Democracy as human rights: Freedom and equality in the age of globalization

Democracy as Human Rights: Freedom and Equality in the Age of Globalization

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-256

  Goodhart, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84916979491     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203956625     Document Type: Book

References (179)

1. Larry Siedentop, "Two Liberal Traditions;' in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honor of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Alan Ryan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).My approach also has similarities with that outlined in
2. James Tully, "Political Philosophy as a Critical Activity;' Political Theory 30, no. 4 (2002), 533-55.
3. Benjamin Constant, "On the Liberty of the Ancients, Compared with That of the Moderns;' in Political Writings, ed. Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
4. Michael Ignatieff, "Human Rights: The Midlife Crisis;' The New York Review of Books 46, no. 9 (1999), 58-62;
5. Michael Ignatieff, "Is the Human Rights Era Ending?" The New York Times, February 5 2002, A25;
6. David Rieff,"The Precarious Triumph of Human Rights;' TheNew York TimesMagazine, August 81999,36-41.
7. John R. Bolton, "Should WeTake Global Governance Seriously?" Chicago Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (2000), 205-21;
8. Ralph Nader and Lori Wallach, "GATT, NAFTA, and the Subversion of the Democratic Process;' in TheCaseagainstthe Global Economy, ed. Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996);
9. Jeremy Rabkin, Why Sovereignty Matters(Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1998).
10. John Dunn, "Democracy, Globalization, and Human Interests" (Denver, CO, April 1998);
11. John Dunn, "Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: Compatibilities and Contradictions;' in The EconomicLimits to Modern Politics, ed. John Dunn (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
12. Susan Strange, TheRetreatof the State: TheDiffusionofPowerin the WorldEconomy(Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 1996),xiii;cf.
13. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1996), 1-2.
14. John Williamson, "What Should the World Bank Think About the Washington Consensus?" The World Bank Research Observer IS, no. 2 (2000), 251-64.
15. Ricardo Petrella, "Globalization and Internationalization: The Dynamics of the Emerging World Order;' in States against Markets: The Limits ofGlobalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996).
16. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995),99
17. Stephen Gill, "Globalization, Democratization, and the Politics of Inditference," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996).
18. Phillip G. Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization;' Government and Opposition 32, no. 2 (1997),251-74;
19. John W.Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State;' American Journal ofSociology 103, no. I (1997), 144-81; Waltz, "Globalization and Governance:'
20. Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press, 1989). Donnelly is writing about human rights regimes, but this excellent definition captures the nature of international policy and regulatory regimes generally.
21. Peter Malanczuk, Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th rev. ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997), 17ff.
22. David Beetham, "Market Economy and Democratic Polity;' Democratization 4, no. I (1997), 76-93;
23. David Beetham, "Four Theorems About the Market and Democracy;' European Journal ofPolitical Research 23 (1993),187-201.
24. John Markoff, "Globalization and the Future of Democracy ;' Journal ofWorld-Systems Research 5, no. 2 (1999): 300.
25. P.J. Taylor,"Embedded Statism and the Social Sciences: Opening up to New Spaces ;' Environment and PlanningA 28 (1996),1917-28; Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State:'
26. Pierre Manent, "Democracy without Nations?" Journalof Democracy 8, no. 2 (1997): 94-6.;
27. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989); Walzer, Spheres of Justice
28. Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions ;' in Centerfor SocialTheoryand Comparative HistoryColloquium Series (Los Angeles: 1991), 25.
29. YaelTamir, Liberal Nationalism(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993);
30. David Miller, On Nationality(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); on the shared sacrifices needed for democracy see
31. Charles Taylor, "No Community, No Democracy, Part I ;' The Responsive Community 13, no. 4 (2003), 17-28;
32. Charles Taylor, "No Community, No Democracy, Part II ;' TheResponsive Community 14, no. 1 (2003/4), 15-25.
33. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
34. Will Kymlicka, "Citizenship in an Era of Globalization: Commentary on Held ;' in Democracy's Edges, ed. Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordon (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
35. Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, Bernard Yack, "Popular Sovereignty and Nationalism ;' Political Theory29, no. 4 (2001), 514-36.
36. David Miller, Citizenship and National Identity (Cambridge, NJ: Polity Press, 2000), 53; cf.
37. Benjamin Barber, A Place for Us: How to Make Society Civil and Democracy Strong(New York: Hill & Wang, 1998); Benjamin Barber, StrongDemocracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
38. Miller, Citizenship and NationalIdentity,53; cf. Iurgen Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy;' in Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, ed. Seyla Benhabib (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
39. Ronnie D. Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society;' Millennium:Journalof InternationalStudies 21, no. 3 (1992): 393
40. ef. Mustapha Kamal Pasha and David L. Blaney, "Elusive Paradise: The Promise and Peril of Global Civil Society;' Alternatives 23, no. 4 (1998), 417-50.
41. Jackie Smith, "Global Civil Society? Transnational Social Movement Organizations and Social Capital;' AmericanBehavioral Scientist42, no. 1 (1998): 104
42. Richard Falk, "Global Civil Society and the Democratic Prospect;' in GlobalDemocracy: Key Debates, ed. Barry Holden (New York: Routledge, 2000), 171.
43. Michael Mann, "Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?" Review of International Political Economy4, no. 3 (1997),472-96;
44. James N. Rosenau, "The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization ;' CurrentHistory 96, no. 613 (1997): 361; cf. Markoff, "Who Will Construct the Global Order?" ; Zurn, "Democratic Governance:'
45. Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, "Sovereignty: Outline of a Conceptual History ;' Alternatives 16, no. 4 (1991): 425.
46. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
47. Kenneth N. Waltz, "Globalization and Governance ;' PS: Political Science and Politics 32, no. 4 (1999), 693-700;
48. Jeremy Rabkin, Why Sovereignty Matters (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1998).
49. Iorg Friedrichs, "The Meaning of New Medievalism ;' European Journal ofInternational Relations 7, no. 4 (2001), 475-502;
50. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From theModernStateto Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995);
51. Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Ageof Globalization (New York:Columbia University Press, 1996).
52. Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas ShapedModern International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); cf.
53. Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty:An Introduction and Brief History ;' Journal of International Affairs48, no. 2 (1995), 353-68.
54. Alexander B.Murphy, "The Sovereign State System as Political-Territorial Ideal: Historical and Contemporary Considerations:' in StateSovereignty as Social Construct, ed. Cynthia Weber and Thomas J. Biersteker (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
55. Kenneth N. Waltz, "Theory of International Politics ;' in Neorealism and Its Critics, ed. Robert O. Keohane (New York:Columbia University Press, 1986), 53. The ensuing summary is drawn from this account.
56. John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis ;' in Neorealism and ItsCritics, ed. Robert O. Keohane (New York:Columbia University Press, 1986), 141. Hereafter I shall simply refer to "the medieval-modern transition:'
57. Niklas Luhmann, The Differentiation of Society, trans. Stephen Holmes and Charles Larmore (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982),245.
58. John A. Agnew, "Timeless Space and State-Centrism: The Geographical Assumptions ofInternational Relations Theory ;' in TheGlobalEconomyas Political Space, ed. Stephen J. Rosow, Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1994), 105.
59. James Anderson, "The Shifting Stage of Politics: New Medieval and Postmodern Territorialities ;' Environmentand PlanningD: Societyand Space 14 (1996): 141.
60. R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 62.
61. Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: FourChapters from the Six Books of the Commonwealth, ed. Julian H. Franklin, trans. Julian H. Franklin (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 1.
62. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan,ed. CB. Macpherson (New York: Penguin Books, 1968),227.
63. Martin Wight, "Why Is There No International Theory?" in Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966).
64. Naeem Inayatullah and Mark Rupert, "Hobbes, Smith, and the Problem of Mixed Ontologies in Neorealist IPE ;' in TheGlobal Economy asPolitical Space, ed. Stephen J.Resow, Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert (Boulder, CO:Lynne-Rienner, 1994).
65. Jean L. Cohen, "Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos ;' International Sociology 14, no. 3 (1999): 246.
66. Charles Taylor, "No Community, No Democracy, Part I," The Responsive Community 13, no. 4 (2003): 24.
67. Bernard Yack,"Popular Sovereignty and Nationalism ;' Political Theory 29, no. 4 (2001), 514-36; cf.
68. Jiirgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory ofLawand Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
69. Robert Filmer, Patriarcha and Other Writings, ed. Johann P. Sommerville (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 184.
70. Richard Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke's Two Treatise of Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991);
71. Peter Laslett, "Introduction ;' in Locke's TwoTreatises of Government(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
72. James Tully,An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 117
73. John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. James Tully (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1983), 34; cf.
74. Susan Moller Okin, "Gender, the Public, and the Private ;' in Political Theory Today, ed. David Held (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991).
75. John Stuart Mill, "The Subjection of Women ;' in On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 147.
76. Carole Pateman, "Self-Ownership and Property in the Person: Democratization and a Tale of Two Concepts ;' Journal ofPolitical Philosophy 10, no. 1 (2002),20-53.
77. John Dunn, "Conclusion ;' in Democracy: The Unfinished Journey 508 B.C to A.D. 1993, ed. John Dunn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992),247-49.;
78. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995),38.
79. R.B.J.Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993),41-42.
80. James N. Rosenau, "Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics ;' in Governance without Government: Orderand Change in WorldPolitics, ed. James N. Rosenau and Ernst -Otto Czempiel (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
81. David Held et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 50ff.
82. Phillip G. Cerny, "Globalization and Other Stories: The Search for a New Paradigm for International Relations ;' International Journal 51 (1996): 623.
83. Susan Strange, TheRetreatof theState: TheDiffusionof Power in the WorldEconomy(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
84. Saskia Sassen, LosingControl? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 5.
85. Kenneth N. Waltz, "Globalization and Governance ;' PS: Political Science and Politics 32, no. 4 (1999): 694.
86. Immanuel Kant, « Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose" in Kant's Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970),45-53.
87. Stephen Kobrin, "Back to the Future: Neomedievalism and the Postmodern Digital World Economy ;' Journal of International Affairs51, no. 2 (1998): 384.
88. Michael Mann, "Nation-States in Europe and Other Continents: Diversifying, Developing, Not Dying ;' Dcedalus: Journal of the AmericanAcademyof Arts and Sciences 12, no. 3 (1993): 137.
89. Gidon Gottlieb, Nation against State (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993);
90. Kratochwil, "Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality" ; Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond" ; Susan Strange, "The Erosion of the State ;' CurrentHistory96, no. 613 (1997), 365-9;
91. Strange, TheRetreatof the State. 33.
92. John W. Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State ;' AmericanJournal of Sociology 103, no. 1 (1997), 144-81; Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State:'
93. John Dunn, "Democracy, Globalization, and Human Interests" (Denver, CO, April 1998), 23.
94. Will Kymlicka, "Citizenship in an Era of Globalization: Commentary on Held ;' in Democracy's Edges, ed. Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordon (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 115.
95. David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 81ff.
96. Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy ;' Foreign Affairs76, no. 6 (1997),22-43;
97. Michael Freeman, "The Perils of Democratization: Nationalism, Markets, and Human Rights ;' Human RightsReview2, no. 1 (2000),33-51.
98. Michael Walzer, "The Concept of Civil Society ;' in Toward a Global Civil Society, ed. Michael Walzer (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995),24.
99. R. B.J.Walker, "Social Movements/World Politics ;' Millennium: Journal ofInternational Studies 23, no. 3 (1994): 683.
100. Frederick G. Whelan, "Prologue: Democratic Theory and the Boundary Problem ;' in Liberal Democracy; Nomos XXV, ed. J. Roland Pennock and R. W. Chapman (New York: New York University Press, 1983).
101. See David Held, "Democracy, the Nation-State, and the Global System ;' in Political Theory Today, ed. David Held (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991).
102. See David Beetham, Democracy and Human Rights (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1999), chap.
103. Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, "Sovereignty: Outline of a Conceptual History ;' Alternatives 16, no. 4 (1991): 426.
104. This approach is very much in the spirit of lames Tully, "Political Philosophy as a Critical Activity ;' Political Theory30, no. 4 (2002), 533-55.
105. E.g., Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
106. David Zaret, "Tradition, Human Rights, and the English Revolution ;' in Human Rights and Revolutions, ed. Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Lynn Hunt, and Marilyn B. Young (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000);
107. d. Kenneth Minogue, "The History of the Idea ofHuman Rights ;' in TheHuman RightsReader,ed. Walter Laquer and Barry Rubin (New York: New Amsterdam Library, 1979).
108. Albert Soboul, A Short History of the French Revolution: 1789-1799, trans. Geoffrey Symcox (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 160-61.
109. Georges Lefebvre, TheComingof the French Revolution: 1789, trans. R. R. Palmer (New York: Vintage Books, 1957), 184.
110. Lynn Hunt, "The Paradoxical Origins of Human Rights ;' in Human Rights and Revolutions, ed. Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Lynn Hunt, and Marilyn B. Young (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 12.
111. Carole Paternan, "Democracy and Democratization ;' InternationalPolitical Science Review 17, no. 1 (1996): 7.
112. Michael B.Levy, "Freedom, Property and the Levellers: The Case ofIohn Lilburne," TheWestern Political Quarterly36, no. 1 (1983): 116.
113. See lain Hampsher-Monk, "The Political Theory of the Levellers: Putney, Property and Professor Macpherson ;' Political Studies24, no. 4 (1976), 397-422, for an overview and review of the literature on the Levellers and suffrage in the English Commonwealth.
114. Andrew Sharp, ed., TheEnglish Levellers (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 31.
115. John Hoffman, Sovereignty (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998),99.
116. Hedley Bull, TheAnarchical Society: A Study of Orderin WorldPolitics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 152.
117. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in WorldPolitics: A Theory of Change and Continuity(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990),437.
118. See Reus-Srnit, "Human Rights and Sovereignty" ; Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How IdeasShapedModern International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
119. Michael Goodhart, "Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debates: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization ;' Human RightsQuarterly25, no. 4 (2003), 935-64.
120. Ken Booth, "Three Tyrannies ;' in Human Rightsin Global Politics, ed. Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999),40-41.
121. Steven Wall, "Freedom, Interference and Domination ;' Political Studies49, no. 2 (2001): 223.
122. Charles R. Beitz, "Human Rights as a Common Concern ;' AmericanPolitical Science Review 95, no. 2 (2001): 280, makes this argument for human rights.
123. John Stuart Mill, "Considerations on Representative Government ;' in Utilitiarianism, on Liberty, and Considerations on Representative Government, ed. H. B.Acton (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1972),275.
124. Jack Donnelly, "Human Rights and Asian Values: A Defense of 'Western Individualism ;' in The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights, ed. Joanne R. Bauer and Daniel A. Bell (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
125. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory ofMinorityRights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995),26.
126. Thomas W. Pogge, "Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty ;' Ethics 103, no. 1 (1992),48-75; cf.
127. Thomas W. Pogge, "Human Flourishing and Unusual Justice ;' Social Philosphy and Policy 16, no. 1 (1999): 333-61.
128. Lawrence S. Finkelstein, "What Is Global Governancej," Global Governace 1, no. 3 (1995): 368.
129. James N. Rosenau, "Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics ;' in Governance without Government: Orderand Change in WorldPolitics, ed. James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 15.
130. Claude LeFort, "Politics and Human Rights ;' in The Political Forms of Modern Society: Bureaucracy, Democracy, Totalitarianism, ed. John B. Thompson (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1986),260.
131. Claude LeFort, "Politics and Human Rights ;' in The Political Forms of Modern Society: Bureaucracy, Democracy, Totalitarianism, ed. John B. Thompson (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1986),260.
132. Rosemary Foot, "Human Rights, Democracy, and Development: The Debate in East Asia ;' Democratization 4, no. 2 (1997), 139-53.
133. Philippe van Parijs, RealFreedom for All: What (If Anything) CanJustifyCapitalism? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 228ff.
134. Michael Freeman, "The Perils of Democratization: Nationalism, Markets, and Human Rights ;' Human RightsReview2, no. 1 (2000): 34-35.
135. Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy ;' Foreign Affairs76, no. 6 (1997): 22.
136. John Markoff, "Who Will Construct the Global Order?", in Bruce William Morrison, ed., Transnational Democracy in Critical and Comparative Perspective: Democracy's Range Reconsidered (London: Ashgate Publishing, 2004), 13.
137. John Markoff, "Globalization and the Future of Democracy ;' Journal of World-Systems Research 5, no. 2 (1999): 280.
138. Henry Shue, Basic Rights: Subsistence, AjJ1uence, and US. Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 60, 159-60.
139. Peter Jones, "Human Rights, Group Rights, and People's Rights ;' Human RightsQuarterly 21, no. 1 (1999): 104.
140. William E. Connolly, "Democracy and Territoriality ;' Millennium: Journal of International Studies20, no. 3 (1991), 463-84.
141. Archon Fung, "Accountable Autonomy: Toward Empowered Deliberation in Chicago Schools and Policing ;' Politics and Society29, no. 1 (2001), 73-103.
142. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996);
143. David Price, "Choices without Reasons: Citizens' Juries and Policy Evaluation ;' Journal of MedicalEthics 26, no. 4 (2000), 272-76.
144. See Carole Paternan, "Democratizing Citizenship: Some Advantages of a Basic Income ;' Politics and Society32, no. 1 (2004), 89-105.
145. SeeGiandomenico Majone, "Europe's 'Democratic Deficit': The Question of Standards ;' European LawJournal 4, no. 1 (1998), 5-28.
146. Eyal Benvenisti, "Margin of Appreciation, Consensus, and Universal Standards ;' International Law and Politics 31, no. 4 (1999), 843-54.
147. Thomas W Pogge, "Achieving Democracy ;' Ethicsand InternationalAffairs 15, no. 1 (2001), 3-23.
148. EsrefAksu and Joseph A. Camilleri, eds., Democratizing Global Governance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002);
149. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995).
150. Robin Round, "Time for Tobin ;' TheNew Internationalist 320 (2000),16-17;
151. Ruben P.Mendez, "Financing the United Nations and the International Public Sector: Problems and Reform ;' Global Governance 3, no. 3 (1997), 283-310.
152. Round, "Time for Tobin" ; Stephen Kobrin, "Electronic Cash and the End of National Markets ;' Foreign Policy 107 (1997), 65-77.
153. James N. Rosenau, "Governance and Democracy in a Globalizing World ;' In Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy, ed. Daniele Archibugi, David Held, and Martin Kohler (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1998),49.
154. John Markoff, "Globalization and the Future of Democracy ;' Journalof World-Systems Research 5, no. 2 (1999): 297.
155. Paul J. Nelson, "Agendas, Accountability, and Legitimacy among Transnational Networks Lobbying the World Bank ;' in Restructuring WorldPolitics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, andNorms,ed. Sanjeev Khagram, James V Riker, and Kathryn Sikkink (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
156. Richard Falk, "Global Civil Society and the Democratic Prospect ;' in Global Democracy: Key Debates, ed. Barry Holden (New York: Routledge, 2000), 17l.
157. See Vladimir Tismaneanu, ReinventingPolitics: Eastern Europefrom Stalinto Havel(New York: Free Press, 1992).
158. Miles Wolpin, "Fair Labor Standards, Economic Well-Being, and Human Rights as Costs of 'Free Trade" International Journal of Peace Studies2, no. I (1997), 65-96; Nader and Wallach, "GATT, NAFTA, and Democracy:'
159. Joseph Kahn, "Global Trade Forum Reflects a Burst of Conflict and Hope ;' TheNew York Times, November 28, 1999, 1.
160. David E. Sanger, "The Shipwreck in Seattle: White House Miscalculation Led to Talks without a Focus ;' TheNew York Times, December 2, 1999, 26.
161. See Thomas W. Pogge, "Creating Supra-National Institutions Democratically: Reflections on the European Union's "Democratic Deficit'? TheJournal of Political Philosophy 5, no. 2 (1997), 163-82.
162. Geoff Tansey, "Trade, Intellectual Property, Food and Biodiversity: Key Issues and Options for the 1999 Review of Article 27.3(B) of the Trips Agreement" (London: Quaker Peace and Service, 1999), 3.
163. Bhagirath Lal Das, An Introduction to the WTO Agreements (New York: Zed Books, 1998), 116-17.
164. Geoff Tansey, "Patenting Our Food Future: Intellectual Property Rights and the Global Food System ;' SocialPolicy and Administration36, no. 6 (2002): 579.
165. Carlos M. Correa, "Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property: Issues and Options Surrounding the Protection of Traditional Knowledge" (Geneva: Quaker United Nations Office, 2001),7.
166. Ernst-Ulrich Petersrnann, "Human Rights and International Economic Law in the 21st Century: The Need to Clarify Their Interrelationships ;' Journal of International Economic Law 4, no. 1 (2001): 23.
167. Richard B. Freeman, "Are Your Wages Set in Bejlngi," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 3 (1995), 15-32.
168. David R. Cameron, "The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis ;' American Political Science Review72, no. 4 (1978), 1243-61;
169. Peter J. Katzenstein, Small Statesand World Markets: IndustrialPolicy in Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985);
170. Dani Rodrik, "Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?" in NBERWorking Papers Series (Cambridge, MA: 1996).
171. John Gerard Ruggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order ;' International Organization 36, no. 2 (1982), 379-415.
172. Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade AffectsDomestic Political Alignments (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989);
173. Wolfgang F.Stolper and Paul A. Samuelson, "Protection and Real Wages ;' TheReviewof Economic Studies9, no. 1 (1941),58-73.
174. Dani Rodrik, "Sense and Nonsense in the Globalization Debate ;' Foreign Policy 107 (1997), 65-77
175. John Williamson, "What Should the World Bank Think About the Washington Consensus? " TheWorldBank Research Observer 15, no. 2 (2000): 252-53;
176. Richard Falk, Predatory Globalization: A Critique(Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1999),2;
177. David Held, Globalisation: TheDangers and the Answers[article] (openDemocracy, 2004 [cited 11 June 2004]); available from http://www.opendemocracy. net!content/articles/PDF/1918. pdf.
178. See Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: w.w. Norton, 2002).
179. Benjamin Constant, "On the Liberty of the Ancients, Compared with That of the Moderns ;' in Political Writings, ed. Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988),323.