Irrational beliefs, biases and gambling: Exploring the role of animal models in elucidating vulnerabilities for the development of pathological gambling

Behavioural Brain Research

Volumn 279, Issue , 2015, Pages 259-273

  Cocker, P J ^a   Winstanley, C A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Animal model; Dopamine; Gambling; Near miss; Risk loss aversion

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 4 RECEPTOR;

ADDICTION; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; AVERSION; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; COGNITIVE BIAS; CORPUS STRIATUM; DECISION MAKING; DELAY DISCOUNTING; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; GAMBLING; HUMAN; IRRATIONAL BELIEF; MENTAL TASK; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; REVIEW; REWARD; RODENT; TASK PERFORMANCE; ANIMAL; CINGULATE GYRUS; DISEASE MODEL; ETIOLOGY; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RAT; RISK;

ANIMALS; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; CORPUS STRIATUM; DECISION MAKING; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GAMBLING; GYRUS CINGULI; HUMANS; RATS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D4; REWARD; RISK;

EID: 84916623726     PISSN: 01664328     EISSN: 18727549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.043     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Shaffer H.J., Korn D.A. Gambling and related mental disorders: a public health analysis. Annu Rev Public Health 2002, 23:171-212.
2. Gerstein D., Hoffman J., Larison C., Engelam L., Murphy S., Palmer A., et al. Gambling impact and behavior study 1999, Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission.
3. Ladouceur R., Jacques C., Ferland F., Giroux I. Prevalence of problem gambling: a replication study 7 years later. Can J Psychiatry 1999, 44(8):802-804.
4. Petry N.M., Stinson F.S., Grant B.F. Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66(5):564-574.
5. Shaffer H.J., Hall M.N. Updating and refining prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behaviour in the United States and Canada. Can J Public Health 2001, 92(3):168-172.
6. Wardle H.M.A., Spence S., Orford J., Volberg R., Jotangia D., Griffths M., et al. British gambling prevalence survey 2010 2010, The Gambling Commission.
7. J A.J. Canadian gambling behaviour and attitudes 2000, Gambling in Canada Research Report.
8. Griffiths M. Gambling technologies prospects for problem gambling. J Gambl Stud 1999, 15(3):265-283.
9. Grant J.E., Odlaug B.L., Schreiber L.R. Pharmacological treatments in pathological gambling. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012.
10. Grant J.E., Kim S.W. Medication management of pathological gambling. Minn Med 2006, 89(9):44-48.
11. Ladouceur R., Sylvain C., Boutin C., Lachance S., Doucet C., Leblond J., et al. Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001, 189(11):774-780.
12. Neighbors C., Lostutter T.W., Cronce J.M., Larimer M.E. Exploring college student gambling motivation. J Gambl Stud 2002, 18(4):361-370.
13. Walker M.B. Irrational thinking among slot machine players. J Gambl Stud 1992, 8(3).
14. Rachlin H. Why do people gamble and keep gambling despite heavy losses. Psychol Sci 1990, 1(5):294-297.
15. Toneatto T., Blitz-Miller T., Calderwood K., Dragonetti R., Tsanos A. Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling. J Gambl Stud 1997, 13(3):253-266.
16. Ladouceur R., Gaboury A., Dumont M., Rochette P. Gambling - relationship between the frequency of wins and irrational thinking. J Psychol 1988, 122(4):409-414.
17. Potenza M.N. Review: the neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008, 363(1507):3181-3189.
18. Potenza M.N. Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions?. Addiction 2006, 101(Suppl 1):142-151.
19. Bechara A. Risky business: emotion, decision-making, and addiction. J Gambl Stud 2003, 19(1):23-51.
20. Martin R.J., Usdan S., Cremeens J., Vail-Smith K. Disordered gambling and co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders among college students: an examination of problem drinking, anxiety and depression. J Gambl Stud 2013.
21. Lesieur H.R., Blume S.B. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144(9):1184-1188.
22. Raylu N., Oei T.P. The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction 2004, 99(6):757-769.
23. Steenbergh T.A., Meyers A.W., May R.K., Whelan J.P. Development and validation of the Gamblers' Beliefs Questionnaire. Psychol Addict Behav 2002, 16(2):143-149.
24. Kallmen H., Andersson P., Andren A. Are irrational beliefs and depressive mood more common among problem gamblers than non-gamblers? A survey study of Swedish problem gamblers and controls. J Gambl Stud 2008, 24(4):441-450.
25. Joukhador J., Maccallum F., Blaszczynski A. Differences in cognitive distortions between problem and social gamblers. Psychol Rep 2003, 92(3):1203-1214.
26. Gonzalez-Ibanez A., Rosel P., Moreno I. Evaluation and treatment of pathological gambling. J Gambl Stud 2005, 21(1):35-42.
27. Leung K.S., Cottler L.B. Treatment of pathological gambling. Curr Opin Psychiatr 2009, 22(1):69-74.
28. Oei T.P.S., Gordon L.M. Psychosocial factors related to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of gamblers anonymous. J Gambl Stud 2008, 24(1):91-105.
29. Henslin J.M. Craps and magic. Am J Sociol 1967, 73(3):316-330.
30. Delfabbro P. The stubborn logic of regular gamblers: obstacles and dilemmas in cognitive gambling research. J Gambl Stud 2004, 20(1):1-21.
31. Terrell D. A test of the gamblers fallacy - evidence from Pari-Mutuel games. J Risk Uncertain 1994, 8(3):309-317.
32. Reid R.L. The psychology of the near miss. J Gambl Behav 1986, 2:32-39.
33. Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 1974, 185(4157):1124-1131.
34. Kahneman D., Slovic P., Tversky A. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases 1982, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, xiii, 555 p.
35. Bernoulli D. Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk. Econometrica 1954, 22(1):23-36.
36. Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect theory - analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 1979, 47(2):263-291.
37. Lesieur H.R. The compulsive gambler's spiral of options and involvement. Psychiatry 1979, 42(1):79-87.
38. Breen R.B., Zimmerman M. Rapid onset of pathological gambling in machine gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2002, 18(1):31-43.
39. Choliz M. Experimental analysis of the game in pathological gamblers: effect of the immediacy of the reward in slot machines. J Gambl Stud 2010, 26(2):249-256.
40. Dowling N., Smith D., Thomas T. Electronic gaming machines: are they the 'crack-cocaine' of gambling?. Addiction 2005, 100(1):33-45.
41. Harrigan K.A. Slot machines pursuing responsible gaming practices for virtual reels and near misses. Int J Mental Health Addict 2007, 7(1):68-83.
42. Côté D., Caron A., Aubert J., Desrochers V., Ladouceur R. Near wins prolong gambling on a video lottery terminal. J Gambl Stud 2003, 19(4):433-438.
43. Billieux J., Van der Linden M., Khazaal Y., Zullino D., Clark L. Trait gambling cognitions predict near-miss experiences and persistence in laboratory slot machine gambling. Br J Psychol 2012, 103(3):412-427.
44. Schultz W., Romo R. Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions. J Neurophysiol 1990, 63(3):607-624.
45. Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998, 80(1):1-27.
46. Fiorillo C.D., Tobler P.N., Schultz W. Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science 2003, 299(5614):1898-1902.
47. 2 antagonist enhances the rewarding and priming effects of a gambling episode in pathological gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32(8):1678-1686.
48. Tremblay A.M., Desmond R.C., Poulos C.X., Zack M. Haloperidol modifies instrumental aspects of slot machine gambling in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Addict Biol 2011, 16(3):467-484.
49. Frank M.J., O'Reilly R.C. A mechanistic account of striatal dopamine function in human cognition: psychopharmacological studies with cabergoline and haloperidol. Behav Neurosci 2006, 120(3):497-517.
50. Chase H.W., Clark L. Gambling severity predicts midbrain response to near-miss outcomes. J Neurosci 2010, 30(18):6180-6187.
51. Habib R., Dixon M.R. Neurobehavioral evidence for the 'near-miss' effect in pathological gamblers. J Exp Anal Behav 2010, 93:313-328.
52. Bechara A., Damasio A.R., Damasio H., Anderson S.W. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 1994, 50(1-3):7-15.
53. Cavedini P., Riboldi G., Keller R., D'Annucci A., Bellodi L. Frontal lobe dysfunction in pathological gambling patients. Biol Psychiatry 2002, 51(4):334-341.
54. Roca M., Torralva T., López P., Cetkovich M., Clark L., Manes F. Executive functions in pathologic gamblers selected in an ecologic setting. Cogn Behav Neurol 2008, 21(1):1-4.
55. Power Y., Goodyear B., Crockford D. Neural correlates of pathological gamblers preference for immediate rewards during the Iowa gambling task: an fMRI study. J Gambl Stud 2012, 28(4):623-636.
56. Campbell-Meiklejohn D.K., Woolrich M.W., Passingham R.E., Rogers R.D. Knowing when to stop: The brain mechanisms of chasing losses. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 63(3):293-300.
57. Campbell-Meiklejohn D., Wakeley J., Herbert V., Cook J., Scollo P., Kar Ray M., et al. Serotonin and dopamine play complementary roles in gambling to recover losses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36(2):402-410.
58. Linnet J., Moller A., Peterson E., Gjedde A., Doudet D. Dopamine release in ventral striatum during Iowa Gambling Task performance is associated with increased excitement levels in pathological gambling. Addiction 2011, 106(2):383-390.
59. Linnet J. The Iowa Gambling Task and the three fallacies of dopamine in gambling disorder. Front Psychol 2013, 4:709.
60. Lawrence A.J., Luty J., Bogdan N.A., Sahakian B.J., Clark L. Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals. Addiction 2009, 104(6):1006-1015.
61. Brand M., Kalbe E., Labudda K., Fujiwara E., Kessler J., Markowitsch H.J. Decision-making impairments in patients with pathological gambling. Psychiatry Res 2005, 133(1):91-99.
62. Keren G., Wagenaar W.A. Violation of utility-theory in unique and repeated gambles. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1987, 13(3):387-391.
63. De Martino B., Kumaran D., Seymour B., Dolan R.J. Frames: biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science 2006, 313(5787):684-687.
64. Bechara A. Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8(11):1458-1463.
65. Lesch K.P., Bengal D., Helis A., Sabol S.Z., Greenberg B.D., Petri S., et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996, 274(5292):1527-1531.
66. Roiser J.P., de Martino B., Tan G.C.Y., Kumaran D., Seymour B., Wood N.W., et al. A genetically mediated bias in decision making driven by failure of amygdala control. J Neurosci 2009, 29(18):5985-5991.
67. Talmi D., Hurlemann R., Patin A., Dolan R.J. Framing effect following bilateral amygdala lesion. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48(6):1823-1827.
68. De Martino B., Camerer C.F., Adolphs R. Amygdala damage eliminates monetary loss aversion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107(8):3788-3792.
69. Weller J.A., Levin I.P., Shiv B., Bachera A. Neural correlates of adaptive decision making for risky gains and losses. Psychol Sci 2007, 18(11):958-964.
70. Cocker P.J., Le Foll B., Rogers R.D., Winstanley C.A. A selective role for dopamine d receptors in modulating reward expectancy in a rodent slot machine task. Biol Psychiatry 2013.
71. Winstanley C.A., Cocker P.J., Rogers R.D. Dopamine modulates reward expectancy during performance of a slot machine task in rats: evidence for a 'near-miss' effect. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36(5):913-925.
72. Kassinove J.I., Schare M.L. Effects of the near miss and the big win on persistence at slot machine gambling. Psychol Addict Behav 2001, 15(2):155-158.
73. 2 receptors linked to adenylate cyclase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 301(3):1166-1178.
74. 2-like receptors: an immunocytochemical study of subtype-specific antibodies in rat and human brain. J Comp Neurol 1998, 402(3):353-371.
75. 4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain. Nature 1996, 381(6579):245-248.
76. Clark L., Lawrence A.J., Astley-Jones F., Gray N. Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron 2009, 61(3):481-490.
77. Naqvi N.H., Bechara A. The hidden island of addiction: the insula. Trends Neurosci 2009, 32(1):56-67.
78. Naqvi N.H., Rudrauf D., Damasio H., Bechara A. Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science 2007, 315(5811):531-534.
79. Clark L., Studer B., Bruss J., Tranel D., Bechara A. Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014, 111(16):6098-6103.
80. Rushworth M.F., Behrens T.E. Choice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex. Nat Neurosci 2008, 11(4):389-397.
81. 4 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex appear to modulate reward expectancy on a rodent slot machine task 2014, The International College of Neuropsychopharmacology, p. P-01-010.
82. Brown J.W., Braver T.S. Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science 2005, 307(5712):1118-1121.
83. Hyman J.M., Whitman J., Emberly E., Woodward T.S., Seamans J.K. Action and outcome activity state patterns in the anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb Cortex 2012.
84. Barbas H., Pandya D.N. Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus-monkey. J Comp Neurol 1989, 286(3):353-375.
85. Ongur D., Price J.L. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex 2000, 10(3):206-219.
86. Reuter J., Raedler T., Rose M., Hand I., Gläscher J., Büchel C. Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8(2):147-148.
87. Balodis I.M., Kober H., Worhunsky P.D., Stevens M.C., Pearlson G.D., Potenza M.N. Diminished frontostriatal activity during processing of monetary rewards and losses in pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry 2012, 71(8):749-757.
88. Sesack S.R., Deutch A.Y., Roth R.H., Bunney B.S. Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 1989, 290(2):213-242.
89. McDonald A.J., Mascagni F., Guo L. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience 1996, 71(1):55-75.
90. Myers-Schulz B., Koenigs M. Functional anatomy of ventromedial prefrontal cortex: implications for mood and anxiety disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2012, 17(2):132-141.
91. Price J.L., Drevets W.C. Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35(1):192-216.
92. Quirk G.J., Gehlert D.R. Inhibition of the amygdala: key to pathological states? Amygdala in Brain Function. Basic Clin Approach 2003, 985:263-272.
93. Noel X., Brevers D., Bechara A. A neurocognitive approach to understanding the neurobiology of addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013, 23(4):632-638.
94. Everitt B.J., Wolf M.E. Psychomotor stimulant addiction: A neural systems perspective. J Neurosci 2002, 22(9):3312-3320.
95. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993, 18(3):247-291.
96. 4-receptor modulation of cortical neuronal network activity and emotional processing: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Res 2010, 208(1):12-22.
97. 4 receptors differentially modulate the encoding of salient versus nonsalient emotional information in the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2009, 29(15):4836-4845.
98. Moodie C., Finnigan F. A comparison of the autonomic arousal of frequent, infrequent and non-gamblers while playing fruit machines. Addiction 2005, 100(1):51-59.
99. Michalczuk R., Bowden-Jones H., Verdejo-Garcia A., Clark L. Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in pathological gamblers attending the UK National Problem Gambling Clinic: a preliminary report. Psychol Med 2011, 41(12):2625-2635.
100. Brevers D., Cleeremans A., Verbruggen F., Bechara A., Kornreich C., Verbanck P., et al. Impulsive action but not impulsive choice determines problem gambling severity. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(11).
101. Clark L., Bechara A., Damasio H., Aitken M.R., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W. Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain 2008, 131(Pt 5):1311-1322.
102. Andrade L.F., Petry N.M. Delay and probability discounting in pathological gamblers with and without a history of substance use problems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012, 219(2):491-499.
103. Cocker P.J., Dinelle K., Kornelson R., Sossi V., Winstanley C.A. Irrational choice under uncertainty correlates with lower striatal D(2/3) receptor binding in rats. J Neurosci 2012, 32(44):15450-15457.
104. Tremblay M., Cocker P.J., Hosking J.G., Zeeb F.D., Rogers R.D., Winstanley C.A. Dissociable effects of basolateral amygdala lesions on decision making biases in rats when loss or gain is emphasized. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2014.
105. Tremblay M.H.J., Winstanley C.A. Effects of chronic D-2/3 agonist ropinirole medication on rodent models of gambling behaviour. Mov Disord 2013, (28):218.
106. Dixon M.R., Marley J., Jacobs E.A. Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. J Appl Behav Anal 2003, 36(4):449-458.
107. Eisenberg D.T.A., MacKillop J., Modi M., Beauchemin J., Dang D., Lisman S.A., et al. Examining impulsivity as an endophenotype using a behavioral approach: a DRD2 TaqI A and DRD4 48-bp VNTR association study. Behav Brain Funct 2007, 3.
108. van Gaalen M.M., van Koten R., Schoffelmeer A.N., Vanderschuren L.J. Critical involvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in impulsive decision making. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 60(1):66-73.
109. Winstanley C.A. The utility of rat models of impulsivity in developing pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2011, 164(4):1301-1321.
110. Huskinson S.L., Krebs C.A., Anderson K.G. Strain differences in delay discounting between Lewis and Fischer 344 rats at baseline and following acute and chronic administration of d-amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012, 101(3):403-416.
111. Zeeb F.D., Floresco S.B., Winstanley C.A. Contributions of the orbitofrontal cortex to impulsive choice: interactions with basal levels of impulsivity, dopamine signalling, and reward-related cues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010, 211(1):87-98.
112. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Tomasi D., Baler R. Food and drug reward: overlapping circuits in human obesity and addiction. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011.
113. Potenza M.N. How central is dopamine to pathological gambling or gambling disorder?. Front Behav Neurosci 2013, 7.
114. Dalley J.W., Mar A.C., Economidou D., Robbins T.W. Neurobehavioral mechanisms of impulsivity: fronto-striatal systems and functional neurochemistry. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008, 90(2):250-260.
115. Economidou D., Pelloux Y., Robbins T.W., Dalley J.W., Everitt B.J. High impulsivity predicts relapse to cocaine-seeking after punishment-induced abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 65(10):851-856.
116. Belin D., Everitt B.J. Cocaine seeking habits depend upon dopamine-dependent serial connectivity linking the ventral with the dorsal striatum. Neuron 2008, 57(3):432-441.
117. Perry J.L., Larson E.B., German J.P., Madden G.J., Carroll M.E. Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 178(2-3):193-201.
118. Perry J.L., Nelson S.E., Carroll M.E. Impulsive choice as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in male and female rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2008, 16(2):165-177.
119. Simon N.W., Mendez I.A., Setlow B. Cocaine exposure causes long-term increases in impulsive choice. Behav Neurosci 2007, 121(3):543-549.
120. Winstanley C.A., Bachtell R.K., Theobold D.E., Laali S., Green T.A., Kumar A., et al. Increased impulsivity during withdrawal from cocaine self-administration: role for DeltaFosB in the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2009, 19(2):435-444.
121. Mitchell M.R., Weiss V.G., Beas B.S., Morgan D., Bizon J.L., Setlow B. Adolescent risk taking: cocaine self-administration, and striatal dopamine signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014, 39(4):955-962.
122. Mitchell M.R., Weiss V.G., Ouimet D.J., Fuchs R.A., Morgan D., Setlow B. Intake-dependent effects of cocaine self-administration on impulsive choice in a delay discounting task. Behav Neurosci 2014, 128(4):419-429.
123. Voon V., Fernaqut P.O., Wickens J., Baunez C., Rodriquez M., Pavlon N., et al. Chronic dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: from dyskinesias to impulse control disorders. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8(12):1140-1149.
124. Rokosik S.L., Napier T.C. Pramipexole-induced increased probabilistic discounting: comparison between a rodent model of Parkinson's disease and controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37(6):1397-1408.
125. Weintraub D., Koester J., Potenza M.N., Siderowf A.D., Stacy M., Voon V., et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch Neurol 2010, 67(5):589-595.
126. Rogers R.D., Wong A., McKinnon C., Winstanley C.A. Systemic administration of 8-OH-DPAT and eticlopride: but not SCH23390, alters loss-chasing behavior in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013, 38(6):1094-1104.
127. De Martino B., Harrison N.A., Knafo S., Bird G., Dolan R.J. Explaining enhanced logical consistency during decision making in autism. J Neurosci 2008, 28(42):10746-10750.
128. Davis M. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu Rev Neurosci 1992, 15:353-375.
129. Limbrick-Oldfield E.H., van Holst R.J., Clark L. Fronto-striatal dysregulation in drug addiction and pathological gambling: Consistent inconsistencies?. Neuroimage Clin 2013, 2:385-393.
130. Grant J.E., Kim S.W. Demographic and clinical features of 131 adult pathological gamblers. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62(12):957-962.
131. Welte J., Barnes G., Wieczorek W., Tidwell M.C., Parker J. Alcohol and gambling pathology among US adults: prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity. J Stud Alcohol 2001, 62(5):706-712.
132. Blaszczynski A., Nower L. A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction 2002, 97(5):487-499.
133. Leyton M., Vezina P. On cue: striatal ups and downs in addictions. Biol Psychiatry 2012, 72(10):pe21-pe22.
134. Balodis I.M., Kober H., Worhunsky P.D., Stevens M.C., Pearlson G.D., Potenza M.N. Attending to striatal ups and downs in addictions. Biol Psychiatry 2012, 72(10):e25-e26.
135. Petry N.M. A comparison of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers based on preferred gambling activity. Addiction 2003, 98(5):645-655.
136. Dickerson M. Internal and external determinants of persistent gambling: problems in generalising from one form of gambling to another. J Gambl Stud 1993, 9(3):225-245.
137. Mark M.E., Lesieur H.R. A feminist critique of problem gambling research. Br J Addict 1992, 87(4):549-565.
138. Morgan P.T., Desai R.A., Potenza M.N. Gender-related influences of parental alcoholism on the prevalence of psychiatric illnesses: analysis of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010, 34(10):1759-1767.
139. Piazza N.J., Vrbka J.L., Yeager R.D. Telescoping of alcoholism in women alcoholics. Int J Addict 1989, 24(1):19-28.
140. Wong D.F., Wagner H.N., Dannals R.F., Links J.M., Frost J.J., Ravert H.T., et al. Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain. Science 1984, 226(4681):1393-1396.
141. van Dyck C.H., Seibyl J.P., Malison R.T., Laruelle M., Zoghbi S.S., Baldwin R.M., et al. Age-related decline in dopamine transporters: analysis of striatal subregions, nonlinear effects, and hemispheric asymmetries. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002, 10(1):36-43.
142. 3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neurobiol Aging 2000, 21(5):683-688.
143. Di Paolo T. Modulation of brain dopamine transmission by sex steroids. Rev Neurosci 1994, 5(1):27-41.
144. Epperson C.N., Wisner K.L., Yamamoto B. Gonadal steroids in the treatment of mood disorders. Psychosom Med 1999, 61(5):676-697.
145. Nestler E.J., Barrot M., DiLeone R.J., Eisch A.J., Gold S.J., Monteggia L.M. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 2002, 34(1):13-25.
146. Galynker I.I., Cai J., Ongseng F., Finestone H., Dutta E., Serseni D. Hypofrontality and negative symptoms in major depressive disorder. J Nucl Med 1998, 39(4):608-612.
147. Howes O.D., Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III - the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35(3):549-562.
148. van den Bos R., Jolles J., van der Knaap L., Baars A., de Visser L. Male and female Wistar rats differ in decision-making performance in a rodent version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Behav Brain Res 2012, 234(2):375-379.
149. Zack M., Poulos C.X. Amphetamine primes motivation to gamble and gambling-related semantic networks in problem gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29(1):195-207.
150. Dodd M.L., Klos K.J., Bower J.H., Geda Y.E., Joesephs K.A., Ahlskog J.E. Pathological gambling caused by drugs used to treat Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2005, 62(9):1377-1381.
151. Sescousse G., Caldù X., Sequra B., Dreher J.C. Processing of primary and secondary rewards: a quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013, 37(4):681-696.
152. Hayden B.Y., Platt M.L. Gambling for Gatorade: risk-sensitive decision making for fluid rewards in humans. Anim Cogn 2009, 12(1):201-207.
153. Winstanley C.A., Olausson P., Taylor J.R., Jentsch J.D. Insight into the relationship between impulsivity and substance abuse from studies using animal models. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010, 34(8):1306-1318.
154. Pearce J., Mason K., Hiscock R., Day P. A national study of neighbourhood access to gambling opportunities and individual gambling behaviour. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008, 62(10):862-868.