Serum testosterone levels after medical or surgical androgen deprivation: A comprehensive review of the literature

Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 38.e17-38.e28

  Nishiyama, Tsutomu ^a  

^a NIIGATA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL AND DENTAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

Author keywords

Androgen deprivation therapy; Androgen metabolism; Prostate cancer; Serum testosterone

Indexed keywords

GONADORELIN AGONIST; GONADORELIN ANTAGONIST; TESTOSTERONE;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANDROGEN SYNTHESIS; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER INHIBITION; CASTRATION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANDROGEN METABOLISM; PROSTATE CANCER; SERUM TESTOSTERONE;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANDROGENS; ANDROSTENOLS; HUMANS; MALE; ORCHIECTOMY; PHENYLTHIOHYDANTOIN; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 84890799580     PISSN: 10781439     EISSN: 18732496     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.03.007     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Huggins C., Hodges C.V. Studies on prostatic cancer, effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1941, 1:293-297.
2. Crawford E.D., Eisenberger M.A., McLeod D.G., Spaulding J.T., Benson R., Dorr F.A., et al. A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1989, 321:419-424.
3. Dijkman G.A., Janknegt R.A., De Reijke T.M., Debruyne F.M. Long-term efficacy and safety of nilutamide plus castration in advanced stage prostate cancer, and the significance of early prostate specific antigen normalization. J Urol 1997, 158:160-163.
4. Eisenberger M.A., Blumenstein B.A., Crawford E.D., Miller G., McLeod D.G., Loehrer P.J., et al. Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1036-1042.
5. Hussain M., Goldman B., Tangen C., Higano C.S., Petrylak D.P., Wilding G., et al. Prostate-specific antigen progression predicts overall survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer: data from Southwest Oncology Group Trials 9346 (Intergroup Study 0162) and 9916. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(15):2450-2456.
6. Lin B.J., Chen K.K., Chen M.T., Chang L.S. The time for serum testosterone to reach castrate level after bilateral orchiectomy or oral estrogen in the management of metastatic prostatic cancer. Urology 1994, 43:834-837.
7. Crawford E.D., Rove K.O. Incomplete testosterone suppression in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1976.
8. Oefelein M.G., Cornum R. Failure to achieve castrate levels of testosterone during luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist therapy: the case for monitoring serum testosterone and a treatment decision algorithm. J Urol 2000, 164(3 Pt 1):726-729.
9. de Bono J.S., Logothetis C.J., Molina A., Fizazi K., North S., Chu L., et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:1995-2005.
10. Scher H.I., Fizazi K., Saad F., Taplin M.E., Sternberg C.N., Miller K., et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:1187-1197.
11. Rommerts F.F.G. Testosterone: overview of biosynthesis, transport, metabolism and non-genomic actions. Testosterone 2004, 1-38. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press; 2004. E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre, S. Niechlag (Eds.).
12. Haider S.G. Cell biology of Leydig cells in the testis. Int Rev Cytol 2004, 233:181-241.
13. Mooradian A.D., Morley J.E., Korenman S.G. Biological actions of androgens. Endocr Rev 1987, 8:1-28.
14. Bassil N., Alkaade S., Morley J.E. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009, 5:427-448.
15. Tuck S.P., Francis R.M. Testosterone bone and osteoporosis. Front Horm Res 2009, 37:123-132.
16. Midzak A.S., Chen H., Papadopoulos V., Zirkin B.R. Leydig cell aging and the mechanisms of reduced testosterone synthesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009, 299:23-31.
17. Winters S.J., Clark B.J. Testosterone synthesis, transport, and metabolism. Androgens in Health and Disease 2003, 3-22. Humana Press. C.J. Bagatell, W.J. Bremner (Eds.).
18. Gilep A.A., Sushko T.A., Usanov S.A. At the crossroads of steroid hormone biosynthesis: the role, substrate specificity and evolutionary development of CYP17. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011, 1814:200-209.
19. Akhtar M.K., Kelly S.L., Kaderbhai M.A. Cytochrome b(5) modulation of 17α hydroxylase and 17-20 lyase (CYP17) activities in steroidogenesis. J Endocrinol 2005, 187:267-274.
20. Rainey W.E., Nakamura Y. Regulation of the adrenal androgen biosynthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008, 108:281-286.
21. Nishiyama T., Ikarashi T., Hashimoto Y., Suzuki K., Takahashi K. Association between the dihydrotestosterone level in the prostate and prostate cancer aggressiveness using the Gleason score. J Urol 2006, 176(4 Pt 1):1387-1391.
22. Nishiyama T., Hashimoto Y., Takahashi K. The influence of androgen deprivation therapy on dihydrotestosterone levels in the prostatic tissue of patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:7121-7126.
23. Nishiyama T., Ikarashi T., Hashimoto Y., Wako K., Takahashi K. The change in the dihydrotestosterone level in the prostate before and after androgen deprivation therapy in connection with prostate cancer aggressiveness using the Gleason score. J Urol 2007, (4 Pt 1):1282-1288. [discussion 1288-9].
24. Takizawa I., Nishiyama T., Hara N., Isahaya E., Hoshii T., Takahashi K. Serum prostate-specific antigen levels reflect the androgen milieu in patients with localized prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: tumor malignant potential and androgen milieu. Prostate 2010, 70:1395-1401.
25. Takizawa I., Hara N., Nishiyama T., Isahaya E., Hoshii T., Takahashi K. Adrenocorticotropic hormone is involved in regulation of androgen synthesis in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2010, 184:1971-1976.
26. Arai S., Miyashiro Y., Shibata Y., Tomaru Y., Kobayashi M., Honma S., et al. Effect of castration monotherapy on the levels of adrenal androgens in cancerous prostatic tissues. Steroids 2011, 76:301-308.
27. Nishii M., Nomura M., Sekine Y., Koike H., Matsui H., Shibata Y., et al. Luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone agonist reduces serum adrenal androgen levels in prostate cancer patients: implications for the effect of LH on the adrenal glands. J Androl 2012, 33(6):1233-1238.
28. van der Sluis T.M., Bui H.N., Meuleman E.J., Heijboer A.C., Hartman J.F., van Adrichem N., et al. Lower testosterone levels with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist therapy than with surgical castration: new insights attained by mass spectrometry. J Urol 2012, 187:1601-1607.
29. Lam J.S., Leppert J.T., Vemulapalli S.N., Shvarts O., Belldegrun A.S. Secondary hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 2006, 175:27-34.
30. Mohler J.L., Gregory C.W., Ford O.H., Kim D., Weaver C.M., Petrusz P., et al. The androgen axis in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(2):440-448.
31. Montgomery R.B., Mostaghel E.A., Vessella R., Hess D.L., Kalhorn T.F., Higano C.S., et al. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res 2008, 68(11):4447-4454.
32. Locke J.A., Guns E.S., Lubik A.A., Adomat H.H., Hendy S.C., Wood C.A., et al. Androgen levels increase by intratumoral de novo steroidogenesis during progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008, 68:6407-6415.
33. Dillard P.R., Lin M.F., Khan S.A. Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells acquire the complete steroidogenic potential of synthesizing testosterone from cholesterol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008, 295:115-120.
34. Ishizaki F, Nishiyama T, Kawasaki T, Miyashiro Y, Hara N, Takizawa I, et al. Androgen deprivation promotes intratumoral synthesis of dihydrotestosterone from androgen metabolites in prostate cancer. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1528.
35. Attard G., Reid A.H., A'Hern R., Parker C., Oommen N.B., Folkerd E., et al. Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(23):3742-3748.
36. Hashimoto K., Masumori N., Hashimoto J., Takayanagi A., Fukuta F., Tsukamoto T. Serum testosterone level to predict the efficacy of sequential use of antiandrogens as second-line treatment following androgen deprivation monotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011, 41:405-410.
37. Rosner W., Auchus R.J., Azziz R., Sluss P.M., Raff H. Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:405-413.
38. Wang C., Catlin D.H., Demers L.M., Starcevic B., Swerdloff R.S. Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:534-543.
39. Heald A.H., Butterworth A., Kane J.W., Borzomato J., Taylor N.F., Layton T., et al. Investigation into possible causes of interference in serum testosterone measurement in women. Ann Clin Biochem 2006, 43(Pt 3):189-195.
40. Rosner W., Vesper H. CDC workshop report on improving steroid hormone measurements in patient care and research translation. Steroids 2008, 73:1285-1352.
41. Rosner W., Vesper H. Endocrine Society; American Association for Clinical Chemistry; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; Androgen Excess/PCOS Society; American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; American Society for Reproductive Medicine; American Urological Association; Association of Public Health Laboratories; Endocrine Society; Laboratory Corporation of America; North American Menopause Society; Pediatric Endocrine Society. Toward excellence in testosterone testing: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:4542-4548.
42. Kushnir M.M., Blamires T., Rockwood A.L., Roberts W.L., Yue B., Erdogan E., et al. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone with pediatric and adult reference intervals. Clin Chem 2010, 56:1138-1147.
43. Burger H.G., Kent J.R., Kellie A.E. Determination of testosterone in human peripheral and adrenal venous plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964, 24:432-441.
44. Oefelein M.G., Feng A., Scolieri M.J., Ricchiutti D., Resnick M.I. Reassessment of the definition of castrate levels of testosterone: implications for clinical decision making. Urology 2000, 56:1021-1024.
45. Parmar H., Edwards L., Phillips R.H., Allen L., Lightman S.L. Orchiectomy versus long-acting D-Trp-6-LHRH in advanced prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 1987, 59:248-254.
46. Kaisary A.V., Tyrrell C.J., Peeling W.B., Griffiths K. Comparison of LHRH analogue (Zoladex) with orchiectomy in patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Br J Urol 1991, 67:502-508.
47. Soloway M.S., Chodak G., Vogelzang N.J., Block N.L., Schellhammer P.F., Smith J.A., et al. Zoladex versus orchiectomy in treatment of advanced prostate cancer: a randomized trial. Zoladex Prostate Study Group. Urology 1991, 37:46-51.
48. Rohl H.F., Beuke H.P. Effect of orchidectomy on serum concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in patients with prostatic cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1992, 26:11-14.
49. Vogelzang N.J., Chodak G.W., Soloway M.S., Block N.L., Schellhammer P.F., Smith J.A., et al. Goserelin versus orchiectomy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: final results of a randomized trial. Zoladex Prostate Study Group. Urology 1995, 46:220-226.
50. Shahinian V.B., Kuo Y.F., Freeman J.L., Orihuela E., Goodwin J.S. Increasing use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2005, 103:1615-1624.
51. van Loenen A.C., Huirne J.A., Schats R., Hompes P.G., Lambalk C.B. GnRH agonists, antagonists, and assisted conception. Semin Reprod Med 2002, 20:349-364.
52. Tolis G., Ackman D., Stellos A., Mehta A., Labrie F., Fazekas A.T., et al. Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982, 79:1658-1662.
53. van Poppel H., Nilsson S. Testosterone surge: rationale for gonadotropin-releasing hormone blockers?. Urology 2008, 71:1001-1006.
54. Kuhn J.M., Billebaud T., Navratil H., Moulonguet A., Fiet J., Grise P., et al. Prevention of the transient adverse effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (buserelin) in metastatic prostatic carcinoma by administration of an antiandrogen (nilutamide). N Engl J Med 1989, 321:413-418.
55. Sugiono M., Winkler M.H., Okeke A.A., Benney M., Gillatt D.A. Bicalutamide vs cyproterone acetate in preventing flare with LHRH analogue therapy for prostate cancer-a pilot study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005, 8:91-94.
56. Labrie F., Belanger A., Luu-The V., Labrie C., Simard J., Cusan L., et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in the treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr Rev 2005, 26:361-379.
57. Dijkman G.A., Debruyne F.M., Fernandez del Moral P., Plasman J.W., Hoefakker J.W., Idema J.G., et al. Randomised trial comparing the safety and efficacy of the Zoladex 10.8-mg depot, administered every 12 weeks, to that of the Zoladex 3.6-mg depot, administered every 4 weeks, in patients with advanced prostate cancer. The Dutch South East Cooperative Urological Group. Eur Urol 1995, 27:43-46.
58. Fernandez del Moral P., Dijkman G.A., Debruyne F.M., Witjes W.P., Kolvenbag G.J. Three-month depot of goserelin acetate: clinical efficacy and endocrine profile. Dutch South East Cooperative Urological Group. Urology 1996, 48:894-900.
59. Debruyne F.M., Dijkman G.A., Lee D.C., Witjes W.P., del Moral F., Karthaus H.F., et al. A new long acting formulation of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue goserelin: results of studies in prostate cancer. J Urol 1996, 155:1352-1354.
60. Oefelein M.G. Time to normalization of serum testosterone after 3-month luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist administered in the neoadjuvant setting: implications for dosing schedule and neoadjuvant study consideration. J Urol 1998, 160:1685-1688.
61. Oefelein M.G. Serum testosterone-based luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist redosing schedule for chronic androgen ablation: a phase I assessment. Urology 1999, 54:694-699.
62. Sarosdy M.F., Schellhammer P.F., Soloway M.S., Vogelzang N.J., Crawford E.D., Presti J., et al. Endocrine effects, efficacy and tolerability of a 10.8-mg depot formulation of goserelin acetate administered every 13 weeks to patients with advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 1999, 83:801-806.
63. Fowler J.E., Flanagan M., Gleason D.M., Klimberg I.W., Gottesman J.E., Sharifi R. Evaluation of an implant that delivers leuprolide for 1 year for the palliative treatment of prostate cancer. Urology 2000, 55:639-642.
64. Chu F.M., Jayson M., Dineen M.K., Perez R., Harkaway R., Tyler R.C. A clinical study of 22.5mg. La-2550: a new subcutaneous depot delivery system for leuprolide acetate for the treatment of prostate cancer. J Urol 2002, 168:1199-1203.
65. Perez-Marreno R., Chu F.M., Gleason D., Loizides E., Wachs B., Tyler R.C. A six-month, open-label study assessing a new formulation of leuprolide 7.5mg for suppression of testosterone in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Ther 2002, 24:1902-1914.
66. Sharifi R., Browneller R., Leuprolide Study Group Serum testosterone suppression and potential for agonistic stimulation during chronic treatment with monthly and 3-month depot formulations of leuprolide acetate for advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 2002, 168:1001-1004.
67. Fontana D., Mari M., Martinelli A., Boccafoschi C., Magno C., Turriziani M., et al. 3-Month formulation of goserelin acetate ('Zoladex' 10.8-mg depot) in advanced prostate cancer: results from an Italian, open, multicenter trial. Urol Int 2003, 70:316-320.
68. Sartor O., Dineen M.K., Perez-Marreno R., Chu F.M., Carron G.J., Tyler R.C. An eight-month clinical study of LA-2575 30.0mg: a new 4-month, subcutaneous delivery system for leuprolide acetate in the treatment of prostate cancer. Urology 2003, 62:319-323.
69. Heyns C.F., Simonin M.P., Grosgurin P., Schall R., Porchet H.C., South African Triptorelin Study Group Comparative efficacy of triptorelin pamoate and leuprolide acetate in men with advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 2003, 92:226-231.
70. Teillac P., Heyns C.F., Kaisary A.V., Bouchot O., Blumberg J. Pharmacodynamic equivalence of a decapeptyl 3-month SR formulation with the 28-day SR formulation in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Horm Res 2004, 62:252-258.
71. Zinner N.R., Bidair M., Centeno A., Tomera K. Similar frequency of testosterone surge after repeat injections of goserelin (Zoladex) 3.6mg and 10.8mg: results of a randomized open-label trial. Urology 2004, 64:1177-1181.
72. Pettersson B., Varenhorst E., Petas A., Sandow J. Duration of testosterone suppression after a 9.45mg implant of the GnRH-analogue buserelin in patients with localised carcinoma of the prostate a 12-month follow-up study. Eur Urol 2006, 50:483-489.
73. Crawford E.D., Sartor O., Chu F., Perez R., Karlin G., Garrett J.S.A. 12-Month clinical study of LA-2585 (45.0mg): a new 6-month subcutaneous delivery system for leuprolide acetate for the treatment of prostate cancer. J Urol 2006, 175:533-536.
74. Morote J., Esquena S., Abascal J.M., Trilla E., Cecchini L., Raventos C.X., et al. Failure to maintain a suppressed level of serum testosterone during long-acting depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Urol Int 2006, 77:135-138.
75. Yri O.E., Bjoro T., Fossa S.D. Failure to achieve castration levels in patients using leuprolide acetate in locally advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2006, 49:54-58.
76. Morote J., Orsola A., Planas J., Trilla E., Raventos C.X., Cecchini L., et al. Redefining clinically significant castration levels in patients with prostate cancer receiving continuous androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2007, 178(4 Pt 1):1290-1295.
77. Fujii Y., Yonese J., Kawakami S., Yamamoto S., Okubo Y., Fukui I. Equivalent and sufficient effects of leuprolide acetate and goserelin acetate to suppress serum testosterone levels in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int 2008, 101:1096-1100.
78. Perachino M., Cavalli V., Bravi F. Testosterone levels in patients with metastatic prostate cancer treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy: prognostic significance?. BJU Int 2010, 105:648-651.
79. Marberger M., Kaisary A.V., Shore N.D., Karlin G.S., Savulsky C., Mis R., et al. Effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new sustained-release leuprolide acetate 3.75-mg depot formulation for testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer: a Phase III, open-label, international multicenter study. Clin Ther 2010, 32:744-757.
80. Spitz A., Young J.M., Larsen L., Mattia-Goldberg C., Donnelly J., Chwalisz K. Efficacy and safety of leuprolide acetate 6-month depot for suppression of testosterone in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012, 15:93-99.
81. Silva ED, Ferreira U, Matheus W, Faria EF, Silva GD, Saito M, et al., Goserelin versus leuprolide in the chemical castration of patients with prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
82. Pickles T, Hamm J, Morris WJ, Schreiber WE, Tyldesley S, Incomplete testosterone suppression with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists: does it happen and does it matter?, BJU Int. 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
83. Seidenfeld J., Samson D.J., Hasselblad V., Aronson N., Albertsen P.C., Bennett C.L., et al. Single-therapy androgen suppression in men with advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:566-577.
84. Morote J., Planas J., Salvador C., Raventos C.X., Catalan R., Reventos J. Individual variations of serum testosterone in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy. BJU Int 2009, 103:332-335.
85. Smith M.R. Obesity and sex steroids during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:241-245.
86. Lawrentschuk N., Fernandes K., Bell D., Barkin J., Fleshner N. Efficacy of a second line luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist after advanced prostate cancer biochemical recurrence. J Urol 2011, 185:848-854.
87. Zaitsu M., Yamanoi M., Mikami K., Takeshima Y., Okamoto N., Imao S., et al. Surgical castration in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer patients can be an alternative for medical castration. Adv Urol 2012, 2012:979154.
88. Van Poppel H., Klotz L. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: an update review of the antagonists versus agonists. Int J Urol 2012, 19:594-601.
89. McLeod D., Zinner N., Tomera K., Gleason D., Fotheringham N., Campion M., et al. A phase 3, multicenter, open-label, randomized study of abarelix versus leuprolide acetate in men with prostate cancer. Urology 2001, 58:756-761.
90. Trachtenberg J., Gittleman M., Steidle C., Barzell W., Friedel W., Pessis D., et al. A phase 3, multicenter, open label, randomized study of abarelix versus leuprolide plus daily antiandrogen in men with prostate cancer. J Urol 2002, 167:1670-1674.
91. Klotz L., Boccon-Gibod L., Shore N.D., Andreou C., Persson B.E., Cantor P., et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int 2008, 102:1531-1538.
92. Crawford E.D., Tombal B., Miller K., Boccon-Gibod L., Schroder F., Shore N., et al. A phase III extension trial with a 1-arm crossover from leuprolide to degarelix: comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist effect on prostate cancer. J Urol 2011, 186:889-897.
93. Damber J.E., Tammela T.L., Iversen P., Abrahamsson P.A., Boccon-Gibod L., Olesen T.K., et al. The effect of baseline testosterone on the efficacy of degarelix and leuprolide: further insights from a 12-month, comparative, phase III study in prostate cancer patients. Urology 2012, 80:174-181.
94. Ozono S., Ueda T., Hoshi S., Yamaguchi A., Maeda H., Fukuyama Y., et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix, a GnRH antagonist: a 12-month, multicentre, randomized, maintenance dose-finding phase II study in Japanese patients with prostate cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012, 42:477-484.
95. Garnick M.B., Mottet N. New treatment paradigm for prostate cancer: abarelix initiation therapy for immediate testosterone suppression followed by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. BJU Int 2012, 110:499-504.
96. Masson-Lecomte A, Guy L, Pedron P, Bruyere F, Rouprêt M, Nsabimbona B, et al. A switch from GnRH agonist to GnRH antagonist in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients leads to a low response rate on PSA., World J Urol. 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
97. National Comprehensive Cancer Network: Prostate Cancer. Treatment guidelines for patients. Version II. Last update. 2001.
98. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Prostate cancer, version 1. 〈〉; [accessed 08.03.12]. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf.
99. Mottet N., Bellmunt J., Bolla M., Joniau S., Mason M., Matveev V., et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of advanced, relapsing, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2011, 59:572-583.