The relation between income and mortality in U.S. blacks and whites

Epidemiology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 147-155

  Kaufman, Jay S ^a,b   Long, Andrew E ^a   Liao, Youlian ^a   Cooper, Richard S ^a   McGee, Daniel L ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

^b CAROLINAS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Income; Kernel smoothing; Methods; Mortality; Poverty; Race; Socioeconomic factors

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; FAMILY SIZE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INCOME; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; NEGRO; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031895713     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199803000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Feinstein J. The relationship between socioeconomic status and health: a review of the literature. Milbank Q 1993;71:279-322.
2. Krieger N, Rowley DL, Herman AA, Avery B, Phillips MT. Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being. Am J Prev Med 1993;9(suppl):82-122.
3. Williams DR, Collins C. US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations. Annu Rev Sociol 1995;21:349-386.
4. Williams DR. Socioeconomic differentials in health: a review and redirection. Soc Psychol Q 1990;53:81-99.
5. Cooper RS. Health and the social status of blacks in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 1993;3:137-144.
6. Kochanek KD, Maurer JD, Rosenberg HM. Why did black life expectancy decline from 1984 through 1989 in the United States? Am J Public Health 1994;84:938-944.
7. Hahn RA, Eberhardt S. Life expectancy in four U.S. racial/ethnic populations: Epidemiology 1990;1995;6:350-355.
8. Sorlie PD, Backlund E, Johnson NJ, Rogot E. Mortality by Hispanic status in the United States. JAMA 1993;270:2464-2468.
9. Wild SH, Laws A, Fortmann SP, Varady AN, Byrne CD. Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke for six ethnic groups in California, 1985 to 1990. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5:432-439.
10. Williams DR. Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status: measurement and methodological issues. Int J Health Serv 1996;26:483-505.
11. Navarro V. Race or class versus race and class: mortality differentials in the United States. Lancet 1990;336:1238-1240.
12. Rogers RG. Living and dying in the U.S.A.: sociodemographic determinants of death among blacks and whites. Demography 1992;29:287-303.
13. Sterling T, Rosenbaum W, Weinkam J. Income, race and mortality. J Natl Med Assoc 1993;85:906-911.
14. Sorlie P, Rogot E, Anderson R, Johnson NJ, Backlund E. Black-white mortality differences by family income. Lancet 1992;340:346-350.
15. Sorlie PD, Backlund E, Keller JB. US mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Am J Public Health 1995;85:949-956.
16. Robins JM, Greenland S. The role of model selection in causal inference from nonexperimental data. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:392-402.
17. Greenland S. Randomization, statistics and causal inference. Epidemiology 1990;1:421-429.
18. Greenland S, Robins JM. Identifiability, exchangeability and epidemiologic confounding. Int J Epidemiol 1986;15:413-419.
19. Kaufman JS, McGee DL, Cooper RS. Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Epidemiology 1997;8:621-628.
20. Koopman JS. Emerging objectives and methods in epidemiology. Am J Public Health 1996;86:630-632.
21. Elo IT, Preston SH. Educational differentials in mortality: United States, 1979-1985. Soc Sci Med 1996;42:47-58.
22. Feldman JJ, Makuc DM, Kleinman JC, Coroni-Huntley J. National trends in educational differentials in mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:919-933.
23. Kunst AE, Mackenback JP. The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries. Am J Public Health 1994;84:932-937.
24. Marmot MG, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Inequalities in death: specific explanations or a general pattern? Lancet 1984;1:1003-1006.
25. Duncan BB, Rumel D, Zelmanowicz, Mengue SS, dos Santos S, Dalmáz A. Social inequality in mortality in São Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 1995;24:359-365.
26. Jones IG, Cameron D. Social class analysis - an embarrassment to epidemiology. Community Med 1984;6:37-46.
27. Arber S. Integrating nonemployment into research on health inequalities. Im J Health Serv 1996;26:445-481.
28. Erikson R. Social class of men, women and families. Sociology 1984;18:500-514.
29. Behrman JR, Sickles R, Taubman P, Yazbeck A. Black-white mortality inequalities. J Econometrics 1991;50:183-203.
30. Pappas G, Queen S, Hadden W, Fisher G. The increasing disparity in mortality between socioeconomic groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986. N Engl J Med 1993;329:103-109.
31. Backlund E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ. The shape of the relationship between income and mortality in the United States: evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Ann Epidemiol 1996;6:12-20.
32. Fellegi IP, Sunter AB. A theory of record linkage. J Am Stat Assoc 1969; 64:1183-1210.
33. Rogot E, Sorlie P, Johnson NJ. Probabilistic methods in matching census samples to the National Death Index. J Chron Dis 1986;39:719-734.
34. Liao Y, Cooper RS, Cao G, Durazo-Arvizu R, Kaufman JS, Luke A, McGee DL. Lower mortality patterns among adult Hispanics. Am J Public Health 1998;88 (in press).
35. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Reports. Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States: 1992. Series P60-184. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.
36. Fisher GM. The development and history of the poverty thresholds. Soc Sec Bull 1992;55:3-14.
37. Wand MP, Jones MC. Kernel Smoothing. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994.
38. Herman AA. Toward a conceptualization of race in epidemiologic research. Ethnicity Dis 1996;6:7-20.
39. Eller TJ. Household Wealth and Asset Ownership: 1991. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Reports. P70-34. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994;xiii.
40. Geronimus AT. The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations. Ethnicity Dis 1992;2:207-221.
41. Geronimus AT. Black/white differences in the relationship of maternal age to birthweight: a population-based test of the weathering hypothesis. Soc Sci Med 1996;42:589-597.
42. Vagero D. Inequality in health: some theoretical and empirical problems. Soc Sci Med 1991;32:367-371.
43. Fox AJ, Goldblatt PO, Jones DR. Social class mortality differentials: artefact, selection, or life circumstances? J Epidemiol Community Health 1985;39: 1-8.