, D. E. Resasco, M. Choi, D. Tomanek, E. I. Kauppinen, A novel hybrid carbon material. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 156. doi:10.1038/ NNANO.2007.37
34. B. W. Smith, M. Monthioux, D. E. Luzzi, Encapsulated C60 in carbon nanotubes. Nature 1998, 396, 323. doi:10.1038/24521
35. G. M. A. Rahman, D. M. Guldi, E. Zambon, L. Pasquato, N. Tagmatarchis, M. Prato, Dispersable carbon nanotube/gold nanohybrids: evidence for strong electronic interactions. Small 2005, 1, 527. doi:10.1002/SMLL.200400146
36. D. Y. Fu, G. Y. Han, Y. Z. Chang, J. H. Dong, The synthesis and properties of ZnO-graphene nano hybrid for photodegradation of organic pollutant in water. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2012, 132, 673. doi:10.1016/J.MATCHEMPHYS.2011.11.085
37. J.-J. Feng, U. Gernert, M. Sezer, U. Kuhlmann, D. H. Murgida, C. David, M. Richter, A. Knorr, P. Hildebrandt, I. M. Weidinger, Novel Au-Ag hybrid device for electrochemical SE(R)R spectroscopy in a wide potential and spectral range. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 298. doi:10.1021/NL802934U
38. I. Fratoddi, I. Venditti, C. Battocchio, G. Polzonetti, C. Cametti, M. V. Russo, Core shell hybrids based on noble metal nanoparticles and conjugated polymers: synthesis and characterization. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2011, 6, 98. doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-98
39. T. Ohno, S. Tagawa, H. Itoh, H. Suzuki, T. Matsuda, Size effect of TiO2-SiO2 nano-hybrid particle. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2009, 113, 119. doi:10.1016/J.MATCHEMPHYS.2008.07.034
40. J. Tian, J. Jin, F. Zheng, H. Y. Zhao, Self-assembly of gold nanoparticles and polystyrene: a highly versatile approach to the preparation of colloidal particles with polystyrene cores and gold nanoparticle coronae. Langmuir 2010, 26, 8762. doi:10.1021/ LA904519J
41. W. Huang, H. Zhang, D. Pan, Study on the release behavior and mechanism by monitoring the morphology changes of the largesized drug-LDH nanohybrids. AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1936. doi:10.1002/AIC.12379
42. Y. Ma, Z. F. Dai, Y. G. Gao, Z. Cao, Z. B. Zha, X. L. Yue, J. I. Kikuchi, Liposomal architecture boosts biocompatibility of nanohybrid cerasomes. Nanotoxicology 2011, 5, 622. doi:10.3109/ 17435390.2010.546950
43. Y. Wang, G. Ouyang, J. Zhang, Z. Wang,ADNA-templated catalyst: the preparation of metal-DNA nanohybrids and their application in organic reactions. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 7912. doi:10.1039/ C0CC02632H
44. M. H. Xue, Q. Xu, M. Zhou, J. J. Zhu, In situ immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan-gold nanoparticle hybrid film on Prussian Blue modified electrode for high-sensitivity glucose detection. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 8, 1468. doi:10.1016/ J.ELECOM.2006.07.019
45. M. Vizuete, M. Barrejon, M. J. Gomez-Escalonilla, F. Langa, Endohedral and exohedral hybrids involving fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 4370. doi:10.1039/C2NR30376K
46. R. Lv, T. Cui, M.-S. Jun, Q. Zhang, A. Cao, D. S. Su, Z. Zhang, S.-H. Yoon, J. Miyawaki, I. Mochida, F. Kang, Open-ended, n-doped carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid nanostructures as highperformance catalyst support. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 999. doi:10.1002/ADFM.201001602
47. F. Simon, H. Kuzmany, H. Rauf, T. Pichler, J. Bernardi, H. Peterlik, L. Korecz, F. Fülöp, A. Jánossy, Low temperature fullerene encapsulation in single wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis of N@C60@SWCNT. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 383, 362. doi:10.1016/ J.CPLETT.2003.11.039
48. A. Palkar, F. Melin, C. M. Cardona, B. Elliott, A. K. Naskar, D. D. Edie, A. Kumbhar, L. Echegoyen, Reactivity differences between carbon nano onions (CNOs) prepared by different methods. Chem. Asian J. 2007, 2, 625. doi:10.1002/ASIA.200600426
49. K. Imasaka, Y. Kanatake, Y. Ohshiro, J. Suehiro, M. Hara, Production of carbon nanoonions and nanotubes using an intermittent arc discharge in water. Thin Solid Films 2006, 506-507, 250. doi:10.1016/J.TSF.2005.08.024
50. X. Liu, C. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Guo, H. Wen, B. Xu, Synthesis of nano onion-like fullerenes by using Fe/Al2O3 as catalyst by chemical vapor deposition. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2009, 54, 137. doi:10.1007/ S11434-008-0573-1
51. S. Qu, M. Li, L. Xie, X. Huang, J. Yang, N. Wang, S. Yang, Noncovalent functionalization of graphene attaching 6,6-phenyl- C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and application as electron extraction layer of polymer solar cells. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 4070. doi:10.1021/NN4001963
52. Y. Zhu, L. Li, C. G. Zhang, G. Casillas, Z. Z. Sun, Z. Yan, G. D. Ruan, Z. W. Peng, A. R. O. Raji, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, J. M. Tour, A seamless three-dimensional carbon nanotube graphene hybrid material. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 1225. doi:10.1038/ NCOMMS2234
53. S. Chen, W. Yeoh, Q. Liu, G. Wang, Chemical-free synthesis of graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid materials for reversible lithium storage in lithium-ion batteries. Carbon 2012, 50, 4557. doi:10.1016/J.CARBON.2012.05.040
54. F. DSouza, R. Chitta, A. S. D. Sandanayaka, N. K. Subbaiyan, L. DSouza, Y. Araki, O. Ito, Supramolecular carbon nanotubefullerene donoracceptor hybrids for photoinduced electron transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15865. doi:10.1021/ JA073773X
55. D. Yu, L. Dai, Self-assembled graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid films for supercapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 467. doi:10.1021/JZ9003137
56. S. Giordani, J.-F. Colomer, F. Cattaruzza, J. Alfonsi, M. Meneghetti, M. Prato, D. Bonifazi, Multifunctional hybrid materials composed of [60]fullerene-based functionalized-single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2009, 47, 578. doi:10.1016/J.CARBON.2008.10.036
57. T.-K. Hong, D. W. Lee, H. J. Choi, H. S. Shin, B.-S. Kim, Transparent, flexible conducting hybrid multilayer thin films of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3861. doi:10.1021/NN100897G
58. J. G. Wang, Y. S. Wang, D. W. He, H. P. Wu, H. T. Wang, P. Zhou, M. Fu, Influence of polymer/fullerene-graphene structure on organic polymer solar devices. Integr. Ferroelectr. 2012, 137, 1. doi:10.1080/ 10584587.2012.687244
59. N. J. Alley, K. S. Liao, E. Andreoli, S. Dias, E. P. Dillon, A. W. Orbaek, A. R. Barron, H. J. Byrne, S. A. Curran, Effect of carbon nanotube-fullerene hybrid additive on P3HT:PCBM bulkheterojunction organic photovoltaics. Synth. Met. 2012, 162, 95. doi:10.1016/J.SYNTHMET.2011.11.017
60. Z. B. Liu, Y. F. Xu, X. Y. Zhang, X. L. Zhang, Y. S. Chen, J. G. Tian, Porphyrin and fullerene covalently functionalized graphene hybrid materials with large nonlinear optical properties. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 9681. doi:10.1021/JP9004357
61. Y. F. Li, T. Kaneko, R. Hatakeyama, Electrical transport properties of fullerene peapods interacting with light. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 415201. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/41/415201
62. J. G. Wang, Y. S. Wang, D. W. He, H. P. Wu, H. T. Wang, P. Zhou, M. Fu, Influence of polymer/fullerene-graphene structure on organic polymer solar devices. Integr. Ferroelectr. 2012, 137, 1. doi:10.1080/10584587.2012.687244
63. V. C. Tung, J. H. Huang, I. Tevis, F. Kim, J. Kim, C. W. Chu, S. I. Stupp, J. X. Huang, Surfactant-free water-processable photoconductive all-carbon composite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011 133 4940 doi:10.1021/JA1103734
64. V. Mani, B. Devadas, S. M. Chen, Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid material modified electrode for glucose biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013, 41, 309. doi:10.1016/J.BIOS. 2012.08.045
65. S. H. Hwang, H. W. Park, Y. B. Park, Piezoresistive behavior and multi-directional strain sensing ability of carbon nanotube-graphene nanoplatelet hybrid sheets. Smart Mater. Struct. 2013, 22, 015013. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/22/1/015013
66. B. Wu, Y. Kuang, X. Zhang, J. Chen, Noble metal nanoparticles/ carbon nanotubes nanohybrids: synthesis and applications. Nano Today 2011, 6, 75. doi:10.1016/J.NANTOD.2010.12.008
67. P. C. P. Watts, W. K. Hsu, D. P. Randall, V. Kotzeva, G. Z. Chen, Fe-filled carbon nanotubes: nano-electromagnetic inductors. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 4505. doi:10.1021/CM021288P
68. H. Shinohara, M. Takata, M. Sakata, T. Hashizume, T. Sakurai, Metallofullerenes: their formation and characterization, in Cluster Assembled Materials (Ed. K. Sattler) 1996, pp. 207-232 (Trans Tech Publications Ltd: Enfield, NH).
69. B. M. Kim, S. Qian, H. H. Bau, Filling carbon nanotubes with particles. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 873. doi:10.1021/NL050278V
70. E. Dujardin, T. W. Ebbesen, H. Hiura, K. Tanigaki, Capillarity and wetting of carbon nanotubes. Science 1994, 265, 1850. doi:10.1126/ SCIENCE.265.5180.1850
71. R. Chitta, A. S. D. Sandanayaka, A. L. Schumacher, L. DSouza, Y. Araki, O. Ito, F. DSouza, Donor-acceptor nanohybrids of zinc naphthalocyanine or zinc porphyrin noncovalently linked to singlewall carbon nanotubes for photoinduced electron transfer. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 6947. doi:10.1021/JP0704416
72. J. B. Liu, Y. L. Li, Y. M. Li, J. H. Li, Z. X. Deng, Noncovalent DNA decorations of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide toward water-soluble metal-carbon hybrid nanostructures via self-assembly. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 900. doi:10.1039/ B917752C
73. C.-H. Wu, C.-Y. Kuo, S.-T. Chen, Synergistic effects between TiO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a TiO2/CNTs system under visible light irradiation. Environ. Technol. 2013, 34, 2513. doi:10.1080/ 09593330.2013.774058
74. S. J. Ding, D. Y. Luan, F. Y. C. Boey, J. S. Chen, X. W. Lou, SnO2 nanosheets grown on graphene sheets with enhanced lithium storage properties. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 7155. doi:10.1039/ C1CC11968K
75. D. Eder, Carbon nanotube-inorganic hybrids. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1348. doi:10.1021/CR800433K
76. Y. J. Zou, C. L. Xiang, L. X. Sun, F. Xu, Glucose biosensor based on electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes and immobilizing enzyme with chitosan-SiO2 sol-gel. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 23, 1010. doi:10.1016/J.BIOS.2007.10.009
77. H. Chu, Z. Jin, Y. Zhang, W. Zhou, L. Ding, Y. Li, Site-specific deposition of gold nanoparticles on SWNTs. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 13437. doi:10.1021/JP801088R
78. R. Paul, P. Kumbhakar, A. K. Mitra, Visible photoluminescence of MWCNT/CdS nanohybrid structure synthesized by a simple chemical process. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2010, 167, 97. doi:10.1016/J.MSEB. 2010.01.050
79. N. Karousis, G.-E. Tsotsou, F. Evangelista, P. Rudolf, N. Ragoussis, N. Tagmatarchis, Carbon nanotubes decorated with palladium nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 13463. doi:10.1021/JP802920K
80. Y. Li, X. Fan, J. Qi, J. Ji, S. Wang, G. Zhang, F. Zhang, Gold nanoparticles-graphene hybrids as active catalysts for Suzuki reaction. Mater. Res. Bull. 2010, 45, 1413. doi:10.1016/J.MATERRES BULL.2010.06.041
81. H.-i. Kim, G.-h. Moon, D. Monllor-Satoca, Y. Park, W. Choi, Solar photoconversion using graphene/TiO2 composites: nanographene shell on TiO2 core versus TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene sheet. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 1535. doi:10.1021/JP209035E
82. Y. W. Zhu, H. I. Elim, Y. L. Foo, T. Yu, Y. J. Liu, W. Ji, J. Y. Lee, Z. X. Shen, A. T. S. Wee, J. T. L. Thong, C. H. Sow, Multiwalled carbon nanotubes beaded with ZnO nanoparticles for ultrafast nonlinear optical switching. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 587. doi:10.1002/ADMA.200501918
83. P. Chen, H. Chen, J. Qiu, C. Zhou, Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates. Nano Res. 2010, 3, 594. doi:10.1007/S12274- 010-0020-X
84. S. Ding, J. S. Chen, D. Luan, F. Y. C. Boey, S. Madhavi, X. W. Lou, Graphene-supported anatase TiO2 nanosheets for fast lithium storage. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 5780. doi:10.1039/C1CC10687B
85. R. I. Jafri, T. Arockiados, N. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramaprabhu, Nanostructured Pt dispersed on graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrid nanomaterials as electrocatalyst for PEMFC. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B874-B9. doi:10.1149/1.3374353
86. S. Guo, D. Wen, Y. Zhai, S. Dong, E. Wang, Platinum nanoparticle ensemble-on-graphene hybrid nanosheet: one-pot, rapid synthesis, and used as new electrode material for electrochemical sensing. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3959. doi:10.1021/NN100852H
87. M.-L. Chen, Y.-J. He, X.-W. Chen, J.-H. Wang, Quantum dots conjugated with Fe3O4-filled carbon nanotubes for cancer-targeted imaging and magnetically guided drug delivery. Langmuir 2012, 28, 16469. doi:10.1021/LA303957Y
88. X. J. Liu, L. K. Pan, T. Lv, G. Zhu, T. Lu, Z. Sun, C. Q. Sun, Microwave-assisted synthesis of TiO2-reduced graphene oxide composites for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). RSC Adv. 2011, 1, 1245. doi:10.1039/C1RA00298H
89. T. Kavitha, A. I. Gopalan, K.-P. Lee, S.-Y. Park, Glucose sensing, photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of graphene-ZnO nanoparticle hybrids. Carbon 2012, 50, 2994. doi:10.1016/J.CARBON. 2012.02.082
90. C.-Y. Shu, E.-Y. Zhang, J.-F. Xiang, C.-F. Zhu, C.-R. Wang, X.-L. Pei, H.-B. Han, Aggregation studies of the water-soluble gadofullerene magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent: [Gd@C82O6(OH)16(NHCH2CH2COOH)8]x.. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 15597. doi:10.1021/JP0615609
91. J. Zhang, J. Ge, M. D. Shultz, E. Chung, G. Singh, C. Shu, P. P. Fatouros, S. C. Henderson, F. D. Corwin, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, K. More, C. Rylander, M. N. Rylander, H. W. Gibson, H. C. Dorn, In vitro and in vivo studies of singlewalled carbon nanohorns with encapsulated metallofullerenes and exohedrally functionalized quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2843. doi:10.1021/NL1008635
92. J. N. Anker, W. P. Hall, O. Lyandres, N. C. Shah, J. Zhao, R. P. Van Duyne, Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 442. doi:10.1038/NMAT2162
93. Q. A. Pankhurst, J. Connolly, S. K. Jones, J. Dobson, Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2003, 36, R167. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201
94. P. V. Kamat, Photophysical, photochemical and photocatalytic aspects of metal nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7729. doi:10.1021/JP0209289
95. A. P. Alivisatos, Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 1996, 271, 933. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.271.5251.933
96. K. Major, C. De, S. Obare, Recent advances in the synthesis of plasmonic bimetallic nanoparticles. Plasmonics 2009, 4, 61. doi:10.1007/S11468-008-9077-8
97. M. Tsuji, N. Miyamae, S. Lim, K. Kimura, X. Zhang, S. Hikino, M. Nishio, Crystal structures and growth mechanisms of Au@Ag coreshell nanoparticles prepared by the microwavepolyol method. Cryst. Growth Des. 2006, 6, 1801. doi:10.1021/CG060103E
98. C.-y. Wang, C.-y. Liu, X. Zheng, J. Chen, T. Shen, The surface chemistry of hybrid nanometer-sized particles I. Photochemical deposition of gold on ultrafine TiO2 particles. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 1998, 131, 271. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757 (97)00086-1
99. S.-D. Kim, W.-G. Choe, J.-R. Jeong, Environmentally friendly electroless plating for Ag/TiO2-coated core-shell magnetic particles using ultrasonic treatment. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2013, 20, 1456. doi:10.1016/J.ULTSONCH.2013.03.011
100. M. Sun, W. Fu, H. Yang, Y. Sui, B. Zhao, G. Yin, Q. Li, H. Zhao, G. Zou, One-step synthesis of coaxial Ag/TiO2 nanowire arrays on transparent conducting substrates: enhanced electron collection in dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochem. Commun. 2011, 13, 1324. doi:10.1016/J.ELECOM.2011.08.003
101. K. Namratha, K. Byrappa, Novel solution routes of synthesis of metal oxide and hybrid metal oxide nanocrystals. Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 2012, 58, 14. doi:10.1016/J.PCRYSGROW.2011. 10.005
102. O. Peña, U. Pal, L. Rodríguez-Fernández, H. C. G. Silva-Pereyra, V. Rodríguez-Iglesias, J. C. Cheang-Wong, J. S. Arenas-Alatorre, A. Oliver, Formation of Au Ag coreshell nanostructures in silica matrix by sequential ion implantation. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 2296. doi:10.1021/JP809178Y
103. A. Sánchez-Iglesias, E. Carbó-Argibay, A. Glaria, B. Rodríguez- González, J. Perez-Juste, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. M. Liz-Marzán, Rapid epitaxial growth of Ag on Au nanoparticles: from Au nanorods to core-shell Au@Ag octahedrons. Chemistry 2010, 16, 5558. doi:10.1002/CHEM.201000144
104. T. Johannessen, J. R. Jenson, M. Mosleh, J. Johansen, U. Quaade, H. Livbjerg, Flame synthesis of nanoparticles - applications in catalysis and product/process engineering. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2004, 82(A11), 1444. doi:10.1205/CERD.82.11.1444.52025
105. S. H. Kim, C.-H. Jung, N. Sahu, D. Park, J. Y. Yun, H. Ha, J. Y. Park, Catalytic activity of Au/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 nanocatalysts prepared with arc plasma deposition under CO oxidation. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2013, 454, 53. doi:10.1016/J.APCATA.2012.12.049
106. S. Anandan, F. Grieser, M. Ashokkumar, Sonochemical synthesis of Au Ag core shell bimetallic nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 15102. doi:10.1021/JP806960R
107. F.-K. Liu, P.-W. Huang, Y.-C. Chang, F.-H. Ko, T.-C. Chu, combining optical lithography with rapid microwave heating for the selective growth of Au/Ag bimetallic core/shell structures on patterned silicon wafers. Langmuir 2005, 21, 2519. doi:10.1021/ LA047611F
108. J. Zhang, P. Zhan, H. Liu, Z. Wang, N. Ming, A facile colloidal templating method to monodisperse hollow Ag and Ag/Au submicrometer spheres. Mater. Lett. 2006, 60, 280. doi:10.1016/J.MAT LET.2005.08.041
109. X. Wang, D. R. G. Mitchell, K. Prince, A. J. Atanacio, R. A. Caruso, Gold nanoparticle incorporation into porous titania networks using an agarose gel templating technique for photocatalytic applications. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 3917. doi:10.1021/CM703509F
110. Y. L. Chueh, L. J. Chou, Z. L. Wang, SiO2/Ta2O5 core-shell nanowires and nanotubes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7773. doi:10.1002/ANIE.200602228
111. M.-L. Wu, L.-B. Lai, Synthesis of Pt/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsions. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2004, 244, 149. doi:10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2004.06.027
112. H. Liu, J. Wu, J. H. Min, X. Zhang, Y. K. Kim, Tunable synthesis and multifunctionalities of Fe3O4-ZnO hybrid core-shell nanocrystals. Mater. Res. Bull. 2013, 48, 551. doi:10.1016/J.MATERRESBULL. 2012.11.051
113. J. W. Fan, T. T. Tseng, C. N. Chen, M. H. Wei, W. J. Tseng, Preparation of ITO/Ag nanohybrid particles by a reverse micellar layer-by-layer coating. Ceram. Int. 2011, 37, 43. doi:10.1016/ J.CERAMINT.2010.08.006
114. W. Chen, N. F. Xu, L. G. Xu, L. B. Wang, Z. K. Li, W. Ma, Y. Y. Zhu, C. L. Xu, N. A. Kotov, Multifunctional magnetoplasmonic nanoparticle assemblies for cancer therapy and diagnostics (theranostics). Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2010, 31, 228.
115. Y. Zhai, J. Zhai, Y. Wang, S. Guo, W. Ren, S. Dong, Fabrication of iron oxide core/gold shell submicrometer spheres with nanoscale surface roughness for efficient surface-enhanced raman scattering. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 7009. doi:10.1021/JP810561Q
116. S. S. Shankar, A. Rai, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core-Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 275, 496. doi:10.1016/J.JCIS.2004.03.003
117. N. C. Bigall, W. J. Parak, D. Dorfs, Fluorescent, magnetic and plasmonic-hybrid multifunctional colloidal nano objects. Nano Today 2012, 7, 282. doi:10.1016/J.NANTOD.2012.06.007
118. Y.-F. Yang, P. Sangeetha, Y.-W. Chen, Au/TiO2 catalysts prepared by photo-deposition method for selective CO oxidation inH2 stream. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34, 8912. doi:10.1016/J.IJHYDENE. 2009.08.087
119. J. M. Liu, X. X. Wang, M. L. Cui, L. P. Lin, S. L. Jiang, L. Jiao, L. H. Zhang,Apromising non-aggregation colorimetric sensor of AuNRs- Ag for determination of dopamine. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013, 176, 97. doi:10.1016/J.SNB.2012.08.083
120. M. Li, M. E. Noriega-Trevino, N. Nino-Martinez, C. Marambio- Jones, J. Wang, R. Damoiseaux, F. Ruiz, E. M. V. Hoek, Synergistic bactericidal activity of Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles in both light and dark conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 8989. doi:10.1021/ ES201675M
121. T. A. Larson, J. Bankson, J. Aaron, K. Sokolov, Hybrid plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles as molecular specific agents for MRI/optical imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 325101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/32/325101
122. C. Wang, J. Irudayaraj, Multifunctional magnetic-optical nanoparticle probes for simultaneous detection, separation, and thermal ablation of multiple pathogens. Small 2010, 6, 283. doi:10.1002/ SMLL.200901596
123. J. Gao, W. Zhang, P. Huang, B. Zhang, X. Zhang, B. Xu, Intracellular spatial control of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3710. doi:10.1021/JA7103125
124. M. M. Maye, O. Gang, M. Cotlet, Photoluminescence enhancement in CdSe/ZnS-DNA linked-Au nanoparticle heterodimers probed by single molecule spectroscopy. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 6111. doi:10.1039/C0CC00660B
125. F. DSouza, O. Ito, Supramolecular donor-acceptor hybrids of porphyrins/phthalocyanines with fullerenes/carbon nanotubes: electron transfer, sensing, switching, and catalytic applications. Chem. Commun. 2009, 4913. doi:10.1039/B905753F
126. D. S. Achilleos, M. Vamvakaki, End-grafted polymer chains onto inorganic nano-objects. Materials 2010, 3, 1981. doi:10.3390/ MA3031981
127. L. H. Qiu, Y. J. Peng, B. Q. Liu, B. C. Lin, Y. Peng, M. J. Malik, F. Yan, Polypyrrole nanotube-supported gold nanoparticles: an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2012, 413-414, 230. doi:10.1016/J.APCATA.2011.11.013
128. U. Yogeswaran, S. Thiagarajan, S.-M. Chen, recent updates of DNA incorporated in carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Sensors 2008, 8, 7191. doi:10.3390/ S8117191
129. C. R. Sun, K. Du, C. Fang, N. Bhattarai, O. Veiseh, F. Kievit, Z. Stephen, D. H. Lee, R. G. Ellenbogen, B. Ratner, M. Q. Zhang, PEG-mediated synthesis of highly dispersive multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles: their physicochemical properties and function in vivo. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2402. doi:10.1021/ NN100190V
130. Y. Hu, Q. Chen, Y. Ding, R. T. Li, X. Q. Jiang, B. R. Liu, Entering and lighting up nuclei using hollow chitosan-gold hybrid nanospheres. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 3639. doi:10.1002/ADMA. 200803682
131. C. Samorì, H. Ali-Boucetta, R. Sainz, C. Guo, F. M. Toma, C. Fabbro, T. da Ros, M. Prato, K. Kostarelos, A. Bianco, Enhanced anticancer activity of multi-walled carbon nanotube-methotrexate conjugates using cleavable linkers. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 1494. doi:10.1039/B923560D
132. W. T. Wu, J. Shen, P. Banerjee, S. Q. Zhou, Core-shell hybrid nanogels for integration of optical temperature-sensing, targeted tumor cell imaging, and combined chemo-photothermal treatment. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 7555. doi:10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS. 2010.06.030
133. M. Tagliazucchi, M. G. Blaber, G. C. Schatz, E. A. Weiss, I. Szleifert, Optical properties of responsive hybrid Au@polymer nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 8397. doi:10.1021/NN303221Y
134. M. Tejamaya, I. Römer, R. C. Merrifield, J. R. Lead, stability of citrate, PVP, and PEG coated silver nanoparticles in ecotoxicology media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 7011. doi:10.1021/ ES2038596
135. S. Diegoli, A. L. Manciulea, S. Begum, I. P. Jones, J. R. Lead, J. A. Preece, Interaction between manufactured gold nanoparticles and naturally occurring organic macromolecules. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 402, 51. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2008.04.023
136. N. Saleh, K. Sirk, Y. Liu, T. Phenrat, B. Dufour, K. Matyjaszewski, R. D. Tilton, G. V. Lowry, Surface modifications enhance nanoiron transport and NAPL targeting in saturated porous media. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2007, 24, 45. doi:10.1089/EES.2007.24.45
137. N. Saleh, T. Phenrat, K. Sirk, B. Dufour, J. Ok, T. Sarbu, K. Matyjaszewski, R. D. Tilton, G. V. Lowry, Adsorbed triblock copolymers deliver reactive iron nanoparticles to the oil/water interface. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2489. doi:10.1021/NL0518268
138. D. Wróbel, A. Graja, Photoinduced electron transfer processes in fullerene-organic chromophore systems. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2011, 255, 2555. doi:10.1016/J.CCR.2010.12.026
139. D. M. Guldi, E. Menna, M. Maggini, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, S. Campidelli, M. Prato, G. M. A. Rahman, S. Schergna, Supramolecular hybrids of [60]fullerene and single-wall carbon nanotubes. Chemistry 2006, 12, 3975. doi:10.1002/CHEM. 200600114
140. D. M. Guldi, H. Taieb, G. M. A. Rahman, N. Tagmatarchis, M. Prato, Novel photoactive single-walled carbon nanotube- porphyrin polymer wraps: efficient and long-lived intracomplex charge separation. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 871. doi:10.1002/ ADMA.200400641
141. I. Banerjee, D. Mondal, J. Martin, R. S. Kane, Photoactivated antimicrobial activity of carbon nanotube-porphyrin conjugates. Langmuir 2010, 26, 17369. doi:10.1021/LA103298E
142. T. L. Kirschling, P. L. Golas, J. M. Unrine, K. Matyjaszewski, K. B. Gregory, G. V. Lowry, R. Tilton, D. Microbial bioavailability of covalently bound polymer coatings on model engineered nanomaterials. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 5253. doi:10.1021/ ES200770Z
143. O. Choi, Z. Hu, Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 4583. doi:10.1021/ES703238H
144. S. Pal, Y. K. Tak, J. M. Song, Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle?Astudy of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 1712. doi:10.1128/AEM.02218-06
145. B. A. Chambers, A. R. M. N. Afrooz, S. Bae, N. Aich, L. Katz, N. B. Saleh, M. J. Kirisits, Effects of chloride and ionic strength on physical morphology, dissolution, and bacterial toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 761. [Published online early 23 December 2013]. doi:10.1021/ES403969X
146. K. Van Hoecke, K. A. C. De Schamphelaere, Z. Ali, F. Zhang, A. Elsaesser, P. Rivera-Gil, W. J. Parak, G. Smagghe, C. V. Howard, C. R. Janssen, Ecotoxicity and uptake of polymer coated gold nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2013, 7, 37. doi:10.3109/17435390. 2011.626566
147. T. Yoshida, T. Yoshikawa, H. Nabeshi, Y. Tsutsumi, relation analysis between intracellular distribution of nanomateriarls, ROS generation and DNA damage. Yakugaku Zasshi 2012, 132, 295. doi:10.1248/YAKUSHI.132.295
148. L. Brunet, D. Y. Lyon, E. M. Hotze, P. J. J. Alvarez, M. R. Wiesner, comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 4355. doi:10.1021/ES803093T
149. L. Clement, C. Hurel, N. Marmier, Toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to cladocerans, algae, rotifers and plants - effects of size and crystalline structure. Chemosphere 2013, 90, 1083. doi:10.1016/J.CHEMO SPHERE.2012.09.013
150. H. Zhang, Z. Ji, T. Xia, H. Meng, C. Low-Kam, R. Liu, S. Pokhrel, S. Lin, X. Wang, Y.-P. Liao, M. Wang, L. Li, R. Rallo, R. Damoiseaux, D. Telesca, L. Mädler, Y. Cohen, J. I. Zink, A. E. Nel, Use of metal oxide nanoparticle band gap to develop a predictive paradigm for oxidative stress and acute pulmonary inflammation. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 4349. doi:10.1021/NN3010087
151. A. R. M. N. Afrooz, S. T. Sivalapalan, C. J. Murphy, S. M. Hussain, J. J. Schlager, N. B. Saleh, Spheres vs. rods: the shape of gold nanoparticles influences aggregation and deposition behavior. Chemosphere 2013, 91, 93. doi:10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2012. 11.031
152. D. P. Jaisi, N. B. Saleh, R. E. Blake, M. Elimelech, Transport of single-walled carbon nanotubes in porous media: filtration mechanisms and reversibility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 8317. doi:10.1021/ES801641V
153. G. V. Lowry, K. B. Gregory, S. C. Apte, J. R. Lead, transformations of nanomaterials in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 6893. doi:10.1021/ES300839E
154. P. Conte, A. Agretto, R. Spaccini, A. Piccolo, Soil remediation: humic acids as natural surfactants in the washings of highly contaminated soils. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 135, 515. doi:10.1016/ J.ENVPOL.2004.10.006
155. I. A. Khan, A. R. M. N. Afrooz, J. R. V. Flora, P. A. Schierz, P. L. Ferguson, T. Sabo-Attwood, N. B. Saleh, Chirality affects aggregation kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 1844. doi:10.1021/ES3030337
156. T. Shimada, Y. Ohno, T. Okazaki, T. Sugai, K. Suenaga, S. Kishimoto, T. Mizutani, T. Inoue, R. Taniguchi, N. Fukui, H. Okubo, H. Shinohara, Transport properties of C78, C90 and Dy@C82 fullerenes-nanopeapods by field effect transistors. Physica E 2004, 21, 1089. doi:10.1016/J.PHYSE.2003.11.197
157. M. Otani, S. Okada, A. Oshiyama, Energetics and electronic structures of one-dimensional fullerene chains encapsulated in zigzag nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 2003, 68, 125424. doi:10.1103/ PHYSREVB.68.125424
158. A. G. Ryabenko, N. A. Kiselev, J. L. Hutchison, T. N. Moroz, S. S. Bukalov, L. A. Mikhalitsyn, R. O. Loutfy, A. P. Moravsky, Spectral properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes encapsulating fullerenes. Carbon 2007, 45, 1492. doi:10.1016/J.CARBON.2007. 03.031
159. B. W. Smith, D. E. Luzzi, Formation mechanism of fullerene peapods and coaxial tubes: a path to large scale synthesis. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 321, 169. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00307-9
160. J. Hao, L. Guan, X. Guo, Y. Lian, S. Zhao, J. Dong, S. Yang, H. Zhang, B. Sun, Interaction between fullerenes and single-wall carbon nanotubes: the influence of fullerene size and electronic structure. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011, 11, 7857. doi:10.1166/ JNN.2011.4751
161. J. Zhu, Z. Y. Pan, Y. X. Wang, L. Zhou, Q. Jiang, The effects of encapsulating C60 fullerenes on the bending flexibility of carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 275702. doi:10.1088/0957- 4484/18/27/275702
162. A. Shahabi, M. Ghassemi, S. M. Mirnouri Langroudi, H. Rezaei Nejad, M. H. Hamedi, Effect of defect and C60s density variation on tensile and compressive properties of peapod. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2010, 50, 586. doi:10.1016/J.COMMATSCI.2010.09.021
163. C. Wu, X. Y. Huang, X. F. Wu, L. Y. Xie, K. Yang, P. K. Jiang, Graphene oxide-encapsulated carbon nanotube hybrids for high dielectric performance nanocomposites with enhanced energy storage density. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 3847. doi:10.1039/ C3NR00625E
164. J. D. Fortner, D.-I. Kim, A. M. Boyd, J. C. Falkner, S. Moran, V. L. Colvin, J. B. Hughes, J.-H. Kim, Reaction of water-stable C60 aggregates with ozone. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 7497. doi:10.1021/ES0708058
165. C. W. Isaacson, D. C. Bouchard, Effects of humic acid and sunlight on the generation and aggregation state of Aqu/C60 nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 8971. doi:10.1021/ES103029K
166. N. B. Saleh, L. D. Pfefferle, M. Elimelech, Influence of biomacromolecules and humic acid on the aggregation kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 2412. doi:10.1021/ES903059T
167. M. Safi, J. Courtois, M. Seigneuret, H. Conjeaud, J. F. Berret, The effects of aggregation and protein corona on the cellular internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011, 32, 9353. doi:10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2011.08.048
168. I. A. Khan, N. D. Berge, T. Sabo-Attwood, L. Ferguson, N. B. Saleh, Single-walled carbon nanotube transport in representative municipal solid waste landfill conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 8425.
169. D. Jassby, J. Farner Budarz, M. Wiesner, Impact of aggregate size and structure on the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 6934. doi:10.1021/ ES202009H
170. W. J. Lee, J.M. Lee, S.T.Kochuveedu,T.H.Han,H.Y. Jeong, M. Park, J. M. Yun, J. Kwon, K. No, D. H. Kim, S. O. Kim, Biomineralized n-doped CNT/TiO2 core/shell nanowires for visible light photocatalysis. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 935. [Published online early 23 December 2011]. doi:10.1021/NN204504H
171. D. Zhao, X. Yang, C. Chen, X. Wang, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on multiwalled carbon nanotubes- TiO2. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 398, 234. doi:10.1016/J.JCIS. 2013.02.017
172. N. R. Khalid, E. Ahmed, Z. Hong, L. Sana, M. Ahmed, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of graphene-TiO2 composite under visible light irradiation. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2013, 13, 659. doi:10.1016/ J.CAP.2012.11.003
173. Y.-C. Lee, J.-W. Yang, Self-assembled flower-like TiO2 on exfoliated graphite oxide for heavy metal removal. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2012, 18, 1178. doi:10.1016/J.JIEC.2012.01.005
174. R. Ma, J. Stegemeier, C. Levard, J. G. Dale, C. W. Noack, T. Yang, G. E. Brown Jr, G. V. Lowry, Sulfidation of copper oxide nanoparticles and properties of resulting copper sulfide. Environ. Sci. Nano. 2014, 1, 347.
175. R. Ma, C. Levard, S. M. Marinakos, Y. Cheng, J. Liu, F. M. Michel, G. E. Brown Jr, G. V. Lowry, Size-controlled dissolution of organiccoated silver nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 752. [Published online early 5 December 2011]. doi:10.1021/ES201686J
176. J. Gorham, R. MacCuspie, K. Klein, D. H. Fairbrother, R. D. Holbrook, UV-induced photochemical transformations of citratecapped silver nanoparticle suspensions. J. Nanopart. Res. 2012, 14, 1139. doi:10.1007/S11051-012-1139-3
177. T. Li, B. Albee, M. Alemayehu, R. Diaz, L. Ingham, S. Kamal, M. Rodriguez, S. W. Bishnoi, Comparative toxicity study of Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles on Daphnia magna. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 398, 689. doi:10.1007/S00216-010-3915-1
178. D. M. Mott, D. T. N. Anh, P. Singh, C. Shankar, S. Maenosono, Electronic transfer as a route to increase the chemical stability in gold and silver core-shell nanoparticles. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 185-186, 14. doi:10.1016/J.CIS.2012.08.007
179. S. Tokonami, N. Morita, K. Takasaki, N. Toshima, Novel synthesis, structure, and oxidation catalysis of Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 10336. doi:10.1021/JP9119149
180. D. Y. Lyon, J. D. Fortner, C. M. Sayes, V. L. Colvin, J. B. Hughes, Bacterial cell association and antimicrobial activity of a C60 water suspension. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 24, 2757. doi:10.1897/ 04-649R.1
181. E. Oberdö rster, S. Q. Zhu, T. M. Blickley, P. McClellan-Green, M. L. Haasch, Ecotoxicology of carbon-based engineered nanoparticles: effects of fullerene (C60) on aquatic organisms. Carbon 2006, 44, 1112. doi:10.1016/J.CARBON.2005.11.008
182. S. Kang, M. S. Mauter, M. Elimelech, Microbial cytotoxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials: implications for river water and wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 2648. doi:10.1021/ ES8031506
183. O. Akhavan, E. Ghaderi, Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 5731. doi:10.1021/ NN101390X
184. M. Heinlaan, A. Ivask, I. Blinova, H. C. Dubourguier, A. Kahru, Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere 2008, 71, 1308. doi:10.1016/J.CHEMO SPHERE.2007.11.047
185. S. Q. Zhu, E. Oberdorster, M. L. Haasch, Toxicity of an engineered nanoparticle (fullerene, C60) in two aquatic species, Daphnia and fathead minnow. Mar. Environ. Res. 2006, 62, S5. doi:10.1016/ J.MARENVRES.2006.04.059
186. D. Y. Lyon, P. J. J. Alvarez, Fullerene water suspension (nC60) exerts antibacterial effects via ROS-independent protein oxidation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 8127. doi:10.1021/ES801869M
187. C. A. Poland, R. Duffin, I. Kinloch, A. Maynard, W. A. H. Wallace, A. Seaton, V. Stone, S. Brown, W. MacNee, K. Donaldson, Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 423. doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.111
188. T. M. Scown, E. M. Santos, B. D. Johnston, B. Gaiser, M. Baalousha, S. Mitov, J. R. Lead, V. Stone, T. F. Fernandes, M. Jepson, R. van Aerle, C. R. Tyler, Effects of aqueous exposure to silver nanoparticles of different sizes in rainbow trout. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 115, 521. doi:10.1093/TOXSCI/KFQ076
189. K. W. H. Kwok, M. Auffan, A. R. Badireddy, C. M. Nelson, M. R. Wiesner, A. Chilkoti, J. Liu, S. M. Marinakos, D. E. Hinton, Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): effect of coating materials. Aquat. Toxicol. 2012, 120-121, 59. doi:10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2012.04.012
190. B. C. Reinsch, C. Levard, Z. Li, R. Ma, A. Wise, K. B. Gregory, G. E. Brown, G. V. Lowry, Sulfidation of silver nanoparticles decreases Escherichia coli growth inhibition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 6992. doi:10.1021/ES203732X
191. E.-J. Kim, T. Le Thanh, Y.-S. Chang, Comparative toxicity of bimetallic Fe nanoparticles toward Escherichia coli: mechanism and environmental implications. Environ. Sci. Nano 2014, 1, 233. doi:10.1039/C3EN00057E
192. Y. Zhao, C. Ye, W. Liu, R. Chen, X. Jiang, Tuning the composition of AuPt bimetallic nanoparticles for antibacterial application. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 8127. doi:10.1002/ANIE.201401035
193. Y. H. Siddique, W. Khan, S. Khanam, S. Jyoti, F. Naz, R. Sachdev, B. R. Singh, A. H. Naqvi, Toxic potential of synthesized graphenezinc- oxide nanocomposite (GZNC) in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg9. BioMed Res. Int 2014, 2014, 1. doi:10.1155/2014/382124
194. Y. H. Siddique, A. Fatima, S. Jyoti, F. Naz, B. R. Rahul, A. H. Singh, Naqvi, Evaluation of the toxic potential of graphene copper nanocomposite (GCNC) in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg9. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e80944. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0080944
195. G. A. Sotiriou, C. Watson, K. M. Murdaugh, T. H. Darrah, G. Pyrgiotakis, A. Elder, J. D. Brain, P. Demokritou, Engineering safer-by-design silica-coated ZnO nanorods with reduced DNA damage potential. Environ. Sci. Nano 2014, 1, 144. doi:10.1039/ C3EN00062A
196. S. Li, X. Pan, L. K. Wallis, Z. Fan, Z. Chen, S. A. Diamond, Comparison of TiO2 nanoparticle and graphene-TiO2 nanoparticle composite phototoxicity to Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes. Chemosphere 2014, 112, 62. doi:10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2014. 03.058
197. R. Subbiah, S. Ramasundaram, P. Du, K. Hyojin, D. Sung, K. Park, N.-E. Lee, K. Yun, K. J. Choi, Evaluation of cytotoxicity, biophysics and biomechanics of cells treated with functionalized hybrid nanomaterials. J. R. Soc. Interface 2013, 10, 20130694. doi:10.1098/ RSIF.2013.0694
198. R. Bhandavat, G. Singh, Stable and efficient Li-ion battery anodes prepared from polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide-carbon nanotube shell/core composites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 11899. doi:10.1021/JP310733B
199. K. Kariatsumari, High-performance Li-ion capacitor developed with CNT, lithium titanate 2010 (Nikkei Business Publication, Inc.: Tokyo, Japan). Available at http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/ english/NEWS-EN/20100415/181879/ [Verified 27 November 2014].
200. 3M-ESPE, Nano hybrid composite 2013 (3M: St Paul, MN, USA) Available at http://solutions.3mae.ae/wps/portal/3M/en-AE/3M- ESPE/Dental-Manufacturers/Products/Dental-Restorative-Materials/ Dental-Composites/Nano-Hybridcomposite/#tab1 [Verified 27 November 2014]
201. B. J. LeBlanc, Nanohybrid composite restorations: dentistrys most versatile solution 2013 (dentaleconomics.com: Tulsa, OK, USA). Available at http://www.dentaleconomics.com/articles/print/volume- 99/issue-5/features/nanohybrid-composite-restorations-dentistry39smost- versatile-solution.html [Verified 27 November 2014].
202. V. Madina, S. Read, G. Grundmeier, S. Ghosh, D. Jacobsson, V. Matres, M. G. Sierra, Development and evaluation of coatings and surface conditions on steel for antibacterial and easy-to-clean properties 2010 (European Commission: Luxembourg).
203. XTI, Self-regenerating super germ killing designer face mask (XTI Active-Nano Face Mask) 2010 (XTI). Available at http://www.xti.tm/prod/productseng.htm [Verified 27 November 2014].
204. TDA, Carbons (TDA Research Inc: Wheat Ridge, CO, USA). Available at http://www.tda.com/Research/research.htm [Verified 27 November 2014].
205. SBU researchers develop groundbreaking new graphene-based MRI contrast agent 2013 (Stony Brook University: Stony Brook, NY, USA). Available at http://commcgi.cc.stonybrook.edu/am2/publish/ General-University-News-2/SBU-Researchers-Develop-Groundbreaking- New-Graphene-Based-MRI-Contrast-Agent.shtml [Verified 27 November 2014].
206. D. Johson, Graphene hybrid material comes to the rescue of Li-ion battery-powered vehicles 2013 (IEEE Spectrum, IEEE: Washington, DC, USA). Available at http://spectrum.ieee.org/ nanoclast/semiconductors/nanotechnology/graphene-hybrid-materiallithium- ion-battery-powered-vehicles [Verified 27 November 2014].
207. C. Li, S. Mitra, United States patent US20090205713 A1 2009.
208. N. Zhou, T. Yang, K. Jiao, C. X. Song, Electrochemical deoxyribonucleic acid biosensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Ag- TiO2 composite film for label-free phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene detection by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Chin. J. Anal. Chem 2010, 38, 301. doi:10.1016/S1872-2040(09)60027-X
209. X. Bian, K. Hong, L. Liu, M. Xu, Magnetically separable hybrid CdS-TiO2-Fe3O4 nanomaterial: enhanced photocatalystic activity under UV and visible irradiation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013, 280, 349. doi:10.1016/J.APSUSC.2013.04.159