Defining and measuring ethnicity and 'race': Theoretical and conceptual issues for health and social care research

Health and Social Research in Multiethnic Societies

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 20-38

  Karlsen, Saffron ^a   Nazroo, James Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917377112     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203969939     Document Type: Chapter

References (82)

1. Armstead, C., Lawler, K., Gordon, G. et al.(1989) 'Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in black college students', Health Psychology, 8: 541-556.
2. Attwood, C., Singh, G., Prime, D. et al.(2003) 2001 Citizenship Survey: people, families and communities. Home Office Research Study 270, London: Home Office.
3. Barker, M. (1981) The New Racism, London: Junction Books.
4. Barth, F. (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: the social organisation of culture difference, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
5. Bhopal, R. (1997) 'Is research into ethnicity and health racist, unsound, or important science?'British Medical Journal, 314: 1751-1756.
6. Bjorgo,T. and Witte, R. (1993) Racist Violence in Europe, London: Macmillan Press.
7. Bolaffi, G., Bracalenti, R., Braham, P. and Gindro, S. (2003) Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture, London: Sage.
8. Bonilla-Silva, E. and Baiocchi, G. (2001) 'Anything but racism: how sociologists limit the significance of racism', Race and Society, 4: 117-131.
9. Bradby, H. (1995) 'Ethnicity: not a black and white issue. A research note', Sociology of Health and Illness, 17(3): 405-417.
10. Bradby, H. (2003) 'Describing ethnicity in health research', Ethnicity and Health, 8: 5-13.
11. Brown, T.N., Williams, D.R., Jackson, J.S. et al.(2000) 'Being black and feeling blue: the mental health consequence of racial discrimination', Race and Society, 2: 117-131.
12. Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) (1982) The Empire Strikes Back: race and racism in 70s Britain, London: Hutchinson.
13. Chahal, K. and Julienne, L. (1999) "We Can't all be White!": racist victimisation in the UK, London: YPS.
14. Curtis, L.P. (1968) Anglo-saxons and Celts, Bridgeport, CT: University of Bridgeport Press.
15. Curtis, L.P. (1971) Apes and Angels: the Irishman in Victorian caricature, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
16. Davis, N.J. and Robinson, R.V. (1991) 'Men's and women's consciousness of gender inequality: Austria, West Germany, Great Britain and the United States', American Sociological Review, 56: 72-84.
17. Eriksen, T.H. (1993) Ethnicity and Nationalism: anthropological perspectives, London: Pluto Press.
18. Eriksen, T.H. (2002) Ethnicity and Nationalism: anthropological perspectives (expanded version), London: Pluto Press.
19. Essed, P. (1992) Understanding Everyday Racism: an interdisciplinary theory, London: Sage.
20. Fekete, L. (2001) 'The emergence of xeno-racism', Race and Class, 43: 23-40.
21. Gilroy, P. (1987) There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: the cultural politics of race and nation, London: Routledge.
22. Harding, S. and Maxwell, R. (1997) 'Differences in the mortality of migrants', in F. Drever and M. Whitehead (eds), Health Inequalities: decennial supplement series DS no. 15, London: The Stationery Office.
23. Harrell, S.P. (1997) The Racism and Life Experiences Scales (RaLES): self-administration version. Unpublished manuscript.
24. Harrell, J.P., Hall, S. and Taliaferro, J. (2003) 'Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: an assessment of the evidence', American Journal of Public Health, 93: 243-428.
25. Herrnstein, R.J. and Murray, C. (1994) The Bell Curve: intelligence and class structure in American life, New York: The Free Press.
26. Hickman, M.J. and Walter, B. (1997) Discrimination and the Irish Community in Britain, London: Commission for Racial Equality.
27. Home Office Research, Development and Statistical Directorate (2004) 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey: people, families and communities. Home Office Research Study 289, London: Home Office.
28. Huffman, M.L. (2004) 'More pay, more inequality? The influence of average wage levels and the racial composition of jobs on the Black-White wage gap', Social Science Research, 33: 498-520.
29. Hutnik, N. (1991) Ethnic Minority Identity. A Social Psychological Perspective, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
30. ISPO (1998) 1995 General Election Survey Belgium. Codebook and Questionnaire, Leuven/Louvain La Neuve: ISPO/PIOP.
31. Jackson, J.J., Torres, M., Caldwell, C.H. et al..(2005) 'The national survey of American life: a study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health', International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(4): 196-207. See also http://rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/survey.htm
32. Jaffe, H.A. (1985) History of Africa, London: Zed Books.
33. Jordan, W.D. (1982) 'First impressions: initial English confrontations with Africans', in C. Husband (ed.), Race in Britain, London: Hutchinson.
34. Karlsen, S. (2004) 'Black like Beckham? Moving beyond definitions of ethnicity based on skin colour and ancestry', Ethnicity and Health, 9: 107-137.
35. Karlsen, S. and Nazroo, J.Y. (2002) 'Agency and structure: the impact of ethnic identity and racism in the health of ethnic minority people', Sociology of Health and Illness, 24: 1-20.
36. Karlsen, S. and Nazroo, J.Y. (2004) 'Fear of racism and health', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58: 1017-1018.
37. Kaufman, J.S., Cooper, R.S. and McGee, D.L. (1997) 'Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race', Epidemiology, 8: 621-628.
38. Kaufman, J.S., Long, A.E., Liao, Y. et al.(1998) 'The relation between income and mortality in U.S. Blacks and Whites', Epidemiology, 9: 147-155.
39. Krieger, N. (1990) 'Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure?', Social Science and Medicine, 30: 1273-1281.
40. Krieger, N. (2000) 'Discrimination and health', in L. Berkman and I. Kawachi (eds), Social Epidemiology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 36-75.
41. Krieger, N. (2003) 'Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962? On explicit questions, critical science and current controversies: an ecosocial perspective', American Journal of Public Health, 93: 194-199.
42. Krieger, N. and Sidney, S. (1996) 'Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young black and white adults', American Journal of Public Health, 86: 1370-1378.
43. Kuhn, M.H. and McPartland, T.S. (1954) 'An empirical investigation of self-attitudes', American Sociological Review, 19: 68-76.
44. Kundnani, A. (2000) '"Stumbling on": race, class and England', Race and Class, 41(4): 1-18.
45. Lillie-Blanton, M. and Laveist, T. (1996) 'Race/ethnicity, the social environment, and health', Social Science and Medicine, 43: 83-91.
46. McKenzie, K. and Crowcroft, N. (1994) 'Race, ethnicity, culture, and science', British Medical Journal, 309: 286-287.
47. McKenzie, K. and Crowcroft, N. (1996) 'Describing race, ethnicity, and culture in medical research', British Medical Research, 312: 1054.
48. Macpherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: report of an inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny Cmnd 4262-1, London: The Stationery Office.
49. Marmot, M.G., Adelstein, A.M. and Bulusu, L. (1984) OPCS Immigrant Mortality in England and Wales 1970-78: causes of death by country of birth, London: HMSO.
50. Massey, D.S. and Denton, N.A. (1989) 'Hypersegregation in US metropolitan areas: black and Hispanic segregation along five dimensions', Demography, 26: 373-391.
51. Miles, R. (1989) Racism, London: Routledge.
52. Miles, R. (1994) 'Explaining racism in contemporary Europe', in A. Rattansi and S. Westwood (eds), Racism, Modernity and Identity: on the western front, Oxford: Polity Press, pp. 189-221.
53. Ministry of Health (2004) A Portrait of Health: key results of the 2002/03 New Zealand health survey, Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available from: www.moh.govt.nz/PHI/Publications.
54. Modood, T. (1988) '"Black", racial equality and Asian identity', New Community, 14: 397-404.
55. Modood, T. (1997) 'Employment', in T. Modood, R. Berthoud, J. Lakey et al., Ethnic Minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage, PSI Report 843, London: Policy Studies Institute.
56. Modood, T., Berthoud, R., Lakey J. et al.(1997) Ethnic Minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage, London: Policy Studies Institute.
57. Mosse, G.L. (1978) Toward the Final Solution: a history of European racism, London: Dent & Sons.
58. Murphy, R., Wedlock, E. and King, J. (2005) Early findings from the 2005 Home Office Citizenship Survey 2005. On-line report 49/05, London: Home Office.
59. Navarro, V. (1990) 'Race or class versus race and class: mortality differentials in the United States', The Lancet, 336: 1238-1240.
60. Nazroo, J.Y. (1998) 'Genetic, cultural or socioeconomic vulnerability? Expanding ethnic inequalities in health', Sociology of Health and Illness, 20: 714-734.
61. Nazroo, J.Y. (2001) Ethnicity, Class and Health, London: Policy Studies Institute.
62. Nazroo, J.Y. (2003) 'The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: economic position, racial discrimination and racism', American Journal of Public Health, 93: 277-284.
63. Nazroo, J.Y. and Karlsen, S. (2003) 'Patterns of identity among ethnic minority people: diversity and commonality', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26: 902-930.
64. Noh, S. and Kaspar, V. (2003) 'Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation and ethnic support', American Journal of Public Health, 93: 232-238.
65. Oakley, R. (1992) Racial Violence and Harassment in Europe, Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
66. Omi, W. and Winant, H. (1994) Racial Formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s, New York: Routledge.
67. Phinney, J.S. (1992) 'The multigroup ethnic identity measure: a new scale for use with diverse groups', Journal of Adolescent Research, 7: 156-176.
68. Rothon, C. and Heath, A. (2003) 'Trends in racial prejudice', in A. Park, J. Curtice, K. Thomson et al.(eds), British Social Attitudes: the 20th report-continuity and change over two decades, London: Sage.
69. Ruggiero, K.M. and Taylor, D.M. (1995) 'Coping with discrimination: how disadvantaged group members perceive the discrimination that confronts them', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68: 826-838.
70. Saeed, A., Blain, N. and Forbes, D. (1999) 'New ethnic and national questions in Scotland: post-British identities among Glasgow Pakistani teenagers', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22: 821-844.
71. Scott Jr, L.D. (2003) 'The relation of racial identity and racial socialization to coping with discrimination among African American adolescents', Journal of Black Studies, 33: 520-538.
72. Senior, P. and Bhopal, R. (1994) 'Ethnicity as a variable in epidemiological research', British Medical Journal, 309: 327-330.
73. Sibbitt, R. (1997) 'The perpetrators of racial harassment and racial violence', Home Office Research Study 176, London: Home Office and Statistics Directorate.
74. Smaje, C. (1996) 'The ethnic patterning of health: new directions for theory and research', Sociology of Health and Illness, 18: 139-171.
75. Smith, A.D. (1986) The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford and New York: Blackwell.
76. United Nations (2000) Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, New York: United Nations.
77. Virdee, S. (1995) Racial Violence and Harassment, London: Policy Studies Institute.
78. Virdee, S. (1997) 'Racial harassment', in T. Modood, R. Berthoud, J. Lakey, et al., Ethnic Minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage, London: Policy Studies Institute.
79. Weber, M. (1922) Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Mohr: Tubingen.
80. Williams, D.R. (1997) 'Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions', Annals of Epidemiology, 7: 322-333.
81. Williams, D.R. and Collins, C. (2001) 'Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health', Public Health Reports, September-October, 116: 404-416.
82. Williams, D.R., Neighbors, H.W. and Jackson, J.S. (2003) 'Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies', American Journal of Public Health, 93: 200-208.