메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 69-74

Treatment of pathological gambling

Author keywords

Nonpharmacological treatment; Pathological gambling; Pharmacological treatment; Pharmacotherapy; Psychotherapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; LITHIUM; LITHIUM CARBONATE; MODAFINIL; NALMEFENE; NALTREXONE; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 57749194695     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32831575d9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (62)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 57749181899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Fourth edition. Washington, District of Columbia: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Fourth edition. Washington, District of Columbia: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
  • 3
    • 15544366418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and predictors of pathological gambling: Results from the St. Louis personality, health and lifestyle (SLPHL) study
    • Cunningham-Williams RM, Grucza RA, Cottler LB, et al. Prevalence and predictors of pathological gambling: results from the St. Louis personality, health and lifestyle (SLPHL) study. J Psychiatr Res 2005; 39:377-390.
    • (2005) J Psychiatr Res , vol.39 , pp. 377-390
    • Cunningham-Williams, R.M.1    Grucza, R.A.2    Cottler, L.B.3
  • 4
    • 0001736983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problem gambling and comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders among drug users recruited from drug treatment and community settings
    • Cunningham-Williams RM, Cottler LB, Compton WM, et al. Problem gambling and comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders among drug users recruited from drug treatment and community settings. J Gambl Stud 2000; 16:347-376.
    • (2000) J Gambl Stud , vol.16 , pp. 347-376
    • Cunningham-Williams, R.M.1    Cottler, L.B.2    Compton, W.M.3
  • 5
    • 0031820024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking chances: Problem gamblers and mental health disorders-results from the St. Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
    • Cunningham-Williams RM, Cottler LB, Compton WM 3rd, Spitznagel EL. Taking chances: problem gamblers and mental health disorders-results from the St. Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:1093-1096.
    • (1998) Am J Public Health , vol.88 , pp. 1093-1096
    • Cunningham-Williams, R.M.1    Cottler, L.B.2    Compton 3rd, W.M.3    Spitznagel, E.L.4
  • 6
    • 65549111553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
    • Kessler RC, Hwang I, Labrie R, et al. DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 2008; 7:1-10.
    • (2008) Psychol Med , vol.7 , pp. 1-10
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Hwang, I.2    Labrie, R.3
  • 7
    • 0032361633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs and treatment of pathological gambling
    • Lesieur H. Costs and treatment of pathological gambling. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci 1998; 556:157-171.
    • (1998) Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci , vol.556 , pp. 157-171
    • Lesieur, H.1
  • 8
    • 34548211994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The experience of living with a problem gambler: Spouse and partners speak out
    • Dickson-Swift VA, James EL, Kippen S. The experience of living with a problem gambler: spouse and partners speak out. J Gambl Issues 2005; 13:1-22.
    • (2005) J Gambl Issues , vol.13 , pp. 1-22
    • Dickson-Swift, V.A.1    James, E.L.2    Kippen, S.3
  • 9
    • 0036806035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problem gambling in the partner of the emergency department patient as a risk factor for intimate partner violence
    • Muelleman RL, DenOtter T, Wadman MC, et al. Problem gambling in the partner of the emergency department patient as a risk factor for intimate partner violence. J Emerg Med 2002; 23:307-312.
    • (2002) J Emerg Med , vol.23 , pp. 307-312
    • Muelleman, R.L.1    DenOtter, T.2    Wadman, M.C.3
  • 10
    • 0002598493 scopus 로고
    • The impact of pathological gambling on the spouse of the gambler
    • Lorenz VC, Shuttlesworth DE. The impact of pathological gambling on the spouse of the gambler. J Commun Psychol 1983; 11:67-76.
    • (1983) J Commun Psychol , vol.11 , pp. 67-76
    • Lorenz, V.C.1    Shuttlesworth, D.E.2
  • 11
    • 0013652114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid antagonists in the treatment of impulse-control disorders
    • Kim SW. Opioid antagonists in the treatment of impulse-control disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:159-164.
    • (1998) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 159-164
    • Kim, S.W.1
  • 12
    • 0029656135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking
    • Berridge KC. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1996; 20:1-25.
    • (1996) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.20 , pp. 1-25
    • Berridge, K.C.1
  • 13
    • 0025774889 scopus 로고
    • Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawal
    • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, et al. Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:621-626.
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 621-626
    • Volkow, N.D.1    Fowler, J.S.2    Wolf, A.P.3
  • 14
    • 85047682378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical uses of naltrexone: A review of the evidence
    • Modesto-Lowe V, Van Kirk J. Clinical uses of naltrexone: a review of the evidence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 10:213-227.
    • (2002) Exp Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 213-227
    • Modesto-Lowe, V.1    Van Kirk, J.2
  • 15
    • 0034831124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open naltrexone treatment study in pathological gambling disorder
    • Kim SW, Grant JE. An open naltrexone treatment study in pathological gambling disorder. Int Din Psychopharmacol 2001; 16:285-289.
    • (2001) Int Din Psychopharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 285-289
    • Kim, S.W.1    Grant, J.E.2
  • 16
    • 0035371336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling
    • Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC. Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49:914-921.
    • (2001) Biol Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 914-921
    • Kim, S.W.1    Grant, J.E.2    Adson, D.E.3    Shin, Y.C.4
  • 17
    • 45249097353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the opiate antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of pathological gambling urges
    • This study demonstrated the efficacy of naltrexone in treating pathological gambling in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, confirmatory study
    • Grant JE, Kim SW, Hartman BK. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the opiate antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of pathological gambling urges. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:783-789. This study demonstrated the efficacy of naltrexone in treating pathological gambling in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, confirmatory study.
    • (2008) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 783-789
    • Grant, J.E.1    Kim, S.W.2    Hartman, B.K.3
  • 18
    • 52649104059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting response to opiate antagonists and placebo in the treatment of pathological gambling
    • study examined the clinical variables associated with opiate antagonist treatment outcome based on the data collected in two previous clinical studies N, 284, DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1235-3. The
    • Grant JE, Kim SW, Hollander E, Potenza MN. Predicting response to opiate antagonists and placebo in the treatment of pathological gambling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1235-3. The study examined the clinical variables associated with opiate antagonist treatment outcome based on the data collected in two previous clinical studies (N = 284).
    • (2008) Psychopharmacology (Berl)
    • Grant, J.E.1    Kim, S.W.2    Hollander, E.3    Potenza, M.N.4
  • 19
    • 0029994156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are impulse-control disorders related to bipolar disorder?
    • McElroy SL, Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, et al. Are impulse-control disorders related to bipolar disorder? Compr Psychiatry 1996; 37:229-240.
    • (1996) Compr Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 229-240
    • McElroy, S.L.1    Pope Jr, H.G.2    Keck Jr, P.E.3
  • 20
    • 0036077324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium and valproate treatment of pathological gambling: A randomized single-blind study
    • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Sood E, Hollander E. Lithium and valproate treatment of pathological gambling: a randomized single-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:559-564.
    • (2002) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 559-564
    • Pallanti, S.1    Quercioli, L.2    Sood, E.3    Hollander, E.4
  • 21
    • 0028260928 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of pathological gambling with carbamazepine
    • Haller R, Hinterhuber H. Treatment of pathological gambling with carbamazepine. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994; 27:129.
    • (1994) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 129
    • Haller, R.1    Hinterhuber, H.2
  • 22
    • 0018929130 scopus 로고
    • Lithium and lady luck; use of lithium carbonate in compulsive gambling
    • Moskowitz JA. Lithium and lady luck; use of lithium carbonate in compulsive gambling. N Y State J Med 1980; 80:785-788.
    • (1980) N Y State J Med , vol.80 , pp. 785-788
    • Moskowitz, J.A.1
  • 23
    • 11844255363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders?
    • Hollander E, Pallanti S, Allen A, et al. Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders? Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:137-145.
    • (2005) Am J Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 137-145
    • Hollander, E.1    Pallanti, S.2    Allen, A.3
  • 24
    • 13944282674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topiramate versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of pathological gambling: A randomized, blind-rater comparison study
    • Dannon PN, Lowengrub K, Gonopolski Y, et al. Topiramate versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of pathological gambling: a randomized, blind-rater comparison study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005; 28:6-10.
    • (2005) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 6-10
    • Dannon, P.N.1    Lowengrub, K.2    Gonopolski, Y.3
  • 25
    • 49849102499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black DW, Shaw MC, Allen J. Extended release carbamazepine in the treatment of pathological gambling: an open-label study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1191-1194. This paper showed that carbamazepine (a mood stabilizer) might be used to reduce gambling urges and gambling behaviors in an open label clinical trial.
    • Black DW, Shaw MC, Allen J. Extended release carbamazepine in the treatment of pathological gambling: an open-label study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1191-1194. This paper showed that carbamazepine (a mood stabilizer) might be used to reduce gambling urges and gambling behaviors in an open label clinical trial.
  • 26
    • 34250670416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium and topiramate association in the treatment of comorbid pathological gambling and bipolar disorder
    • This is a case report on the combined use of lithium and topiramate in the treatment of a female pathological gambler with bipolar disorder
    • Nicolato R, Romano-Silva MA, Correa H, et al. Lithium and topiramate association in the treatment of comorbid pathological gambling and bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007; 41:628. This is a case report on the combined use of lithium and topiramate in the treatment of a female pathological gambler with bipolar disorder.
    • (2007) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 628
    • Nicolato, R.1    Romano-Silva, M.A.2    Correa, H.3
  • 27
    • 40849145375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine for the treatment of video poker pathological gamblers
    • Fong T, Kalechstein A, Bernhard B, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine for the treatment of video poker pathological gamblers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:298-303.
    • (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.89 , pp. 298-303
    • Fong, T.1    Kalechstein, A.2    Bernhard, B.3
  • 28
    • 42249090206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine in the treatment of pathological gambling: A negative randomized placebo-controlled trial
    • McElroy SL, Nelson EB, Welge JA, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of pathological gambling: a negative randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:433-440.
    • (2008) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 433-440
    • McElroy, S.L.1    Nelson, E.B.2    Welge, J.A.3
  • 29
    • 0030062260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine
    • Bymaster FP, Calligaro DO, Falcone JF, et al. Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 14:87-96.
    • (1996) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.14 , pp. 87-96
    • Bymaster, F.P.1    Calligaro, D.O.2    Falcone, J.F.3
  • 30
    • 0029880065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical evidence for antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine, serotonin, alpha 1-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in vivo in rats
    • Bymaster FP, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Perry KW, Fuller RW. Neurochemical evidence for antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine, serotonin, alpha 1-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in vivo in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 124:87-94.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.124 , pp. 87-94
    • Bymaster, F.P.1    Hemrick-Luecke, S.K.2    Perry, K.W.3    Fuller, R.W.4
  • 32
    • 39649102984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dannon PN, Lowengrub K, Musin E, et al. 12-month follow-up study of drug treatment in pathological gamblers: a primary outcome study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:620-624. This study compared the 12-month treatment outcome of fluvoxamine, naltrexone, topiramate and bupropion SR using clinical data collected in previous studies. However, this study is suspect because it did not include placebo-controlled groups.
    • Dannon PN, Lowengrub K, Musin E, et al. 12-month follow-up study of drug treatment in pathological gamblers: a primary outcome study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:620-624. This study compared the 12-month treatment outcome of fluvoxamine, naltrexone, topiramate and bupropion SR using clinical data collected in previous studies. However, this study is suspect because it did not include placebo-controlled groups.
  • 33
    • 34548150512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: A pilot study
    • This is the first study using a glutamate-modulating agent (N-acetyl cysteine) to treat pathological gambling. Individuals showed a significant reduction in gambling urges and behaviors after the treatment
    • Grant JE, Kim SW, Odlaug BL. N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:652-657. This is the first study using a glutamate-modulating agent (N-acetyl cysteine) to treat pathological gambling. Individuals showed a significant reduction in gambling urges and behaviors after the treatment.
    • (2007) Biol Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 652-657
    • Grant, J.E.1    Kim, S.W.2    Odlaug, B.L.3
  • 34
    • 0347318190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphetamine primes motivation to gamble and gambling-related semantic networks in problem gamblers
    • Zack M, Poulos CX. Amphetamine primes motivation to gamble and gambling-related semantic networks in problem gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:195-207.
    • (2004) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.29 , pp. 195-207
    • Zack, M.1    Poulos, C.X.2
  • 35
    • 34447513956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A D2 antagonist enhances the rewarding and priming effects of a gambling episode in pathological gamblers
    • Zack M, Poulos CX. A D2 antagonist enhances the rewarding and priming effects of a gambling episode in pathological gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1678-1686.
    • (2007) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.32 , pp. 1678-1686
    • Zack, M.1    Poulos, C.X.2
  • 36
    • 67651149760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the atypical stimulant modafinil on a brief gambling episode in pathological gamblers with high vs. low impulsivity
    • study showed the differentiated effects of modafinil (an atypical stimulant) on pathological gamblers with high vs. low impulsivity, DOI: 10.1177/0269881108091072. This
    • Zack M, Poulos CX. Effects of the atypical stimulant modafinil on a brief gambling episode in pathological gamblers with high vs. low impulsivity. J Psychopharmacol 2008; DOI: 10.1177/0269881108091072. This study showed the differentiated effects of modafinil (an atypical stimulant) on pathological gamblers with high vs. low impulsivity.
    • J Psychopharmacol , vol.2008
    • Zack, M.1    Poulos, C.X.2
  • 37
    • 33746388875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gamblers
    • Petry NM, Ammerman Y, Bohl J, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gamblers. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:555-567.
    • (2006) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.74 , pp. 555-567
    • Petry, N.M.1    Ammerman, Y.2    Bohl, J.3
  • 38
    • 0345097502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of pathological gambling: A critical review of the literature
    • Toneatto T, Ladoceur R. Treatment of pathological gambling: a critical review of the literature. Psychol Addict Behav 2003; 17:284-292.
    • (2003) Psychol Addict Behav , vol.17 , pp. 284-292
    • Toneatto, T.1    Ladoceur, R.2
  • 39
    • 42049104739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of brief interventions for problem and pathological gamblers
    • This study found that brief interventions were more effective than the motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and the treatment using both MET and cognitive-ehavioral therapy
    • Petry NM, Weinstock J, Ledgerwood DM, Morasco B. A randomized trial of brief interventions for problem and pathological gamblers. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76:318-328. This study found that brief interventions were more effective than the motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and the treatment using both MET and cognitive-ehavioral therapy.
    • (2008) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.76 , pp. 318-328
    • Petry, N.M.1    Weinstock, J.2    Ledgerwood, D.M.3    Morasco, B.4
  • 40
    • 34447130880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do coping skills mediate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral therapy and reductions in gambling in pathological gamblers?
    • This study showed that the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of pathological gambling might be mediated by the changes in coping skills
    • Petry NM, Litt MD, Kadden R, Ledgerwood DM. Do coping skills mediate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral therapy and reductions in gambling in pathological gamblers? Addiction 2007; 102:1280-1291. This study showed that the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of pathological gambling might be mediated by the changes in coping skills.
    • (2007) Addiction , vol.102 , pp. 1280-1291
    • Petry, N.M.1    Litt, M.D.2    Kadden, R.3    Ledgerwood, D.M.4
  • 41
    • 34547668498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of individual and group cognitive-behavioural treatment for female pathological gambling
    • Dowling N, Smith D, Thomas T. A comparison of individual and group cognitive-behavioural treatment for female pathological gambling. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:2192-2202.
    • (2007) Behav Res Ther , vol.45 , pp. 2192-2202
    • Dowling, N.1    Smith, D.2    Thomas, T.3
  • 42
    • 46849102155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of community-based treatment for problem gambling: A quasi-experimental evaluation of cognitive-behavioral vs. twelve-step therapy
    • Toneatto T, Dragonetti R. Effectiveness of community-based treatment for problem gambling: a quasi-experimental evaluation of cognitive-behavioral vs. twelve-step therapy. Am J Addict 2008; 17:298-303.
    • (2008) Am J Addict , vol.17 , pp. 298-303
    • Toneatto, T.1    Dragonetti, R.2
  • 43
    • 37749035538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure therapy for problem gambling via videoconferencing: A case report
    • This case study reported the use of videoconferencing in delivering ongoing supervision or treatment to a female pathological gambler over a follow-up period of 4 years
    • Oakes J, Battersby MW, Pols RG, Cromarty P. Exposure therapy for problem gambling via videoconferencing: a case report. J Gambl Stud 2008; 24:107-118. This case study reported the use of videoconferencing in delivering ongoing supervision or treatment to a female pathological gambler over a follow-up period of 4 years.
    • (2008) J Gambl Stud , vol.24 , pp. 107-118
    • Oakes, J.1    Battersby, M.W.2    Pols, R.G.3    Cromarty, P.4
  • 45
    • 57749195443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bringing torn lives together again
    • This paper reported the positive treatment outcomes of pathological gambling using a modified family therapy approach. However, the study did not include a control group and the results may be biased
    • Lee BK, Rovers M, 'Bringing torn lives together again': effects of the first congruence couple therapy training application to clients in pathological gambling. Int Gambl Studies 2008; 8:113-129. This paper reported the positive treatment outcomes of pathological gambling using a modified family therapy approach. However, the study did not include a control group and the results may be biased.
    • (2008) effects of the first congruence couple therapy training application to clients in pathological gambling. Int Gambl Studies , vol.8 , pp. 113-129
    • Lee, B.K.1    Rovers, M.2
  • 46
    • 26644458576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of psychological treatments of pathological gambling: A review and meta-analysis
    • Pallesen S, Mitsem M, Kvale G, et al. Outcome of psychological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2005; 100:1412-1422.
    • (2005) Addiction , vol.100 , pp. 1412-1422
    • Pallesen, S.1    Mitsem, M.2    Kvale, G.3
  • 47
    • 34447539851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pallesen S, Molde H, Amestad HM, et al. Outcome of pharmacological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:357-364. This study found that pharmacological treatments were more effective than no treatment/placebo in a meta-analysis involving 16 pharmacological treatment studies.
    • Pallesen S, Molde H, Amestad HM, et al. Outcome of pharmacological treatments of pathological gambling: a review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:357-364. This study found that pharmacological treatments were more effective than no treatment/placebo in a meta-analysis involving 16 pharmacological treatment studies.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.