Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Association Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Five Immigrant Groups

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1167-1175

  Kim, Il Ho ^a   Noh, Samuel ^a,b  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Depressive symptoms; Discrimination; Ethnicity; Gender; Immigrant health

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; ETHIOPIA; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAN; IRELAND; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRANT; ONTARIO; PSYCHOLOGY; RACISM; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOUTH KOREA; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY; VIET NAM; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSION; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; ETHIOPIA; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAN; IRELAND; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ONTARIO; RACISM; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; SEX FACTORS; VIETNAM; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84912032007     PISSN: 15571912     EISSN: 15571920     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9969-3     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335–51.
2. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20–47.
3. Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):200–8.
4. Dressler WW, Oths KS, Gravlee CC. Race and ethnicity in public health research: models to explain health disparities. Annu Rev Anthropol. 2005;34:231–52.
5. Cokley K, Hall-Clark B, Hicks D. Ethnic minority-majority status and mental health: the mediating role of perceived discrimination. J Ment Health Couns. 2011;33(3):243–63.
6. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):208–30.
7. Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):888–901.
8. Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, et al. Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African women in Detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1265–70.
9. Smith ER, Ho C. Prejudice as intergroup emotion. In: Walker I, Smith HJ, editors. Relative deprivation: specification, development and integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 332–48.
10. Jackman M. The velvet glove: paternalism and conflict in gender, class and race relations. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1994.
11. Jackson JS, Williams DR, Torres M. Perceptions of discrimination: the stress process and physical and psychological health. Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health; 1998.
12. Dressler W. Health in the African-American community: accounting for health inequalities. Med Anthropol Q. 1993;7(4):325–45.
13. Banks KH, Kohn-Wood LP, Spencer M. An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Ment Health J. 2006;42(6):555–70.
14. Araújo BY, Borrell LN. Understanding the link between discrimination, mental health outcomes, and life changes among Latinos. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2006;28:246–66.
15. Flores E, Tschann JM, Dimas JM, et al. Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2008;30(4):401–24.
16. Finch BK, Kolody B, Vega WA. Perceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-origin adults in California. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41(3):295–313.
17. Hahm HC, Ozonoff A, Gaumond J, Sue S. Perceived discrimination and health outcomes: a gender comparison among Asian-Americans nationwide. Women’s Health Issues. 2010;20(5):350–8.
18. Gee G, Spencer M, Chen J, et al. The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(10):1984–96.
19. Noh S, Beiser M, Kaspar V, et al. Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:193–207.
20. Noh S, Kaspar V. Diversity and immigrant health. In: Anisef P, Lanphier M, editors. The world in a city. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2003. p. 316–53.
21. Noh S, Kaspar V. Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):232–8.
22. Breton R. The structure of relationships between ethnic collectivities. In: Driedger L, editor. The Canadian ethnic mosaic: a quest for identity. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart; 1978. p. 55–73.
23. Wortley S. Justice for all? Race and perceptions of bias in the Ontario criminal justice system—a Toronto survey. Can J Criminol. 1996;38(4):439–67.
24. Caselli F, Coleman WJ: On the theory of ethnic conflict. London, England: Centre for Economic Performance CEP Discussion Paper No. 732; 2006.
25. Allen W, Telles E, Hunter M. Skin color, income and education: a comparison of African Americans and Mexican Americans. Natl J Sociol. 2000;12(1):129–80.
26. Hersch J. The persistence of skin color discrimination for immigrants. Soc Sci Res. 2011;40(5):1337–49.
27. Turner RJ, Avison WR. Status variations in stress exposure: implications for the interpretation of research on race, socioeconomic status, and gender. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44(4):488–505.
28. Satterfield T, Mertz CK, Slovic P. Discrimination, vulnerability, and justice in the face of risk. Risk Anal. 2004;24(1):115–29.
29. Byrd DR. Race/ethnicity and self-reported levels of discrimination and psychological distress, California, 2005. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E156.
30. Craig MA, Richeson JA. Coalition or derogation? How perceived discrimination influences intraminority intergroup relations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2012;102(4):759–77.
31. Krieger N, Rowley DL, Herman AA, et al. Racism, sexism and social class: implications for studies of health, disease and well-being? Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(6 Suppl):82–122.
32. Taylor DM, Wright SC, Moghaddam FM, Lalonde RN. The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target for discrimination. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1990;16(2):254–62.
33. Krieger N, Sidney S, Coakley E. Racial discrimination and skin color in the CARDIA study: implications for public health research. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(9):1308–13.
34. Kessler RC, McLeod JD. Sex differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. Am Sociol Rev. 1984;49(5):620–31.
35. Pedraza S. Women and migration: the social consequences of gender. Annu Rev Sociol. 1991;17:303–25.
36. Okazaki S. Teaching gender issues in Asian American psychology. Psychol Women Q. 1998;22(1):33–52.
37. Li Z. Hicks MH: the CES-D in Chinese American women: construct validity, diagnostic validity for major depression, and cultural response bias. Psychiatry Res. 2010;175:227–32.
38. Noh S, Avison WR, Kaspar V. Depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants: assessment of a translation of the centre for epidemiologic studies—depression scale. Psychol Assess. 1992;4(1):84–91.
39. Lin N. Measuring depressive symptomatology in China. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177(3):121–31.
40. Noh S, Kaspar V, Chen X. Measuring depression in Asian populations: assessing validity of the translated version of CES-D Scale. Cross-Cult Res. 1998;32(4):358–77.
41. Williams DR, Gonzalez HM, Williams S, et al. Perceived discrimination, race and health in South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:441–52.
42. Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, et al. Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(6):1428–41.
43. Crosby F. The denial of personal discrimination. Am Behav Sci. 1984;27(3):371–86.
44. Dion K, Kawakami K. Ethnicity and perceived discrimination in Toronto: another look at the personal/group discrimination discrepancy. Can J Behav Sci. 1996;28(3):203–13.
45. Sethi S, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Gender differences in internal and external focusing among adolescents. Sex Roles. 1997;37(9/10):687–700.
46. Boyd M. At a disadvantage: the occupational attainments of foreign born women in Canada. Int Migr Rev. 1984;18(4):1091–119.
47. Rosenfield S. Sex differences in depression: do women always have higher rates? J Health Soc Behav. 1980;21(1):33–42.
48. Gellis ZD. Kin and nonkin social supports in a community sample of Vietnamese immigrants. Soc Work. 2003;48(2):248–58.
49. Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, et al. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(7):1576–96.
50. Fenta H, Hyman I, Noh S. Determinants of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(5):363–72.
51. McSpadden LA, Moussa H. I have a name: the gender dynamics in asylum and in resettlement of Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in North America. J Refug Stud. 1993;6(3):203–25.
52. Bécares L, Nazroo J, Stafford M. The buffering effects of ethnic density on experienced racism and health. Health Place. 2009;15(3):670–8.