The best interests of the child in healthcare

The Best Interests of the Child in Healthcare

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-308

  Elliston, Sarah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84916988766     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203940464     Document Type: Book

References (295)

1. Ackerman, TF (1979) 'Fooling ourselves with child autonomy and assent in nontherapeutic clinical research', 27 Clinical Research 345.
2. Adler, R (1985), Taking Juvenile Justice Seriously, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
3. Alderson, P (1999) 'Did children change or the guidelines?', 150 Bulletin of Medical Ethics 44.
4. Alderson, P (2006), in E Parens (ed) (2006), Surgically Shaping Children Technology, Ethics, and the Pursuit of Normality, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
5. Alderson, P and Montgomery, J (1996a), 'Children may be able to make their own decisions', British Medical Journal 50.
6. Alderson, P and Montgomery J (1996b), Health Care Choices: making decisions with children, London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
7. Alston, P, Parker, S and Seymour, J (eds) (1992, reprint 1995), Children, Rights and the Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
8. Archard, DW (2002), 'Children's Rights' in EN Zalta (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2002/entries/rights-children/ (accessed 1 May 2007).
9. 'Ashley blog' - The Ashley Treatment http://ashleytreatment.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!E25811FD0AF7C45C!1837.entry?_c=BlogPart (accessed 1 May 2007).
10. Bainham, A (1992) 'The judge and the competent minor', 108 Law Quarterly Review 194.
11. Bainham, A (2005), Children: the Modern Law, 3rd edn, Bristol: Jordan Publishing.
12. Baroness David (1989), House of Lords, Official Report, 19 January 1989, col 405.
13. Bartholome, WG (1996), 'Ethical issues in pediatric research', in HY Vanderpool (ed), The Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects: Facing the 21st Century, Frederick, MD: University Publishing Group 339.
14. Battin, M (1994), The Least Worst Death: Essays in Bioethics on the End of Life, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. BBC News (12 December 2001), 'Pioneering Siamese Twin Op', http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1705771.stm (accessed 1 May 2007).
16. BBC News (18 May 2002), 'Siamese Twins Die', http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1994607.stm (accessed 1 May 2007).
17. BBC News (18 April 2007) 'Euthanasia Woman Drops Case', http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/6568217.stmcase (accessed 1 May 2007).
18. Beyleveld, D and Pattinson, SD (2006), 'Medical research into emergency treatment: regulatory tensions in England and Wales', 5 Web JCLI.
19. Bevan, HK (1989), Child Law, London: Butterworths.
20. Beauchamp, TL and Childress, JF (2001), Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Blackie, J and Patrick, H (2001), in A Cleland and E Sutherland (eds), Children's Rights in Scotland, 2nd edn, Edinburgh: W.Green/Sweet and Maxwell.
22. Bortin, MM and Bucker, CD (1993) 'Major complications of marrow harvesting for transplantation', 11 British Journal of Haematology 916.
23. Boyd, K (1995), 'Euthanasia: back to the future', in J Keown (ed), Euthanasia Examined, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Brazier, M (1990), 'Liability of ethics committees and their members', Professional Negligence 186.
25. Brazier, M (2005) 'Case Commentary: an intractable dispute: when parents and professionals disagree', 13(3) Medical Law Review 412.
26. Brazier, M and Bridge, C (1996) 'Coercion or caring: analysing adolescent autonomy', 16 Legal Studies 84.
27. Brazier, M and Miola, J (2000) 'Bye-Bye Bolam: a medical litigation revolution?', 8 Medical Law Review 85.
28. Breen, C (2002), The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law, International Studies in Human Rights Vol.72, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
29. Bridge, C (1999a) 'Religious beliefs and teenage refusal of medical treatment', 62 Modern Law Review 585.
30. Bridge, C (1999b) 'Religion, culture and conviction - the medical treatment of young children', 11(1) Child and Family Law Quarterly 1.
31. Brieger, GH (1978), 'History: Human Experimentation', in WT Reich (ed), Vol. 2, Encyclopedia of Bioethics, New York: The Free Press.
32. Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry (2001), The Report of the Public Inquiry into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984-1995: Learning from Bristol, (Cm 5207), London: The Stationery Office.
33. British Medical Association (1995), Assessment of Mental Capacity, London: BMJ Books.
34. British Medical Association (1999), The Law and Ethics of Abortion, London: British Medical Association.
35. British Medical Association (2000), The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on Medical Decision Making, http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/HumanRights Act?OpenDocument&Highlight=2,human,rights (accessed 1 May 2007).
36. British Medical Association (2001), Consent, Rights and Choices in Health Care for Children and Young People, London: BMJ Books.
37. British Medical Association (2005) Human Tissue (Scotland) Bill: Stage 1, Written submission to the Scottish Parliament Health Committee.
38. British Medical Association (2006a), Parental Responsibility, http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/Parental?OpenDocument&Highlight=2,parental,responsibility (accessed 1 May 2007).
39. British Medical Association (2006b), The Law and Ethics of Male Circumcision, http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/malecircumcision2006?OpenDocument &Highlight=2,circumcision, (accessed 1 May 2007).
40. British Medical Association (2007), Withholding and Withdrawing Life Prolonging Medical Treatment, London: BMA.
41. British Medical Association and The Law Society (2004), Assessment of mental capacity: guidance for doctors and lawyers, 2nd edn, London: BMJ Books.
42. British Transplantation Society and the Renal Association (2005), United Kingdom Guidelines for Living Donor Kidney Transplantation, 2nd edn, London: BTS/RTS.
43. Brosco, JF (2006) 'Growth attenuation: a diminutive solution to a daunting problem', 160 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1077.
44. Browett, P and Palmer, S (1996) 'Legal barriers might have catastrophic effects', 312 British Medical Journal 242.
45. Buchanan, AE and Brock, DW (1973), Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making, New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Caldwell, PHY, Butow, PN and Craig, JC (2003) 'Parents attitudes to randomised controlled trials', 142(5) Journal of Paediatrics 554.
47. Caldwell, PHY et al. (2004) 'Clinical trials in children', 364 The Lancet 803.
48. Campbell, AV (1994), 'Dependency: the foundational value in medical ethics', in KWM Fulford, G Gillet and JM Soskice (eds), Medicine and Moral Reasoning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Campbell, TD (1992), 'The rights of the minor: as person, as child, as juvenile, as future adult', in P Alston, S Parker, and J Seymour (eds) (1992, reprint 1995), Children, Rights and the Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
50. Cauffman, E and Steinberg, L (1995) 'The cognitive and affective influences on adolescent decision-making', 68 Temple Law Review 1763.
51. Clauss, R and Nel, W (2006) 'Drug induced arousal from the permanent vegetative state', 21(1) NeuroRehabilitation 23.
52. Clucas, B and O'Donnell, K (2002), 'Conjoined twins: the cutting edge', 5 Web JCLI.
53. Cohen-Mansfield, J, Rabinovich, B A, Lipson, S et al. (1991) 'The decision to execute a durable power of attorney for health care and preferences regarding the utilization of life-sustaining treatments in nursing home residents', 151 Arch Int Med 289.
54. Coleman, J and Hendry, L (1999), The Nature of Adolescence, London: Routledge.
55. COREC (2007), Press Release: Launch of National Research Ethics Service, 29 March 2007.
56. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (2002), International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, 3rd Revision, Geneva: CIOMS.
57. Crouch, RA and Elliot, C (1999) 'Moral agency and the family: the case of living related organ transplants', 8(3) Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 275.
58. Cuttini M, Nadai M, Kaminski, M et al. (2000) 'End-of-life decisions in neonatal intensive care: physicians' self-reported practices in seven European countries', 355 Lancet 2112.
59. Davies, M (1996), Textbook on Medical Law, London: Blackstone Press.
60. Davis, A (1994), 'All babies should be kept alive as far as possible', in R Gillon (ed), Principles of Health Care Ethics, London: John Wiley & Sons.
61. Delaney, L (1996) 'Protecting children from forced altruism: the legal approach', 312 British Medical Journal 240.
62. Department of Health (1991), Local Research Ethics Committees, HSG (91)5, London: DoH.
63. Department of Health (2001a), Reference Guide to Consent for Examination and Treatment, London: DoH.
64. Department of Health (2001b), Seeking Consent: Working with Young People, London: DoH.
65. Department of Health (2004), Children's National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services, http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/ChildrenServices/ChildrenServicesInformation/ChildrenServicesInformationArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4089111&chk=U8Ecln (accessed 1 May 2007).
66. Department of Health (2005), Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care, 2nd edn, London: DoH.
67. Department of Health (2007), Immunisation, http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyand guidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Immunisation/index.htm (accessed 1 May 2007).
68. Dickens, B (1981) 'The modern function and limits of parental rights', 97 Law Quarterly Review 462.
69. Diekema, DS (2004) 'Parental refusals of medical treatment: the harm principle as threshold for state intervention', 25(4) Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 243.
70. Disability Rights Commission (2007), Ashley X statement: Medical steps not the answer to dealing with social care crisis says DRC, http://www.drc-gb.org/news room/news_releases/2007/ashley_x_statement.aspx (accessed 1 May 2007).
71. Douglas, G (2004), An Introduction to Family Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
72. Down's Syndrome Association (1999), 'He'll never join the army: people with Down's Syndrome denied medical care', London: Down's Syndrome Association available at http://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/pdfs/Hewillneverjointhearmy.doc (accessed 1 May 2007).
73. Down's Syndrome Scotland (1998), Cosmetic Surgery for Children with Down's Syndrome, http://www.dsscotland.org.uk/news-and-events/press-releases/cosmeticsurgery (accessed 1 May 2007).
74. Dvorsky, G (2006), 'Helping families care for the helpless', 1 November 2006, http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/809/ (accessed 1 May 2007).
75. Dworkin, G (1982), 'Consent, representation and proxy consent', in W Gaylin and R Macklin (eds), Who Speaks for the Child: the Problems of Proxy Consent, New York: Plenum Press.
76. Dworkin, R (1977), Taking Rights Seriously, London: Duckworth.
77. Dworkin, R (1993), Life's Dominion, London: Harper Collins.
78. Dyer, C (January 2007a), 'Husband says judge's ruling on wife's treatment was "inhumane" ', 334 British Medical Journal 176.
79. Dyer, C (February 2007), 'Dying woman seeks backing to hasten death', 334 British Medical Journal 329.
80. Eddy, MB (1875) (2000 reprint), Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, Florida: The Writings of Mary Baker Eddy.
81. Edwards, L and Griffiths, A (2006), Family Law, 2nd edn, Edinburgh: Thomson, W. Green.
82. Edwards, SD and McNamee, MJ (2005) 'Ethical concerns regarding guidelines for the conduct of clinical research on children', 31 J Medical Ethics 351.
83. Eekelaar, J (1986) 'The emergence of children's rights', 6(2) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 161.
84. Eekelaar, J (1991), Regulating Divorce, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
85. Eekelaar, J (1994), 'The interests of the child and the child's wishes: the role of dynamic self-determinism', 8 International Journal of Law and the Family 42 (also published in P. Alston (ed) (1994), The Best Interests of the Child, Oxford: Clarendon Press).
86. Eekelaar, J (2002) 'Beyond the Welfare Principle', 14 Child and Family Law Quarterly 237.
87. Eekelaar, J and Dingwall, R (1990), The Reform of Child Care Law. A Practical Guide to the Children Act 1989, London: Routledge.
88. Elliston, S (1996), 'If you know what's good for you: refusal of consent to medical treatment by children', in SAM McLean (ed), Contemporary Issues in Law, Medicine and Ethics, Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing.
89. Elliston, S (2004), 'Treating the Preterm Infant: managing risk in clinical practice', in J Norman and I Greer (eds), Preterm Labour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Elster, J (1987) 'Solomonic Judgements: Against the Best Interest of the Child', 54 University Chicago Law Review 1.
91. European Commission (2004), Staff Working Paper, 13880/04 ADD 1 SEC 2004 1144, dated 25 October 2004.
92. European Commission (2006), Ad Hoc Group for the development of implementing guidelines for Directive 2001/20/EC relating to good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, Ethical Considerations for Clinical Trials Performed in Children, Draft version 4 October 2006.
93. European Commission (2007), Commission Guideline on the Format and Content of Applications for Agreement or Modification of a Paediatric Investigation Plan and Requests for Waivers or Deferrals and Concerning the Operation of the Compliance Check and on Criteria for Assessing Significant Studies, Draft Version January 2007.
94. Farson, R (1974), Birthrights, London: Collier Macmillan.
95. Feenan, D (1997) 'A good harvest?', 9(3) Child and Family Law Quarterly 305.
96. Feinberg, J (1984), Harm to Others: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press.
97. Feldman, D (2002), Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
98. Flamm, A and Forster, H (2000), 'Legal limits: when does autonomy in health care prevail?', in M Freeman and ADE Lewis (eds), Law and Medicine: Current Legal Issues 2000: Volume 3, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. Fortin, J (1999b) 'Rights brought home for children', 62(3) Modern Law Review 350.
100. Fortin, J (1999b) 'The HRA's impact on litigation involving children and their families', 11(3) Child and Family Law Quarterly 237.
101. Fortin, J (2003), Children's Rights and the Developing Law, 1st edn, London: Butterworths.
102. Fortin, J (2005), Children's Rights and the Developing Law, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths.
103. Fortin, J (2006) 'Accommodating children's rights in a post Human Rights Act era', 69(3) Modern Law Review 299.
104. Foster, H and Freed, D (1972), 'A bill of rights for children', Family Law Quarterly 343.
105. Fox, M and McHale, J (1997) 'In Whose Best Interests?', 60(5) Modern Law Review 700.
106. Fox, M and Thomson, M (2005) 'A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors', 31 Journal of Medical Ethics 463.
107. Freedman, B (1987) 'Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research', 317 New England Journal of Medicine 141.
108. Freeman, M (1983), The Rights and Wrongs of Children, London: Frances Pinter.
109. Freeman, M (2001) 'Whose life is it anyway?', 9(3) Medical Law Review 259.
110. Garwood-Gowers, A (2001), 'Time for competent minors to have the same right of self-determination as competent adults with respect to medical intervention?', in A Garwood-Gowers, J Tingle and T Lewis (eds), Healthcare Law: The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998, London: Cavendish.
111. Gavaghan, C (2007), Defending the Genetic Supermarket: law and ethics of selecting the next generation, Oxford: Routledge-Cavendish.
112. General Medical Council (1997), Guidance for Doctors who are Asked to Circumcise Male Children, London: GMC.
113. General Medical Council (1998), Seeking Patient's Consent: the Ethical Considerations, London: GMC.
114. General Medical Council (2002), Research: the Role and Responsibilities of Doctors, London: GMC.
115. General Medical Council (2002b), Withholding and Withdrawing Life Prolonging Medical Treatment, London: GMC.
116. General Medical Council (2006), Good Medical Practice, London: GMC.
117. Gibbs, N (9 Jan 2007) Pillow Angel Ethics, Part 2, Time, http://www.time/printout/0,8816,1575325,00.html (accessed 1 May 2007).
118. Giesen, D (1995) 'Civil liability of physicians for new methods of treatment and experimentation: a comparative examination', 3 Medical Law Review 22.
119. Goeke, J, Kassow, D, May, D and Kundert, D (2003) 'Parental opinions about facial plastic surgery for individuals with Down Syndrome', 41(1) Mental Retardation 29-34.
120. Goldstein, J, Freud, A and Solnit, AJ (1980), Beyond the Best Interests of the Child, London: Burnett Books.
121. Grisso, T and Vierling, L (1978) 'Minors' consent to treatment: a developmental perspective', 9 Professional Psychology 412.
122. Grubb, A (1997) 'Commentary on Houston, applicant', 5(2) Medical Law Review 237.
123. Guest, S (1997) 'Compensation for subjects of medical research: the moral rights of patients and the power of research ethics committees', 23 J Medical Ethics 181.
124. Gunn, MJ and Smith, JC (1985), 'Arthur's case and the right to life of a Down's Syndrome child', Criminal LR 705.
125. Gunther, DF and Diekema, DS (2006) 'Attenuating growth in children with profound developmental disability: a new approach to an old dilemma', 160 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1013.
126. Harrington, J (2003), 'Deciding best interests: medical progress, clinical judgment and the "good family", 3 Web Journal of Current Legal Issues.
127. Harris, J (1982), 'The political status of children', in K Graham (ed), Contemporary Political Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
128. Harris, J (1985), The Value of Life, London: Routledge Keegan and Paul.
129. Harris, J (1994), 'Not all babies should be kept alive as far as possible', in R Gillon (ed), Principles of Health Care Ethics, London: John Wiley & Sons.
130. Harris, J (1996) 'What is the good of health care?', 10(4) Bioethics 269.
131. Harris, J (2001) 'Human beings, persons and conjoined twins: an ethical analysis of the judgment in Re A', 9 Medical Law Review 221.
132. Harris, J and Holm, S (2003) 'Should we presume moral turpitude in our Children?: small children and consent to medical research', 24 Theoretical Medicine 121.
133. Hart, HLA (1973), 'Bentham on Legal Rights', in AW Simpson (ed), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, 2nd series, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
134. Herring, J (1999a) 'The Human Rights Act and the welfare principle in family lawconflicting or complementary?', 11(3) Child and Family Law Quarterly 223.
135. Herring, J (1999b), 'The welfare principle and parents' rights', in A Bainham, S Day Sclater and M Richards (eds), What is A Parent? A Socio-Legal Analysis, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
136. Herring, J (2005) 'Farewell welfare?', 27(2) J Social Welfare and Family Law 159.
137. Hodges, FM, Svoboda, JS and van Howe, RS (2002) 'Prophylactic interventions on children: balancing human rights with public health', 28 J Medical Ethics 10.
138. Holm, S (2004) 'The child as organ and tissue donor: discussion in the Danish Council of Ethics', 13 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 156.
139. Holt, J (1974), Escape from Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children, New York: EP Dutton and Co.
140. Hope, T, Savulescu, J and Hendrick, J (2003), Medical Ethics and Law, the core curriculum, London: Churchill Livingstone.
141. House of Lords EU Sub-Committee on Social Policy and Consumer Affairs (2006), Paediatric Medicines: Proposed EU Regulation, 20th report of session 2005/06, HL paper 101.
142. House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics (1994), Select Committee on Medical Ethics Report, Vol II Oral Evidence, 1993-94, London: HMSO (HL Paper 21-1).
143. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (2004), Report: Preimplantation Tissue Typing, London: HFEA.
144. Human Tissue Authority (2006a), Code of Practice 1 - Consent, London: HTA.
145. Human Tissue Authority (2006b), Code of Practice 2 - Donation of Solid Organs, London: HTA.
146. Human Tissue Authority (2006c), Code of Practice 5 - The removal, storage and disposal of human organs and tissue and cells for transplantation, London: HTA.
147. Human Tissue Authority (2006d), Code of Practice 6 - Donation of allogeneic bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells for transplantation, London: HTA.
148. Human Tissue Authority (2006e), Donation of Allogeneic Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cells for Transplantation: draft guidance for transplant teams and Accredited Assessors, London: HTA.
149. Human Tissue Authority (2006f), Scottish Annex: requirements relating to live donations, London: HTA.
150. Huxtable, R (2000) 'Case commentary: time to remove the "flak jacket"? Re M (Medical Treatment: Consent)', 12(1) Child and Family Law Quarterly 83.
151. Huxatable, R (2001) 'Logical separation? Conjoined twins, slippery slopes and resource allocation', 23(4) Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 459.
152. Huxtable, R (2002) 'Separation of conjoined twins: where next for the law?', Criminal Law Review 459.
153. Huxtable, R (2004) 'Glass v UK: maternal instinct v medical opinion', 16(3) Child and Family Law Quarterly 339.
154. International Conference on Harmonisation (2000), Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials, (E10) 20 July.
155. Jackson, E (2006), Medical Law: Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
156. Jacob, JM (1988), Doctors and Rules: A Sociology of Professional Values, London: Routledge.
157. Jansen, LA (2004), 'Child organ donation, family autonomy and intimate attachments', 13 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 133.
158. Jehovah's Witness Society (1990), How Can Blood Save Your Life, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
159. Jenner, E (1798-1800) (reprinted 2001), 'The three original publications on vaccination against smallpox', Vol. 38 Part 4 The Harvard Classics, New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/1001.html.
160. Jonas, H (1969) 'Philosophical reflections on experimenting with human subjects', 98 Daedalus 219.
161. Jones, RB (2000) 'Parental Consent to Cosmetic Facial Surgery in Down's Syndrome', 26 J Medical Ethics 101.
162. Kant, I (1785) (Reprinted 1994), 'Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals', in P Singer (ed), Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p 274.
163. Kennedy, I (1991, reprinted 1994), 'The doctor, the pill and the fifteen year old girl', in I Kennedy, Treat Me Right, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
164. Kennedy, I (1992), 'Consent to treatment and the capable person', in C Dyer (ed), Doctors, Patients and the Law, Oxford: Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications.
165. Kennedy, I and Grubb, A (2000), Medical Law: Text with Materials, 3rd edn, London: Butterworths.
166. Kennedy, I and Grubb, A (eds) (2004), Principles of Medical Law, 2nd rev edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
167. Keown, J (1997) 'Restoring Moral and Intellectual Shape to the Law after Bland', 113 Law Quarterly Review 481.
168. Kerrison, S and Pollock, AM (2005) 'The reform of UK research ethics committees: throwing the baby out with the bath water?', 31 J Medical Ethics 487.
169. Keywood, K (2001), ' "I'd Rather Keep Him Chaste", Retelling the Story of Sterilisation, Learning Disability and (Non)Sexed Embodiment', Feminist Legal Studies 185.
170. Kramer, MH (1998), 'Rights without trimmings', in MH Kramer, NE Simmonds and H Steiner, A Debate Over Rights, Philosophical Enquiries, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
171. Ladd, RE (2004) 'The Child as Living Donor: Parental Consent and Child Assent', 13(2) Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics 143.
172. Latey Report (1967), Lord Chancellor, Great Britain Committee on the Age of Majority, Report of the Committee on the Age of Majority, Cmnd. 3342, London: HMSO.
173. Laurie, G (1999) 'Parens Patriae jurisdiction in the medico-legal context: the vagaries of judicial activism', 3(1) Edinburgh Law Review 95.
174. Laurie, G (2003) 'Better to hesitate at the threshold of compulsion: PKU testing and the concept of family autonomy in Eire', 28 Journal of Medical Ethics 136.
175. Laurie, G (2006), 'The autonomy of others', in SAM McLean (ed), First Do No Harm: law and ethics in healthcare, Aldershot: Ashgate.
176. Law Commission (1995a), Consent in the Criminal Law, Consultation Paper No. 139, London: HMSO.
177. Law Commission (1995b), Mental Incapacity, London: HMSO.
178. Lee, JM and Howell, JD (2006) 'Tall girls: the social shaping of a medical therapy', 160 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1035.
179. Lee, S (1987), 'Towards a jurisprudence of consent', in J Eekelaar and J Bell (eds), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence: 3rd series, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
180. Leshin, L (2000), 'Plastic surgery in children with Down Syndrome', http://www.dshealth.com/psurg.htm (accessed 1 May 2007).
181. Lewis, P (1999) 'Feeding anorexic patients who refuse food', 7(1) Medical Law Review 21.
182. Lewis, P (2002) 'Procedures that are Against the Medical Interests of Incompetent Adults', 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 575.
183. Liddell, K et al. (2006) 'Medical Research Involving Incapacitated Adults: Implications Of The EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC', 14 Medical Law Review 367.
184. Linacre Centre London (1994), Submission to the House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics, HL Paper 21-1, London: HMSO.
185. Loewy, EH (1991) 'Involving patients in do not resuscitate (DNR) decisions: an old issue raising its ugly head', 17 J Med Ethics 156-60.
186. Lord Chancellor's Department (1997), Who Decides? Making decisions on behalf of mentally incapacitated adults, Consultation paper, London: Lord Chancellor's Department.
187. Lord Fawsley (Wednesday 31 January 2007), House of Lords Debates, Hansard.
188. Lowe, N and Juss, S (1993), 'Medical Treatment - Pragmatism and the Search for Principle', Modern Law Review 865.
189. Lowy, C (1992), 'Autonomy and the appropriate projects of children: a comment on Freeman', in P Alston, S Parker and J Seymour (eds) (1992, reprint 1995), Children, Rights and the Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
190. MacCormick, D (1976), 'Children's rights: a test case for theories of right', 57 Archiv fur Rechts und Sozialphilosophie 305, reprinted in D MacCormick (1982), Legal Right and Social Democracy, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
191. Maclean, AR (2001), 'A crossing of the Rubicon on the human rights ferry', Modern Law Review 775.
192. Maclean, AR (2002) 'Beyond Bolam and Bolitho', 5 Medical Law International 205.
193. MacLeod, KD, Whitsett, SF, Mash, EJ and Pelletier, W (2003) 'Pediatric sibling Donors of successful and unsuccessful hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT): a qualitative study of their psychosocial experience', 28(4) J Pediatric Psychology 223.
194. Mason, JK (1999), Medico-Legal Aspects of Parenthood and Reproduction, 2nd edn, Ashgate: Dartmouth Publications.
195. Mason, JK (2001) 'Conjoined twins: a diagnostic conundrum', 5(1) Edinburgh Law Review 226.
196. Mason, JK and Laurie, GT (2006), Mason and McCall Smith's Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
197. McCall Smith, A (1989), 'Research and experimentation involving children', in JK Mason (ed), Paediatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology, London: Chapman and Hall.
198. McHaffie, HE (2001), Withdrawing treatment from infants: key elements in the support of families, 7(3) Journal of Neonatal Nursing 85-89.
199. McHaffie, HE in association with Fowlie, PW et al. (2001), Crucial Decisions at the Beginning of Life: parents' experiences of treatment withdrawal from infants, Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press.
200. McHale, J (1993) 'Guidelines for medical research - some ethical and legal problems', 1 Medical Law Review 160.
201. McLean, SAM (1989), A Patient's Right to Know: Information Disclosure, the Doctor and the Law, Aldershot, Dartmouth Publications.
202. McLean, SAM (1992) 'Medical experimentation with children', 6 International Journal of Law and the Family 173.
203. McLean, SAM (1997), Consent and the Law: Review of the Provisions in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 for the UK Health Ministers, Consultation Document and Questionnaire.
204. McLean, SAM and Elliston, S (2004) 'Death, decision-making and the law', 3 Juridical Review 265.
205. McNeill, PM (1993), The Ethics and Politics of Human Experimentation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
206. Medical Research Council (1964), 'Responsibility in investigations on human subjects', Report of the Medical Research Council 1962-3, London: HMSO.
207. Medical Research Council (2004), Medical Research Involving Children, MRC Ethics Guide, London: MRC.
208. Medical Research Council (2006), Findings of MRC monitoring study of Pentosan Polysulphate treatment in CJD patients, Press release 11 July 2006 (see also Bone, I (2006) Intraventricular Pentosan Polysulphate in Human prion disease - A study of experience in the United Kingdom, London: MRC).
209. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (2006), TGN1412: MHRA response to final report by independent expert working group on phase 1 clinical trials, London: MHRA.
210. Michalowski, S (2001) 'Reversal of fortune - Re A (Conjoined Twins) and beyond: Who should make treatment decisions on behalf of young children?', 9 Health Law Journal 149-169.
211. Michalowski, S (2002) 'Sanctity of life - are some lives more sacred than others?', 22 Legal Studies 377-397.
212. Mill, JS (1859), On Liberty, London: Parker.
213. Miller, F and Brody, H (2002) 'What makes placebo-controlled trials unethical?' 2(2) The American Journal of Bioethics 3.
214. Miller, PB and Kenny, NP (2002) 'Walking the moral tightrope: respecting and protecting children in health related research', 11(3) Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 217.
215. Mnookin, RH and Szwed, E (1983), 'The Best Interests Syndrome as the Allocation of Power in Child Care', in H Geach and E Szwed (eds), Providing Civil Justice for the Child, London: Edward Arnold.
216. Month, S (1996) 'Preventing children from donating may not be in their interests', 312 British Medical Journal 240.
217. Mouradian, WE et al. (2006), 'Are we helping children: outcome assessments in craniofacial care', in E Parens (ed), Surgically Shaping Children Technology, Ethics, and the Pursuit of Normality, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
218. Mumford, SE (1998) 'Bone marrow donation: the law in context', 10(2) Child and Family Law Quarterly 135.
219. Murphy, J (1992), 'Whither adolescent autonomy?', Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 539.
220. National Down Syndrome Society, NDSS Position Statement on Cosmetic Surgery for Children with Down Syndrome, http://www.ndss.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=194 (accessed 1 May 2007).
221. New South Wales Law Reform Commission (2004), Minors' consent to medical treatment, Issues Paper 24, http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf/pages/ip24toc (accessed 1 May 2007).
222. NHS Blood and Transplant (2006), Transplant Activity 2005-2006, London: Statistics and Audit Directorate, UK Transplant.
223. NHS Executive: West Midlands (2000), Report of a Review of the Research Framework in North Staffordshire Hospital NHS Trust, (Griffiths Inquiry), Birmingham: NHS Executive.
224. NHS Management Executive in Scotland (1992, October), A Guide to Consent to Examination, Investigation, Treatment or Operation.
225. Nicholson, R (ed) (1986), Medical Research with Children: Ethics, Law, and Practice, (The Report of an Institute of Medical Ethics Working party), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
226. Norrie, KMcK (1991) 'The age of legal capacity (Scotland) Act 1991', 36 Journal of the Law Society of Scotland 111.
227. Norrie, KMcK (1994), 'Medical treatment of children and young persons', in D Morgan and G Douglas (eds), Archiv fur Rechts und Sozialphilosophie - Beihefte, 57, Constituting Families: a Study in Governance, Stuttgart: Steiner Franz Verlag.
228. Norrie, KMcK (2001), 'The child's right to care and protection', in A Cleland and E Sutherland (eds), Children's Rights in Scotland, 2nd edn, Edinburgh: W Green/Sweet and Maxwell.
229. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2006), Critical Care Decisions in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
230. Parens, E (ed) (2006), Surgically Shaping Children Technology, Ethics, and the Pursuit of Normality, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
231. Parkinson, PN (1986) 'The Gillick case - just what has it decided?', 16 Family Law 11.
232. Patrick, H (2006), Mental Health, Incapacity and the Law in Scotland, Edinburgh: Tottel Publishing.
233. Peart, N (2000), 'New Zealand health research with children', in M Freeman and A Lewis (eds), Law and Medicine: Current Legal Issues 3, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
234. Pedain, A (2005) 'Doctors, parents, and the courts: legitimising restrictions on the continued provision of lifespan maximising treatments for severely handicapped, non-dying babies', 17(4) Child and Family Law Quarterly 535.
235. Piaget, J and Inhelder, B (1969), The psychology of the child, Basic Books, New York.
236. Piper, C (2000) 'Assumptions about children's best interests', 22(3) Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 261.
237. Plomer, A (2000) 'Participation of children in clinical trials: UK, European and international perspectives on consent', 5 Medical Law International 1.
238. Purdy, L (1992), In Their Best Interest? The case against equal rights for children, Cornell: Cornell University Press.
239. Ramsey, P (1970, reprinted 2002), The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics, 2nd edn, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
240. Rawls, J (1971), A Theory of Justice, Harvard: Harvard University Press.
241. Raymont, V, Bingley, B, Buchanan, A, David, AS, Hayward, P, Wessley, P and Hotopf, M (2004) 'Prevalence of mental incapacity in medical inpatients and associated risk factors:cross-sectional study', 364 The Lancet 1421.
242. Raz, J (1986), The Morality of Freedom, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
243. Reece, H (1996) 'The Paramountcy Principle: Consensus or Construct?', 49 Current Legal Problems 267.
244. Reid, T (2001), 'Separated twin goes home to row over £1m media deal', The Times, 18 June.
245. Retained Organs Commission (2002), Organ Retention at Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals Trust: Report of an Independent Investigation, London: DoH.
246. Rhodes, R and Holzman, IR (2004) 'The not unreasonable standard for assessment of surrogates and surrogate decisions', 25 Theoretical Medicine 367.
247. Robertson, J (1981), 'Substantive criteria and procedures in withholding care from defective newborns', in SF Spicker, JM Healey Jr and H Tristram Engelhardt Jr (eds), The Law-Medicine Relation: a philosophical exploration, Dordrecht, Holland: D Reidel Publishing.
248. Robertson, J (2004), 'vCJD sufferer is granted the right to receive new treatment', The Scotsman (24 January).
249. Ross, LF (1997) 'Children as research subjects: a proposal to review the current federal regulations using a moral framework', 8 Stanford Law and Policy Review 159.
250. Ross, LF (1998, reprinted 2004), Children, Families and Health Care Decision-Making, New York: Oxford University Press.
251. Ross, LF (2004) 'Informed consent in pediatric research', 13 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 346.
252. Ross, LF (2006), Children in Medical Research: Access versus Protection, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
253. Rossi, WC, Reynolds, W and Nelson, RM (2003) 'Child assent and parental permission in pediatric research', 24 Theoretical Medicine 131.
254. Roth, LH, Meisel, A and Lidz, CW (1977) 'Tests of competency to consent to treatment', 184 American J Psychiatry 279.
255. Rowley, SD, Donaldson, G, Lilleby, K, Bensinger, WI and Appelbaum, FR (2001) 'Experiences of donors enrolled in a randomized study of allogenic bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation', 97 Blood 2541.
256. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2004), Withholding or Withdrawing Life Sustaining Treatment in Children: A Framework for Practice, 2nd edn, London: RCPCH.
257. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health: Ethics Advisory Committee (1999), Safeguarding Informed Parental Involvement in Clinical Research Involving Newborn Babies and Infants, London: RCPCH (also in (2000) 154 Bulletin Medical Ethics 8).
258. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health: Ethics Advisory Committee (2000), 'Guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research involving children', in 82(2) Archives of Disease in Childhood 177.
259. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001), CR82. Guidance for researchers and for research ethics committees on psychiatric research involving human participants, London: RCP.
260. Royal College of Surgeons of England (2002), Code of Practice to the Surgical Management of Jehovah's Witnesses, London: RCSEng.
261. Rutter M and Rutter, M (1993), Developing Minds: Challenge and Continuity across the Life Span, London: Penguin.
262. Savelescu, J (1996) 'Substantial harm but substantial benefit', 312 British Medical Journal 241.
263. Scanlon, TM (1998), What We Owe to Each Other, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
264. Schoeman, F (1980) 'Rights of families: rights of parents, and the moral basis of the family', 91 Ethics 6.
265. SCOPE (2007), The Ashley X treatment - Join us to defend disabled children's rights http://www.scope.org.uk/childrensrights/ (accessed 1 May 2007).
266. Scottish Executive (2005), Health for All Children 4: guidance on implementation in Scotland, Edinburgh: SE.
267. Scottish Law Commission (1987), Report on the Legal Capacity and Responsibility of Minors and Pupils, Scot. Law Com No 110, Edinburgh: HMSO (HC Paper [Session 1987-88]).
268. Scottish Law Commission (1992), Report on Family Law, Scot. Law Com No 135, Edinburgh: HMSO (HC Paper [Session 1992-93]).
269. Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (1998) Bone Marrow Transplants and Bone Marrow Donation: a Guide for Volunteers, Edinburg: SNBTS.
270. Scottish Office Management Executive (1992), NHS Circular 1992 (GEN) 3.
271. Seymour, J (1994) 'Parens Patriae and wardship powers: their nature and origins', 14(2) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 159.
272. Sheldon, S and Thomson, M (eds) (1998), Feminist Perspectives on Healthcare Law, London: Cavendish Publications.
273. Sheldon, S and Wilkinson, S (1997) 'Separating conjoined twins: the legality and ethics of sacrifice', 5 Medical Law Review 149.
274. Simons, J (2000), 'Giving Information to Parents with an Unwell Child', in Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry (2001), The Report of the Public Inquiry into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984-1995: Learning from Bristol (Cm 5207), Appendix B, Paper 10k, London: The Stationery Office.
275. Skegg, PDG (1984), Law Ethics and Medicine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
276. Steinberg, D (2004) 'Kidney transplants from young children and the mentally retarded', 25 Theoretical Medicine 229.
277. Sumner, LW (1987), The Moral Foundation of Rights, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
278. Sutherland, E (1999), Child and Family Law, Edinburgh: T&T Cark Ltd.
279. Suziedelis, AK (2006), 'Adding burden to burden: cosmetic surgery for children with Down syndrome', 8 Virtual Mentor 538, http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16570.html (accessed 1 May 2007).
280. Teff, H (1998) 'The standard of care in medical negligence - moving on from Bolam?', 18 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 473.
281. Thomson, J (2006), Family Law in Scotland, 5th edn, Glasgow: Tottel Publishing.
282. Thornton, R (1992), 'Multiple keyholders - wardship and consent to treatment', Cambridge Law Journal, 34.
283. Van Beuren, G (1995), The International Law on the Rights of the Child, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
284. Veatch, RM and Spicer, CM (1996), 'Futile care: physicians should not be allowed to refuse to treat', in TL Beauchamp and RM Veatch (eds), Ethical Issues in Death and Dying, 2nd edn, London: Prentice Hall.
285. Verdun-Jones, SN and Weisstub, DN (1998), 'Drawing the distinction between therapeutic research and non-therapeutic experimentation: clearing a way through the definitional thicket', in DN Weisstub (ed), Research on Human Subjects: Ethics, law and Social Policy, Oxford: Elsevier Oxford.
286. Verhovek, SH (2007), 'Parents defend decision to keep disabled girl small', Los Angeles Times 3 January.
287. Viens, AM (2004) 'Value judgment, harm, and religious liberty', 30 Journal of Medical Ethics 241.
288. Ward, A (2003), Adult Incapacity, Edinburgh: W Green.
289. Weijer, C (2000), 'Ethical analysis of risk', 28 Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 344.
290. Weijer, C (2004) 'The ethical analysis of risk in intensive care unit research', 8 Critical Care 85.
291. Weijer, C and Miller, P (2004) 'When are Research Risks Reasonable in Relation to Anticipated Benefits?', 10(6) Nature Medicine 570.
292. Weithorn, LA and Campbell, SB (1983) 'The competency of children and adolescents to make informed treatment decisions', 9 Child Development 285.
293. Wilkinson, AB and Norrie, KMcK (1999), The Law Relating to Parent and Child in Scotland, 2nd edn, Edinburgh: W Green.
294. Williams, G (1981) 'Down's Syndrome and the duty to preserve life', 131 New Law Journal 1020.
295. Worsfold, V (1974) 'A philosophical justification for children's rights', 44 Harvard Educational Review 142.