Recommendations for prostate cancer survivorship care: An update to the 2009 michigan cancer consortium guidelines for the primary care management of prostate cancer post-treatment sequelae

Journal of Men's Health

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 95-107

  Skolarus, Ted A ^a,b   Wittmann, Daniela ^a,c   Northouse, Laurel ^c   An, Lawrence C ^a,c,d   Olson, Karin B ^c   Rew, Karl T ^a,c   Jimbo, Masahito ^a,c   Heidelbaugh, Joel J ^a,c   Phillips, Julie ^e   Holmes Rovner, Margaret ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^e MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer survivorship; Care coordination; Guidelines; Primary care; Self management

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; DENOSUMAB; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; BREAST DISEASE; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURVIVOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEFECATION URGENCY; DEPRESSION; DYSURIA; ENTEROPATHY; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FATIGUE; FECES INCONTINENCE; FRACTURE; GYNECOMASTIA; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEMATURIA; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; LIBIDO DISORDER; MALE; NIPPLE TENDERNESS; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PROCTITIS; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; RECTUM HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; SELF CARE; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; URINARY FREQUENCY; URINARY URGENCY; URINE INCONTINENCE;

EID: 84911490852     PISSN: 18756867     EISSN: 18756859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jomh.2014.0026     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Available at www.seer .cancer.gov Last accessed June 3, 2014.
2. Sanda MG, Dunn RL, Michalski J, et al. Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1250-1261.
3. Skolarus TA, Miller DC, Zhang Y, Hollingsworth JM, Hollenbeck BK. The delivery of prostate cancer care in the United States: implications for delivery system reform. J Urol 2010;184:2279-2284.
4. Skolarus TA, Holmes-Rovner M, Northouse LL, et al. Primary care perspectives on prostate cancer survivorship: Implications for improving quality of care. Urol Oncol 2013;31:727-732.
5. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2005.
6. Michigan Cancer Consortium Prostate Cancer Action Committee. Guidelines for primary care management of prostate cancer post-treatment sequelae. Available at www .prostatecancerdecision.org Last accessed June 3, 2014.
7. Szymanski KM, Wei JT, Dunn RL, Sanda MG. Development and validation of an abbreviated version of the expanded prostate cancer index composite instrument for measuring health-related quality of life among prostate cancer survivors. Urology 2010;76:1245-1250.
8. Chang P, Szymanski KM, Dunn RL, et al. Expanded prostate cancer index composite for clinical practice: development and validation of a practical health related quality of life instrument for use in the routine clinical care of patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 2011;186: 865-872.
9. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology™ Prostate Cancer, Version 2.2014. Copyright National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. Available at www.nccn .org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf Last accessed June 3, 2014.
10. Cookson MS, Aus G, Burnett AL, et al. Variation in the definition of biochemical recurrence in patients treated for localized prostate cancer: the American Urological Association Prostate Guidelines for Localized Prostate Cancer Update Panel report and recommendations for a standard in the reporting of surgical outcomes. J Urol 2007;177:540-545.
11. American Urological Association. PSA Testing for the pretreatment staging and posttreatment management of prostate cancer: 2013 revision of 2009 Best Practice Statement. Available at www.auanet.org/common/pdf/ education/clinical-guidance/Prostate-Specific-Antigen.pdf Last accessed June 3, 2014.
12. Thompson I, Thrasher JB, Aus G, et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 Update. J Urol 2007;177:2106-2131.
13. Roach M, 3rd, Hanks G, Thames H, Jr., et al. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: Recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65:965-974.
14. Ray ME, Thames HD, Levy LB, et al. PSA nadir predicts biochemical and distant failures after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a multi-institutional analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;64:1140-1150.
15. Nishiyama T. Serum testosterone levels after medical or surgical androgen deprivation: A comprehensive review of the literature. Urol Oncol 2014;32:38.e17-28.
16. Miller DC, Sanda MG, Dunn RL, et al. Long-term outcomes among localized prostate cancer survivors: Healthrelated quality-of-life changes after radical prostatectomy, external radiation, and brachytherapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:2772-2780.
17. Michaelson MD, Cotter S, Gargollo P, Zietman A, Dahl D, Smith M. Management of complications of prostate cancer treatment. CA 2008;58:196-213.
18. Zelefsky MJ, Yamada Y, Pei X, et al. Comparison of tumor control and toxicity outcomes of high-dose intensitymodulated radiotherapy and brachytherapy for patients with favorable risk prostate cancer. Urology 2011;77:986- 990.
19. Keyes M, Miller S, Moravan V, et al. Predictive factors for acute and late urinary toxicity after permanent prostate brachytherapy: long-term outcome in 712 consecutive patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;73:1023- 1032.
20. Kao TC, Cruess DF, Garner D, et al. Multicenter patient self-reporting questionnaire on impotence, incontinence and stricture after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 2000;163: 858-864.
21. Ficarra V, Novara G, Artibani W, et al. Retropubic, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of comparative studies. Eur Urol 2009;55:1037-1063.
22. Goode PS, Burgio KL, Johnson TM, 2nd, et al. Behavioral therapy with or without biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation for persistent postprostatectomy incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011; 305:151-159.
23. Bauer RM, Bastian PJ, Gozzi C, Stief CG. Postprostatectomy incontinence: All about diagnosis and management. Eur Urol 2009;55:322-333.
24. Hunsballe JM, Djurhuus JC. Clinical options for imipramine in the management of urinary incontinence. Urol Res 2001;29:118-125.
25. O'Neil BB, Presson A, Gannon J, et al. Climacturia after definitive treatment of prostate cancer. J Urol 2014;191: 159-163.
26. Miller DC, Wei JT, Dunn RL, et al. Use of medications or devices for erectile dysfunction among long-term prostate cancer treatment survivors: Potential influence of sexual motivation and/or indifference. Urology 2006;68: 166-171.
27. Gulley JL, Aragon-Ching JB, Steinberg SM, et al. Kinetics of serum androgen normalization and factors associated with testosterone reserve after limited androgen deprivation therapy for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Urol 2008;180:1432-1437.
28. Ng E, Woo HH, Turner S, Leong E, Jackson M, Spry N. The influence of testosterone suppression and recovery on sexual function in men with prostate cancer: Observations from a prospective study in men undergoing intermittent androgen suppression. J Urol 2012;187:2162-2166.
29. Cappelleri JC, Rosen RC. The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM): A 5-year review of research and clinical experience. Int J Impot Res 2005;17:307-319.
30. Litwin MS, Hays RD, Fink A, Ganz PA, Leake B, Brook RH. The UCLA Prostate Cancer Index: development, reliability, and validity of a health-related quality of life measure. Med Care 1998;36:1002-1012.
31. Latini DM, Hart SL, Coon DW, Knight SJ. Sexual rehabilitation after localized prostate cancer: current interventions and future directions. Cancer J 2009;15:34-40.
32. Adler N, Page NEK, eds. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Cancer care for the whole patient: Meeting psychosocial health needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008.
33. Hedestig O, Sandman PO, Tomic R, Widmark A. Living after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer: A qualitative analysis of patient narratives. Acta Oncol 2005;44:679-686.
34. Hedestig O, Sandman PO, Tomic R, Widmark A. Living after external beam radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer: A qualitative analysis of patient narratives. Cancer Nurs 2005;28:310-317.
35. Katz A. Quality of life for men with prostate cancer. Cancer Nurs 2007;30:302-308.
36. Couper J, Bloch S, Love A, Macvean M, Duchesne GM, Kissane D. Psychosocial adjustment of female partners of men with prostate cancer: A review of the literature. Psychooncology 2006;15:937-953.
37. Couper JW, Bloch S, Love A, Duchesne G, Macvean M, Kissane DW. The psychosocial impact of prostate cancer on patients and their partners. Med J Aust 2006;185:428- 432.
38. Boehmer U, Clark JA. Communication about prostate cancer between men and their wives. J Fam Pract 2001;50: 226-231.
39. Wootten AC, Burney S, Foroudi F, Frydenberg M, Coleman G, Ng KT. Psychological adjustment of survivors of localised prostate cancer: investigating the role of dyadic adjustment, cognitive appraisal and coping style. Psychooncology 2007;16:994-1002.
40. Montorsi F, Adaikan G, Becher E, et al. Summary of the recommendations on sexual dysfunctions in men. J Sex Med 2010;7:3572-3588.
41. Mazzola C, Mulhall JP. Penile rehabilitation after prostate cancer treatment: Outcomes and practical algorithm. Urol Clin North Am 2011;38:105-118.
42. Raina R, Pahlajani G, Agarwal A, Zippe CD. The early use of transurethral alprostadil after radical prostatectomy potentially facilitates an earlier return of erectile function and successful sexual activity. BJU Int 2007;100:1317-1321.
43. National Cancer Institute. Sexuality and Reproductive Issues (PDQ®). Available at http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/ pdq/supportivecare/sexuality/patient Last accessed June 3, 2014.
44. American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT) Available at www.aasect.org Last accessed June 3, 2014.
45. Haboubi NY, Schofield PF, Rowland PL. The light and electron microscopic features of early and late phase radiation-induced proctitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83: 1140-1144.
46. Choe KS, Jani AB, Liauw SL. External beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer patients on anticoagulation therapy: How significant is the bleeding toxicity? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:755-760.
47. Hasleton PS, Carr N, Schofield PF. Vascular changes in radiation bowel disease. Histopathology 1985;9:517-534.
48. Odrazka K, Dolezel M, Vanasek J, et al. Time course of late rectal toxicity after radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010;13:138-143.
49. Zelefsky MJ, Levin EJ, Hunt M, et al. Incidence of late rectal and urinary toxicities after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:1124-1129.
50. Sheets NC, Goldin GH, Meyer AM, et al. Intensitymodulated radiation therapy, proton therapy, or conformal radiation therapy and morbidity and disease control in localized prostate cancer. JAMA 2012;307:1611-1620.
51. Fellin G, Fiorino C, Rancati T, et al. Clinical and dosimetric predictors of late rectal toxicity after conformal radiation for localized prostate cancer: Results of a large multicenter observational study. Radiother Oncol 2009; 93:197-202.
52. Vavassori V, Fiorino C, Rancati T, et al. Predictors for rectal and intestinal acute toxicities during prostate cancer high-dose 3D-CRT: Results of a prospective multicenter study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;67:1401-1410.
53. Skwarchuk MW, Jackson A, Zelefsky MJ, et al. Late rectal toxicity after conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer (I): Multivariate analysis and dose-response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:103-113.
54. Valdagni R, Vavassori V, Rancati T, et al. Increasing the risk of late rectal bleeding after high-dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer: the case of previous abdominal surgery. Results from a prospective trial. Radiother Oncol 2012; 103:252-255.
55. Peeters ST, Heemsbergen WD, van Putten WL, et al. Acute and late complications after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Results of a multicenter randomized trial comparing 68 Gy to 78 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;61:1019-1034.
56. Willett CG, Ooi CJ, Zietman AL, et al. Acute and late toxicity of patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing irradiation for abdominal and pelvic neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46:995-998.
57. Cheung R, Tucker SL, Ye JS, et al. Characterization of rectal normal tissue complication probability after highdose external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;58:1513-1519.
58. Hamstra DA, Stenmark M, Ritter T, et al. Age and comorbid illness are associated with late rectal toxicity following dose-escalated radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013 Apr 1;85:1246-1253.
59. Kushwaha RS, Hayne D, Vaizey CJ, Wrightham E, Payne H, Boulos PB. Physiologic changes of the anorectum after pelvic radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate and bladder cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1182-1188.
60. Yeoh EE, Holloway RH, Fraser RJ, et al. Anorectal dysfunction increases with time following radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:361-369.
61. Sato Y, Takayama T, Sagawa T, et al. Argon plasma coagulation treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctopathy: The optimal settings for application and long-term outcome. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:543-549.
62. de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1995-2005.
63. Levine GN, D'Amico AV, Berger P, et al. Androgendeprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 2010;60: 194-201.
64. Keating NL, O'Malley A, Freedland SJ, Smith MR. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy: observational study of veterans with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:1518-1523.
65. Saylor PJ, Keating NL, Freedland SJ, Smith MR. Gonadotropin- releasing hormone agonists and the risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in men with prostate cancer. Drugs 2011;71:255-261.
66. Braga-Basaria M, Dobs AS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome in men with prostate cancer undergoing longterm androgen-deprivation therapy. J Clin Oncol 2006;24: 3979-3983.
67. Autorino R, Perdona S, D'Armiento M, et al. Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: Update on treatment options. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006;9:109-114.
68. Chen AC, Petrylak DP. Complications of androgendeprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep 2005;6:210-216.
69. Saylor PJ, Lee RJ, Smith MR. Emerging therapies to prevent skeletal morbidity in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3705-3714.
70. Saylor PJ, Keating NL, Smith MR. Prostate cancer survivorship: prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24:S389-394.
71. Saylor PJ, Smith MR. Bone health and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2010 Mar;13:20-27.
72. Greenspan SL, Nelson JB, Trump DL, Resnick NM. Effect of once-weekly oral alendronate on bone loss in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:416-424.
73. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;352:154-164.
74. Saad F, Abrahamsson PA, Miller K. Preserving bone health in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: The role of bisphosphonates. BJU Int 2009;104:1573-1579.
75. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1458-1468.
76. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernandez Toriz N, et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2009;361:745-755.
77. Lee RJ, Saylor PJ, Smith MR. Treatment and prevention of bone complications from prostate cancer. Bone 2011; 48:88-95.
78. Kouriefs C, Georgiou M, Ravi R. Hot flushes and prostate cancer: Pathogenesis and treatment. BJU Int 2002;89: 379-383.
79. McLeod DG, Iversen P. Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: A review of treatment options. Urology 2000;56:713-720.
80. FRAX® WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool. Available at www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/index.aspx Last accessed June 3, 2014.
81. Neuwahl S, Thompson K, Fraher E, Ricketts T. HPRI data tracks. Urology workforce trends. Bull Am Coll Surg 2012;97:46-49.
82. Mao JJ, Bowman MA, Stricker CT, et al. Delivery of survivorship care by primary care physicians: The perspective of breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2009;27: 933-938.
83. Salsberg ES, Forte GJ. Trends in the physician workforce, 1980-2000. Health Aff (Millwood) 2002;21:165-173.
84. Cheung WY, Neville BA, Cameron DB, Cook EF, Earle CC. Comparisons of patient and physician expectations for cancer survivorship care. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2489- 2495.
85. Del Giudice ME, Grunfeld E, Harvey BJ, Piliotis E, Verma S. Primary care physicians' views of routine follow-up care of cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3338-3345.
86. Grunfeld E. Looking beyond survival: how are we looking at survivorship? J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5166-5169.
87. Grunfeld E, Levine MN, Julian JA, et al. Randomized trial of long-term follow-up for early-stage breast cancer: A comparison of family physician versus specialist care. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:848-855.
88. Horning SJ. Follow-up of adult cancer survivors: new paradigms for survivorship care planning. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008;22:201-210, v.
89. Snyder CF, Earle CC, Herbert RJ, Neville BA, Blackford AL, Frick KD. Trends in follow-up and preventive care for colorectal cancer survivors. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23: 254-259.
90. Snyder CF, Frick KD, Kantsiper ME, et al. Prevention, screening, and surveillance care for breast cancer survivors compared with controls: Changes from 1998 to 2002. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1054-1061.
91. Loeb S, Feng Z, Ross A, Trock BJ, Humphreys EB, Walsh PC. Can we stop prostate specific antigen testing 10 years after radical prostatectomy? J Urol 2011;186:500-505.
92. Bennett AV, Jensen RE, Basch E. Electronic patientreported outcome systems in oncology clinical practice. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:337-347.
93. Skolarus TA, Holmes-Rovner M, Hawley ST, et al. Monitoring quality of life among prostate cancer survivors: the feasibility of automated telephone assessment. Urology 2012;80:1021-1026.
94. Hassouna MM, Heaton JP. Prostate cancer: 8. Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. CMAJ 1999;160: 78-86.
95. Filocamo MT, Li Marzi V, Del Popolo G, et al. Effectiveness of early pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment for postprostatectomy incontinence. Eur Urol 2005;48:734-738.
96. Grise P, Thurman S. Urinary incontinence following treatment of localized prostate cancer. Cancer Control 2001;8: 532-539.
97. Van Kampen M, De Weerdt W, Van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Feys H, Baert L. Effect of pelvic-floor re-education on duration and degree of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355: 98-102.
98. Moore KN, Schieman S, Ackerman T, Dzus HY, Metcalfe JB, Voaklander DC. Assessing comfort, safety, and patient satisfaction with three commonly used penile compression devices. Urology 2004;63:150-154.
99. Aboseif SR, O'Connell HE, Usui A, McGuire EJ. Collagen injection for intrinsic sphincteric deficiency in men. J Urol 1996;155:10-13.
100. Smith DN, Appell RA, Rackley RR, Winters JC. Collagen injection therapy for post-prostatectomy incontinence. J Urol 1998;160:364-367.
101. Litwiller SE, Kim KB, Fone PD, White RW, Stone AR. Post-prostatectomy incontinence and the artificial urinary sphincter: A long-term study of patient satisfaction and criteria for success. J Urol 1996;156:1975-1980.
102. Venn SN, Greenwell TJ, Mundy AR. The long-term outcome of artificial urinary sphincters. J Urol 2000;164(3 Pt 1):702-706; discussion 706-707.
103. Stern JA, Clemens JQ, Tiplitsky SI, Matschke HM, Jain PM, Schaeffer AJ. Long-term results of the bulbourethral sling procedure. J Urol 2005;173:1654-6.
104. Comiter CV. The male perineal sling: intermediate-term results. Neurourol Urodyn 2005;24:648-653.
105. Zippe CD, Jhaveri FM, Klein EA, et al. Role of Viagra after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2000;55:241-245.
106. Meuleman EJ, Mulders PF. Erectile function after radical prostatectomy: A review. Eur Urol 2003;43:95-101; discussion 101-102.
107. Urciuoli R, Cantisani TA, Carlini M, Giuglietti M, Botti FM. Prostaglandin E1 for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:CD001784.
108. Baniel J, Israilov S, Segenreich E, Livne PM. Comparative evaluation of treatments for erectile dysfunction in patients with prostate cancer after radical retropubic prostatectomy. BJU Int 2001;88:58-62.
109. Vale J. Erectile dysfunction following radical therapy for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2000;57:301-305.
110. Carson CC, Mulcahy JJ, Govier FE. Efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction outcomes of the AMS 700CX inflatable penile prosthesis: results of a long-term multicenter study. AMS 700CX Study Group. J Urol 2000;164:376-380.
111. Larson DW, Chrouser K, Young-Fadok T, Nelson H. Rectal complications after modern radiation for prostate cancer: a colorectal surgical challenge. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:461-466.
112. Loprinzi CL, Barton DL, Carpenter LA, et al. Pilot evaluation of paroxetine for treating hot flashes in men. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1247-1251.
113. Moraska AR, Atherton PJ, Szydlo DW, et al. Gabapentin for the management of hot flashes in prostate cancer survivors: a longitudinal continuation Study-NCCTG Trial N00CB. J Support Oncol 2010;8:128-132.
114. Filshie J, Bolton T, Browne D, Ashley S. Acupuncture and self acupuncture for long-term treatment of vasomotor symptoms in cancer patients-audit and treatment algorithm. Acupunct Med 2005;23:171-180.
115. Hammar M, Frisk J, Grimas O, Hook M, Spetz AC, Wyon Y. Acupuncture treatment of vasomotor symptoms in men with prostatic carcinoma: a pilot study. J Urol 1999;161: 853-856.
116. McLeod N, Huynh CC, Rashid P. Osteoporosis from androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer treatment. Aust Fam Physician 2006;35:243-245.
117. Diamond TH, Bucci J, Kersley JH, Aslan P, Lynch WB, Bryant C. Osteoporosis and spinal fractures in men with prostate cancer: Risk factors and effects of androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2004;172:529-532.
118. Lipton A, Small E, Saad F, et al. The new bisphosphonate, Zometa (zoledronic acid), decreases skeletal complications in both osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions: A comparison to pamidronate. Cancer Invest 2002;20 Suppl 2:45-54.