Minority governments in India: The puzzle of elusive majorities

Minority Governments in India: The Puzzle of Elusive Majorities

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-175

  Nikolenyi, Csaba ^a  

^a Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911157755     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203872185     Document Type: Book

References (264)

1. Adeney, K. and Sáez, L. (2005) Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, London: Routledge.
2. Aggarwal, J. C. and Chowdhry, N. K. (1996) Elections in India 1952–1996, Delhi: Shipra Publications.
3. Agrawal, S. P. and Aggarwal, J. C. (1990) Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha Elections 1989–1990: Process and Result with Comparative Study of Manifestoes, New Delhi: Concept.
4. Ahuja, M. L. and Paul, S. (1992) 1989–1991 General Elections in India, New Delhi: Associated Publishing House.
5. Aldrich, J. (1993) 'Rational Choice and Turnout', American Journal of Political Science, 37: 246–78.
6. Ansolabehere, S., Snyder, J. and Stewart, C. (2000) 'Old Voters, New Voters and the Personal Vote: Using Redistricting to Measure the Incumbency Advantage', American Journal of Political Science, 44, 1: 17–34.
7. Axelrod, R. (1970) Conflict of Interest, Chicago, IL: Markham.
8. Banzhaf, J. F. (1965) 'Weighted Voting Doesn't Work: A Mathematical Analysis', Rutgers Law Review, 19 (Winter): 317–43.
9. Baral, J. K. and Mahanty, J. N. (1992) 'India and the Gulf Crisis: The Response of a Minority Government', Pacific Affairs, 65, 3: 368–84.
10. Baron, D. (1989) 'Service-induced Campaign Contributions and the Electoral Equilibrium', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104: 45–72.
11. Bergman, T. (1993) 'Formation Rules and Minority Governments', European Journal of Political Research, 23, 1: 55–66.
12. Beyme, K. (1985) Political Parties in Western Democracies, New York: St. Martin's Press.
13. Bharatiya, J. S. (1973) Party Documents, New Delhi: BJS Central Office.
14. Bharatiya, J. S. (1988) Resolutions of the National Executive Meeting in Ahmedabad, October 7–9, 1988.
15. Bharatiya Janata Party. Our Five Commitments, Delhi: Asiatic Printers.
16. Black, D. (1958) The Theory of Committees and Elections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Blais, A. (2000) To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
18. Blais, A. and Carty R. K. (1991) 'The Psychological Impact of Electoral Laws: Measuring Duverger's Elusive Factor', British Journal of Political Science, 21: 79–93.
19. Blondel, J. (1968) 'Party Systems and Patterns of Government in Western Democracies', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 1: 180–203.
20. Blondel, J. (1972) Comparing Political Systems, New York: Praeger.
21. Bogdanor, V. (ed.) (1983) Coalition Government in Western Europe, London: Heinemann.
22. Bowler, S. and Grofman, B. (eds.) (2000) Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
23. Brass, P. (1965) Factional Politics in an Indian State, Berkeley: University of California Press.
24. Brass, P. R. (1968) 'Coalition Politics in Northern India', American Political Science Review, 3: 1174–91.
25. Brass, P. (1977) 'Party Systems and Government Stability in the Indian States', American Political Science Review, 71: 1384–1405.
26. Brass, P. (1991) Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, New Delhi: Sage.
27. Brass, P. (1993) 'Caste, Class, and Community in the Ninth General Elections for the Lok Sabha in Uttar Pradesh', in H. Gould and S. Ganguly (eds.), India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Governments in the Ninth and Tenth General Elections, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 108–37.
28. Brecher, M. (1966) Nehru's Mantle: The Politics of Succession in India, New York: Praeger.
29. Brecher, M. (1967) 'Succession in India 1967: The Routinization of Political Change', Asian Survey, 7, 7: 423–43.
30. Budge, I. and Herman, V. (1978) 'Coalitions and Government Formations: An Empirically Relevant Theory', British Journal of Political Science, 8: 459–77.
31. Budge, I. and Keman, H. (1990) Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. (1986) 'Office Seeking and Policy Pursuit in Coalition Theory', Legislative Studies Quarterly, 11: 485–506.
33. Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. (1992) 'Coalition Theory, Government Policy and Party Policy', in M. J. Laver and I. Budge (eds.), Party Policy and Government Coalitions, 1–15.
34. Butler, D. and Low, D. A. (eds.) (1991) Sovereigns and Surrogates: Constitutional Heads of State in the Commonwealth, London: Macmillan.
35. Butler, D., Ashok, L. and Prannoy, R. (1984) A Compendium of Indian Elections, New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann.
36. Butler, D., Ashok, L. and Prannoy, R. (1995) India Decides: Elections 1952–1995, New Delhi: Books and Things.
37. Chakrabarty, B. (2006) Forging Power: Coalition Politics in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
38. Chandra, K. (1999) 'Post-Congress Politics in Uttar Pradesh: The Ethnification of the Party System and its Consequences', in P. Wallace and P. Roy (eds), Indian Politics and the 1998 Elections: Regionalism, Hindutva, and State Politics, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 55–105.
39. Chandra, K. (2004) Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Chandra, K. and Parmar, C. (1997) 'Party Strategies in the Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections, 1996', Economic and Political Weekly, 32, 5: 214–22.
41. Chhibber, P. (1999) Democracy Without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
42. Chhibber, P. and Kollman, K. (1998) 'Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States', American Political Science Review, 92: 329–42.
43. Chhibber, P. and Kollmann, K. (2004) The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India and the United States, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
44. Chhibber, P. and Murali, G. (2006) 'Duvergerian Dynamics in the Indian States: Federalism and the Number of Parties in the State Assembly Elections', Party Politics, 12, 1: 5–34.
45. Chhibber, P. and Nooruddin, I. (2000) 'Party Competition and Fragmentation in Indian National Elections: 1957–1998', in P. Wallace and P. Roy (eds.), Indian Politics and the 1998 Elections: Regionalism, Hindutva, and State Politics, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 36–54.
46. Chhibber, P. and Nooruddin, I. (2004) 'Do Party Systems Count? The Number of Parties and Government Performance in the Indian States', Comparative Political Studies, 37: 152–87.
47. Chhibber, P. and Nooruddin, I. (2008) 'Unstable Politics: Fiscal Space and Electoral Volatility in the Indian States', Comparative Political Studies, 41, 8: 1069–9.
48. Chhibber, P. and Petrocik, J. R. (1989) 'The Puzzle of Indian Politics: Social Cleavages and the Indian Party System', British Journal of Political Science, 19: 191–210.
49. Cox, G. W. (1990) 'Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives in Electoral Systems', American Journal of Political Science, 34, 4: 903–35.
50. Cox, G. W. (1997) Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Cox, G. (1999) 'Electoral rules and the calculus of mobilization', Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24: 387–419.
52. Cox, G. W. and Katz, J. N. (1996) 'Why Did the Incumbency Advantage in U.S. House Elections Grow?', American Journal of Political Science, 40, 2: 478–97.
53. Crombez, C. (1996) 'Minority Governments, Minimum Winning Coalitions and Surplus Majorities in Parliamentary Systems', European Journal of Political Research, 29: 1–29.
54. Cukierman, A. (1991) 'Asymmetric Information and the Electoral Momentum of Public Opinion Polls', Public Choice, 70: 181–213.
55. De Swaan, A. (1973) Coalition Theories and Cabinet Formations. A Study of Formal Theories of Coalition Formation Applied to Nine European Parliaments after 1918, Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier.
56. Diwakar, R. (2007) 'Duverger's Law and the Size of the Indian Party System', Party Politics, 13, 5: 539–61.
57. Dodd, L. C. (1974) 'Party Coalitions in Multiparty Parliaments: A Game Theoretic Analysis', American Political Science Review, 68: 1093–117.
58. Dodd, L. C. (1976) Coalitions in Parliamentary Government, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
59. Downs, A. (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York: Harper & Row.
60. Duverger, M. (1954) Political Parties, New York: Wiley.
61. Einy, E. (1985) 'On Connected Coalitions in Dominated Simple Games', International Journal of Game Theory, 2: 103–25.
62. Enelow, J. and Hinich, M. (1982) 'Nonspatial Candidate Characteristics and Electoral Competition', Journal of Politics, 44: 115–30.
63. Feddersen, T., Sened, I. and Wright, S. G. (1990) 'Rational Voting and Candidate Entry under Plurality Rule', American Journal of Political Science, 34: 1005–16.
64. Feld, S. and Grofman, B. (1987) 'Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for a Majority Winner in n-Dimensional Spatial Voting Games: An Intuitive Geometric Approach', American Journal of Political Science, 31: 709–28.
65. Feld, S. and Grofman, B. (1990) 'A Theorem Connecting Shapley-Owen Power Scores and the Radius of the Yolk in Two Dimensions', Social Choice and Welfare, 7: 71–4.
66. Feld, S. and Grofman, B. (1991) 'Incumbency Advantage, Voter Loyalty and the Benefit of Doubt', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3, 2: 115–37.
67. Feld, S., Grofman, B. and Miller, N. (1989) 'Limits on Agenda Control in Spatial Voting Games', Mathematics and Computer Modeling, 12: 405–16.
68. Felsenthal, D. S. and Machover, M. (1998) The Measurement of Voting Power: Theory and Practice, Problems and Paradoxes, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
69. Felsenthal, D. S. and Machover, M. (2004) 'A Priori Voting Power: What Is It All About?' Political Studies Review, 2: 1–23.
70. Ferejohn, J., McKelvey, R. and Packel, E. (1984) 'Limiting Distributions for Continuous State Markov Voting Models', Social Choice and Welfare, 1: 45–67.
71. Fickett, Lewis P. Jr. (1993) 'The Rise and Fall of the Janata Dal', Asian Survey, 33, 12: 1151–62.
72. Filippov, M., Ordeshook, P. C. and Shvetsova, O. (2004) Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-sustainable Federal Institutions, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
73. Fiorina, M. P. (1976) 'The Voting Decision: Instrumental and Expressive Aspects', Journal of Politics, 38: 390–413.
74. Franklin, M. (2001) 'How Structural Factors Cause Turnout Variations at European Parliamentary Elections', European Union Politics, 2: 309–28.
75. Franklin, M. (2004) Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76. Fukui, H. and Hughes, C. (ass. eds.), (1985) Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
77. Gaines, B. (1999) 'Duverger's Law and the Meaning of Canadian Exceptionalism', Comparative Political Studies, 32, 7: 835–61.
78. Gamson, W. G. (1961) 'Theory of Coalition Formation', American Sociological Review, 26: 373–8.
79. Golder, S. N. (2006) The Logic of Pre-Electoral Coalition Formation, Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
80. Gould, H. A. (1980) 'The Second Coming: The 1980 Elections in India's Hindi Belt', Asian Survey, 20: 595–616.
81. Gowda, R. and Sridharan, E. (2007) 'Parties and the Party System, 1947–2006', in L. Diamond and M. Plattner (eds.) The State of India's Democracy, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 3–26.
82. Graham, B. D. (1983) 'Electoral Symbols and Party Identification in Indian Politics', in P. Lyon and J. Manor (eds.), Transfer and Transformation: Political Institutions in the New Commonwealth, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 71–86.
83. Greenberg, J. and Shepsle, K. (1987) 'The Effect of Electoral Awards in a Multiparty Competition with Entry,' American Political Science Review, 81: 525–37.
84. Grofman, B. (1989) 'The Comparative Analysis of Coalition Formation and Duration: Distinguishing Between-country and Within-country Effects', British Journal of Political Science, 19: 291–302.
85. Grofman, B. (1993) 'Is Turnout the Paradox that Ate Rational Choice Theory?', in Grofman, B. (ed.), Information, Participation, and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 93–103.
86. Grofman, B. and van Roozendaal, P. (1994) 'Toward a Theoretical Explanation of Premature Cabinet Termination with Application to Post-War Cabinets in the Netherlands', European Journal of Political Research, 26: 155–70.
87. Grofman, B. and van Roozendaal, P. (1997) 'Review Article: Modeling Cabinet Durability and Termination', British Journal of Political Science, 27: 419–51.
88. Grofman, B., Blais, A. and Bowler, S. (eds.) (2009) Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States, New York: Springer.
89. Grofman, B., Straffin, P. and Noviello, N. (1996) 'The Sequential Dynamics of Cabinet Formation, Stochastic Error, and a Test of Competing Models', in Norman Schofield (ed.), Collective Decision-Making: Social Choice and Political Economy, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 281–93.
90. Grumm, J. G. (1958) 'Theories of Electoral Systems', Midwest Journal of Political Science, 2: 357–76.
91. Hampton, D. (1972) 'Polarization and Consensus in Indian Party Politics', Asian Survey, 12: 701–16.
92. Hanks, C. B. and Grofman, B. (1998) 'Turnout in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Primary and General Elections in the South, 1922–90: A Rational Choice Model of the Effects of Short-run and Long-run Electoral Competition on Relative Turnout', Public Choice, 94, 3–4: 407–21.
93. Hardgrave, R. L. (1993) 'Alliance Politics and Minority Government: India at the Polls, 1989 and 1991', in Harold A., Gould and Sumit Ganguly (eds.), India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Governments in the Ninth and Tenth Elections, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
94. Hardgrave, R. L. and Kochanek, S. A. (2000) India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers.
95. Hazan, R. (1997) Center Parties: Polarization and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies, London and New York: Continuum.
96. Heginbotham, S. (1971) 'The 1971 Revolution in Indian Voting Behavior', Asian Survey, 11: 1133–52.
97. Herman, V. and Pope, J. (1973) 'Minority Governments in Western Democracies', British Journal of Political Science, 3: 191–212.
98. Hewitt, V. (1994) 'The Prime Minister and Parliament', in James, Manor (ed.), Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 48–73.
99. Hinich, M. and Munger, M. (1989) 'Political Investment, Voter Perceptions, and Candidate Strategy: An Equilibrium Spatial Analysis', in P. Ordeshook (ed.), Models of Strategic Choice in Politics, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
100. Hotelling, H. (1929) 'Stability and Competition', Economic Journal, 39: 41–57.
101. Huber, J. D. and Inglehart, R. (1995) 'Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies', Party Politics, 1: 98–9.
102. Jackman, R. (1987) 'Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies', American Political Science Review, 81: 405–23.
103. Jackman, R. and Miller, R. A. (1995) 'Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies', Comparative Political Studies, 27: 467–92.
104. Joshi, R. and Desai, K. (1978) 'Towards a More Competitive Party System in India', Asian Survey, 18: 1091–116.
105. Kadane, J. B. (1972) 'On Division of the Question', Public Choice, 13: 45–74.
106. Kailash, K. K. (2007) 'The Middle Game in Coalition Politics', Economic and Political Weekly, 42, 4: 307–17.
107. Kapur, D. and Mehta P. B. (1999) 'India in 1998: The Travails of Political Fragmentation', Asian Survey, 39, 1, A Survey of Asia in 1998: 163–76.
108. Katz, R. S. (1980) A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
109. Katz, R. S. (1986) 'Intraparty Preference Voting', in B. Grofman and A. Lijphart (eds.), Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences, New York: Agathon Press.
110. Katz, R. S. (1987) Party Governments: European and American Experiences, New York: de Gruyter.
111. Key, V. O. (1949) Southern Politics in States and Nation, New York: Knopf.
112. King, G., Alt, J. E., Burns, N. E. and Laver, M. (1990) 'A Unified Model of Cabinet Dissolution in Parliamentary Democracies', American Journal of Political Science, 34: 846–71.
113. Kochanek, S. A. (1968) The Congress Party of India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
114. Kochanek, S. A. (1976) 'Mrs. Gandhi's Pyramid: The New Congress', in H. Hart (ed.), Indira Gandhi's India, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
115. Kohno, M. (1997) Japan's Postwar Party Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
116. Kothari, R. (1961) 'The Party System,' The Economic Weekly, June 3.
117. Kothari, R. (1962) 'India's Political Take-off,' The Economic Weekly, Special Number, July.
118. Kothari, R. (1964) 'The Congress “System” in India', Asian Survey, 4: 1161–73; also (1967) in Party System and Election Studies, Occasional Papers of the Center for Developing Societies, No. 1, Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1–18.
119. Kothari, R. (1970) 'Continuity and Change in the Indian Party System', Asian Survey, 937–48.
120. Kothari, R. (1973) 'India', in Robert A. Dahl (ed.), Regimes and Oppositions, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
121. Kumar, A. (1991) The Tenth Round: The Story of Indian Elections 1991, Calcutta: Rupa and Co.
122. Laakso, M. and Taagepera, R. (1979) 'Effective Number of Parties. A Measure with Application to Western Europe', Comparative Political Studies, 12: 3–27.
123. LaPalombara, J. and M. Weiner (1966) Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
124. Laponce, J. (1981) Left and Right: Topography of Political Perceptions, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
125. Laver, M. (1974) 'Dynamic Factors in Government Coalition Formation', European Journal of Political Research, 2: 259–70.
126. Laver, M. (1997) Private Desires, Political Action: An Invitation to the Politics of Rational Choice, London: Sage.
127. Laver, M. and Budge, I. (1992) Party Policy and Government Coalitions, London: St. Martin's Press.
128. Laver, M. and Kato, J. (2001) 'Dynamic Approaches to Government Formation and the Generic Instability of Decisive Structures in Japan', Electoral Studies, 20, 4: 509–27.
129. Laver, M. and Schofield, N. (1990) Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
130. Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. (1990) 'Government Coalitions and Intraparty Politics', British Journal of Political Science, 20: 489–507.
131. Laver, M. and Shepsle, K. A. (1996) Making and Breaking Governments: Cabinets and Legislatures in Parliamentary Democracies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
132. Leiserson, M. (1968) 'Factions and Coalitions in One-party Japan: An Interpretation Based on the Theory of Games', The American Political Science Review, 62, 3: 770–87.
133. Leys, C. (1959) 'Models, Theories and the Theory of Political Parties', Political Studies, 7: 127–46.
134. Lijphart, A. (1971) 'Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method', American Political Science Review, 65: 682–93.
135. Lijphart, A. (1984) Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
136. Lijphart, A. (1994) Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–90, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Lijphart, A. (1996) 'The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation', American Political Science Review, 90: 258–68.
138. Lijphart, A. (1999) Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
139. Limaye, M. (1994) Janata Party Experiment. An Insider's Account of Opposition Politics: 1975–1977, Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation.
140. Linden, L. (2004) 'Are Incumbents Really Advantaged? The Preference for Non-Incumbents in Indian National Elections', Columbia University Manuscript.
141. Lipset, S. M. and Rokkan, S. (1967) Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, New York: Free Press.
142. Lowell, L. A. (1896) Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
143. Luebbert, G. M. (1983) 'Coalition Theory and Government Formation in Multiparty Democracies', Comparative Politics, 15: 235–49.
144. Luebbert, G. M. (1984) 'A Theory of Government Formation', Comparative Political Studies, 17: 229–64.
145. Luebbert, G. M. (1986) Comparative Democracy: Policymaking and Governing Coalitions in Europe and Israel, New York: Columbia University Press.
146. Lupia, A. and Strøm, K. (1995) 'Coalition Termination and the Strategic Timing of Parliamentary Elections', American Political Science Review, 89: 648–65.
147. Mainwaring, S. and Scully, T. R. (eds.) (1995) Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
148. Malik, Y. K. and Singh, V. B. (1994) Hindu Nationalists in India: The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party, New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
149. Mallick, R. (1994) Indian Communism: Opposition, Collaboration, and Institutionalization, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
150. Manor, J. (1988a) 'Parties and the Party System', in Atul Kohli (ed.), India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 62–98.
151. Manor, J. (1988b) 'Seeking Greater Power and Constitutional Change: India's President and the Parliamentary Crisis of 1979', in D. A. Low (ed.), Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85, London, 126–41.
152. Manor, J. (1991) 'India', in David, Butler and D. A. Low (eds), Sovereigns and Surrogates: Constitutional Heads of State in the Commonwealth, London: Macmillan.
153. Manor, J. (1994) 'The Prime Minister and the President', in J. Manor (ed.), Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 115–37.
154. Manor, J. (1995) 'Regional Parties in Federal Systems', in Balveer Arora and Douglas Verney (eds.), Multiple Identities in a Single State: Indian Federalism in Comparative Perspective, New Delhi: Konark.
155. Manor, J. (2005) 'In Part, a Myth: The BJP's Organizational Strength', in K. Adeney and L. Sáez, Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, New York: Routledge.
156. McKelvey, R. (1976) 'Intransitivities in Multidimensional Voting Models and some Implications for Agenda Control', Journal of Economic Theory, 12: 472–82.
157. McKelvey, R. (1986) 'Covering, Dominance and Institution Free Properties of Social Choice', American Journal of Political Science, 30: 283–314.
158. McKelvey, R. and Schofield, N. (1986) 'Structural Instability of the Core', Journal of Mathematical Economics, 15:179–98.
159. McMillan, A. (2005) 'The BJP coalition: partisanship and power-sharing in government', in K. Adeney and L. Sáez (eds.), Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, New York: Routledge.
160. Mendelsohn, O. (1978) 'The Collapse of the Indian National Congress', Pacific Affairs, 51: 41–65.
161. Mershon, C. (1996) 'The Costs of Coalition: Coalition Theories and Italian Governments', The American Political Science Review, 90, 3: 534–54.
162. Mesquita, B. B. (1975) Strategy, Risk and Personality in Coalition Politics: The Case of India, New York: Cambridge University Press.
163. Miller, N. R., Grofman, B. and Feld, S. L. (1989) 'The Geometry of Majority Rule', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1, 4: 379–406.
164. Mitra, S. K. (1978) Governmental Instability in Indian States: West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, Delhi: Ajanta Publications.
165. Monroe, K. R. (1991) The Economic Approach to Politics: A Critical Reassessment of the Theory of Rational Action, New York: Harper Collins.
166. Morris-Jones, W. H. (1964) 'Parliament and Dominant Party: India Experience', Parliamentary Affairs, 17: 296–307.
167. Morris-Jones, W. H. (1978) 'From Monopoly to Competition in India's Polity', in W. H. Morris-Jones (ed.), Politics Mainly Indian. Madras: Orient Longman, 144–59.
168. Muller, W. and Strøm, K. (eds.) (1999) Policy, Office, Votes: How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
169. Muller, W. and Strøm, K. (eds.) (2000) Coalition Government in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
170. Nayar, B. R. (2005) 'Regime Change in a Divided Democracy', Asian Survey, 45, 1: 71–82.
171. Nikolenyi, C. (1998) 'The New Indian Party System: What Kind of a Model?', Party Politics, 4: 367–80.
172. Nikolenyi, C. (2002) 'Positive Political Theory and Politics in Contemporary India: An Application of a Positive Political Model in Non-Western Politics', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 35: 881–96.
173. Nikolenyi, C. (2004) 'When the Central Player Fails', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 37: 395–418.
174. Nikolenyi, C. (2005) 'Institutional Change and its Consequences: The Rational Foundations of Party System Change in India', in André Lecours (ed.), New Institutionalism: Canadian Contributions, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 202–21.
175. Nikolenyi, C. (2008) 'Recognition Rules, Party Labels and the Number of Parties in India: A Research Note,' Party Politics, 14: 211–22.
176. Nikolenyi, C. (2009a) 'Concurrent Elections and Voter Turnout: The Effect of the De-link-ing of State Elections on Electoral Participation in India's Parliamentary Polls, 1971–2004', Political Studies.
177. Nikolenyi, C. (2009b) 'Party Inflation in India: Why Has a Multiparty Format Prevailed in the National Party System?', in Bernard Grofman, Shaun Bowler and André Blais (eds.), Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States, New York: Springer, 97–114.
178. Nooruddin, I. and Chhibber, P. (2008) 'Unstable Politics: Fiscal Space and Electoral Volatility in the Indian States', Comparative Political Studies, 41: 1069–91.
179. Osborne, M. J. (1993) 'Candidate Positioning and Entry in a Political Competition', Games and Economic Behavior, 5: 133–51.
180. Owen, G. (1995) Game Theory, New York: Academic Press.
181. Owen, G. and Shapley, L. (1989) 'Optimal Location of Candidates in Ideological Space', International Journal of Game Theory, 18: 339–56.
182. Palfrey, T. (1984) 'Spatial Equilibrium with Entry', Review of Economic Studies, 51:139–56.
183. Park, R. and De Mesquita, B. B. (1979) India's Political System. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
184. Paul, S. (1980) 1980 General Elections in India, New Delhi: Associated Publishing House.
185. Paul, S. (1990) 1989 General Election in India, New Delhi: Associated Publishing House.
186. Pedersen, M. N. (1979) 'The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility', European Journal of Political Research, 7: 1–26.
187. Pedersen, M. N. (1980) 'On Measuring Party System Change: A Methodological Critique and a Suggestion', Comparative Political Studies, 12: 387–43.
188. Peleg, B. (1981) 'Coalition Formation in Simple Games with Dominant Players', International Journal of Game Theory, 1: 11–33.
189. Pempel, T. J. (ed.) (1990) Uncommon Democracies: The One-party Dominant Regimes, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
190. Plott, C. R. (1967) 'A Notion of Equilibrium and its Possibility Under Majority Rule', American Economic Review, 57: 787–806.
191. Rabinowitz, G. and MacDonald, E. (1986) 'The Power of the States in U.S. Presidential Elections', American Political Science Review, 80: 65–89.
192. Rae, D. (1971) The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
193. Rapoport, A. and Golan, E. (1985) 'Assessment of Political Power in the Israeli Knesset', American Political Science Review, 79: 673–92.
194. Riker, W. (1962) Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
195. Riker, W. (1964) Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance, Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
196. Riker, W. (1976) 'The Number of Political Parties: A Reexamination of Duverger's Law', Comparative Politics, 9: 93–106.
197. Riker, W. (1982) 'The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science', American Political Science Review, 76: 753–66.
198. Riker, W. H. (1986) 'The First Power Index'. Social Choice and Welfare, 3, 4:293–5.
199. Riker, W. and Ordeshook, P. (1968) 'A Theory of the Calculus of Voting', American Political Science Review, 62: 25–42.
200. Rosenstone, S. and Hansen, J. M. (1993) Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America, New York: Macmillan.
201. Roy, M. (1996) India Votes: Elections 1996, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications.
202. Roy, R. and Wallace, P. (1999) Indian Politics and the 1998 Elections, New Delhi: Sage.
203. Rubinoff, A. (1996) 'India's New Subject-Based Parliamentary Committees', Asian Survey, 36:723–38.
204. Rudolph, L. I. (1971) 'Continuities and Change in Electoral Behavior: The 1971 Parliamentary Election in India', Asian Survey, 11: 1119–32.
205. Rudolph, L. I. (1993) 'Why Rajiv Gandhi's Death Saved the Congress: How an Event Affected the Outcome of the 1991 Election in India', in H. A. Gould and S. Ganguly (eds.), India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Governments in the Ninth and Tenth Elections, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 436–54.
206. Rudolph, L. I. and Rudolph, S. H. (1987) In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
207. Sáez, L. (2001) 'The 1999 General Election in India', Notes on Recent Elections / Electoral Studies, 20: 127–69.
208. Sáez, L. (2002) Federalism Without Center: The Impact of Political and Economic Reform on India's Federal System, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
209. Sanders, D. and Herman, V. (1977) 'The Stability and Survival of Governments in Western Democracies', Acta Politica, 3: 346–77.
210. Sartori, G. (1976) Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
211. Saxena, R. (1996) 'Party System in Transition', in Mahendra Prasad, Singh and Rekha Saxena (eds.), India's Political Agenda: Perspectives on the Party System, Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 49–81.
212. Schmitt, H. (2005) 'The European Parliament Elections of June 2004: Still Second Order?', West European Politics, 28: 650–79.
213. Schofield, N. et al. (1988) 'The Core and the Stability of Group Choice in Spatial Voting Games', American Political Science Review, 82: 196–211.
214. Shah, G. (1977) Protest Movements in Two Indian States: A Study of the Gujarat and Bihar Movements, Delhi: Ajanta Publication.
215. Shapley, L. (1962) 'Simple Games: An Outline of the Descriptive Theory', Behavioral Science, 7, 1: 59–66.
216. Shapley, L. and Shubik, M. (1954) 'A Method for Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System', American Political Science Review, 48, 3: 787–92.
217. Singh, M. P. (1981) Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
218. Singh, M. P. (1990) 'From Predominance to Polarised Pluralism: The Indian Party System', Think India, 2: 70–8.
219. Singh, M. P. (1996) 'From Centrist Predominance to Polarised Pluralism: The Post-1989 Party System in India', in M. P. Singh and R. Saxena (eds.), India's Political Agenda: Perspectives on the Party System, Delhi: Kalinga Publications.
220. Sinha, D. (1991) 'V. P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar, and “Nowhere Politics” in India', Asian Survey, 31, 7: 598–612.
221. Sloss, J. (1973) 'Stable Outcomes in Majority Rule Voting Games', Public Choice, 15: 19–48.
222. Spary, C. and Wyatt, A. (2006) 'The General Election in India, May 2004', Notes on Recent Elections /Electoral Studies, 25: 393–415.
223. Sridharan, E. (1999) 'Coalition Politics in India: Lessons from Theory, Comparison and Recent History', in D. Khanna and Gert W. Kueck (eds.), Principles, Power and Politics, Delhi: Macmillan.
224. Sridharan, E. (2002) 'The Fragmentation of the Indian Party System: Seven Competing Explanations' in Zoya Hasan (ed.), Parties and Party Politics in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
225. Sridharan, E. (2003) 'Coalitions and Party Strategies in India's Parliamentary Federation', Publius, 33, Emerging Federal Process in India, 4: 135–52.
226. Sridharan E. (2004) 'Electoral Coalitions in the 2004 General Elections: Theory and Evidence', Economic and Political Weekly 39, 51, December 18–24, 2004: 5418–25.
227. Sridharan, E. (2005) 'Coalition Strategies and the BJP's Expansion', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 43, 2: 194–221.
228. Sridharan, E. and Varshney, A. (2001) Towards Moderate Pluralism: Democracy and India's Political Parties', in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther (eds.), Political Parties and Democracy, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 206–37.
229. Stokes, D. (1957) 'Spatial Models of Party Competition', American Political Science Review, 57: 368–77.
230. Strøm, K. (1988) 'Contending Models of Cabinet Stability', American Political Science Review, 82: 930–41.
231. Strøm, K. (1990) Minority Government and Majority Rule, New York: Cambridge University Press.
232. Strøm, K. (1994) 'The Presthus Debacle: Intraparty Politics and Bargaining Failure in Norway', American Political Science Review, 88, 1: 112–27.
233. Strøm, K., Budge, I. and Laver, M. J. (1994) 'Constraints on Cabinet Formation in Parliamentary Democracies', American Journal of Political Science, 38: 303–35.
234. Strøm, K. and Muller, W. C. (1999) 'The Keys to Togetherness: Coalition Agreements in Parliamentary Democracies', Journal of Legislative Studies, 5, 3: 255–282.
235. Taagepera, R. and Shugart, M. S. (1989) Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems, New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.
236. Taylor, M. and Herman, V. (1971) 'Party Systems and Government Stability', American Political Science Review, 65: 28–37.
237. Taylor, M. and Laver, M. (1973) 'Government Coalitions in Western Europe', European Journal of Political Research, 1: 205–48.
238. Thakur, R. (1995) The Government and Politics of India, New York: St. Martin's Press.
239. Thayer, N. (1969) How the Conservatives Rule Japan, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
240. Tsebelis, G. (1990) Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics, Berkely: University of California Press.
241. Uppal, Y. (2009) 'The Disadvantaged Incumbents: Estimating Incumbency Effects in Indian State Legislatures', Public Choice, 138: 9–27.
242. Van Deemen, A. (1989) 'Dominant Players and Minimum Size Coalitions', European Journal of Political Research, 17: 313–32.
243. Van Deemen, A. (1991) 'Coalition Formation and Centralised Policy Games', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3: 139–62.
244. Van Roozendaal, P. (1992a) 'The Effect of Dominant and Central Parties on Cabinet Composition and Durability', Legislative Studies Quarterly, 17: 5–35.
245. Van Roozendaal, P. (1992b) Cabinets in Multiparty Democracies: The Effect of Dominant and Central Parties on Cabinet Composition and Durability, Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers.
246. Van Roozendaal, P. (1998) 'Coalition Predictions with Ordinal Policy Position Data', British Journal of Political Science, 133–8.
247. Vanderbok, W. G. (1990) 'The Tiger Triumphant: The Mobilization and Alignment of the Indian Electorate', British Journal of Political Science, 20: 239.
248. Varshney, A. (2000) 'Is India Becoming More Democratic?', Journal of Asian Studies, 59: 3–25.
249. Von Neumann, J. and Morgenstern, O. (1944) Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
250. Wallace, P. (1999) 'Introduction: India's 1998 Election – Hindutva, the Tail Wags the Elephant, and Pokhran', in P. Wallace and P. Roy (eds), Indian Politics and the 1998 Elections: Regionalism, Hindutva, and State Politics, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 15–36.
251. Wallace, P. (2003) 'Introduction: The New National Party System and State Politics', in P. Wallace and R. Roy (eds), India's 1999 Elections and 20th Century Politics, New Delhi: Sage, 1–24.
252. Wallace, P. and Roy, R. (2003) India's 1999 Elections and 20th Century Politics, New Delhi: Sage.
253. Ware, A. (1996) Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
254. Weiner, M. (1971) 'The 1971 Elections and the Indian Party System', Asian Survey, 11: 1153–66.
255. Weiner, M. (1978) India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Election of 1977, Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
256. Weiner, M. (1982) 'Congress Restored: Continuities and Discontinuities in Indian Politics', Asian Survey, 22: 339–55.
257. Wheare, K. C. (1964) Federal Government, New York: Oxford University Press.
258. Wilkinson, S. (2004) Votes and Violence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
259. Wilkinson, S. I. (2007) 'Reading the Election Results', in L. Diamond and M. Plattner (eds.), The State of India's Democracy, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
260. Wood, J. R. (ed.) (1984) State Politics in Contemporary India: Crisis or Continuity?, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
261. Yadav, Y. (1996) 'Reconfiguration in Indian Politics: State Assembly Elections, 1993–95', Economic and Political Weekly, 31: 94–105.
262. Yadav, Y. (2000) 'Understanding the Second Democratic Upsurge: Trends of Bahujan Participation in Electoral Politics in the 1990s', in F. Frankel, Z. Hasan, R. Bhargava, B. Arora (eds.), Transforming India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 120–45.
263. Yadav, Y. and Palshikar, S. (2006) 'Party System and Electoral Politics in the Indian States, 1952–2002: From Hegemony to Convergence', in P. R. deSouza and E. Sridharan (eds.), India's Political Parties (Vol. 6 in the series Readings in Indian Government and Politics), New Delhi: Sage, 73–116.
264. Zuckerman, A. (1979) The Politics of Faction, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.