The puzzle of Indian democracy: A consociational interpretation

American Political Science Review

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 258-268

  Lijphart, Arend ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030306453     PISSN: 00030554     EISSN: 15375943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2082883     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Arora, Balveer, and Nirmal Mukarji. 1992, "Introduction: The Basic Issues." In Federalism in India: Origins and Development, ed. Nirmal Mukarji and Balveer Arora. New Delhi: Vikas.
2. Austin, Granville. 1966. The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
3. Banerjee, Ashis. 1992. "Federalism and Nationalism: An Attempt at Historical Interpretation." In Federalism in India: Origins and Development, ed. Nirmal Mukarji and Balveer Arora. New Delhi: Vikas.
4. Barry, Brian. 1975. "Political Accommodation and Consociational Democracy." British Journal of Political Science 5 (October): 477-505.
5. Batliner, Gerard. 1981. Zur heutigen Lage des liechtensteinischen Parlaments. Vaduz: Verlag der Liechtensteinischen Akademischen Gesellschaft.
6. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk. 1985. "Elements of Consociational Democracy in Kenya." European Journal of Political Research 13 (March): 95-109.
7. Bhambhri, C. P. 1971. "Electoral Reform and Party System in India: A Plea for Proportional Representation." In Elections and Electoral Reform in India, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: Institute for Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies.
8. Brass, Paul R. 1990. The Politics of India Since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Brass, Paul R. 1991. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. New Delhi: Sage.
10. Cannon, Gordon E. 1982. "Consociationalism vs. Control: Canada as a Case Study." Western Political Quarterly 35 (March): 50-64.
11. Chehabi, H. E. 1980. "The Absence of Consociationalism in Sri Lanka." Plural Societies 11 (Winter): 55-65.
12. Chinwuba, Felix Aneze. 1980. "Consociationalism as an Approach to Political Integration: The Case of the Federal Republic of Nigeria." Ph.D. diss., Tulane University.
13. Chryssochoou, Dimitris N. 1994. "Democracy and Symbiosis in the European Union: Towards a Confederal Consociation?" West European Politics 17 (October): 1-14.
14. Daalder, Hans. 1974. "The Consociational Democracy Theme." World Politics 26 (July): 604-21.
15. Daalder, Hans, and Galen A. Irwin, eds. 1989. Special Issue on "Polities in the Netherlands: How Much Change?" West European Politics 12 (January): 1-185.
16. Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
17. Dahl, Robert A., and Edward R, Tufte. 1973. Size and Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
18. Das Gupta, Jyotirindra. 1989. "India: Democratic Becoming and Combined Development." In Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia, ed. Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
19. Dekmejian, Richard Hrair. 1978. "Consociational Democracy in Crisis: The Case of Lebanon." Comparative Politics 10 (January): 251-65.
20. Dew, Edward M. 1994. The Trouble in Suriname, 1975-1993. Westport, CT: Praeger.
21. Dix, Robert H. 1980. "Consociational Democracy: The Case of Colombia." Comparative Politics 12 (April): 303-21.
22. Engineer, Asghar Ali, ed. 1987. The Shah Bano Controversy. Hyderabad: Orient Longman.
23. Esman, Milton J. 1972. Administration and Development in Malaysia: Institution-Building and Reform in a Plural Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
24. Frankel, Francine R. 1988. "Middle Classes and Castes in India's Politics: Prospects for Political Accommodation." In India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations, ed. Atul Kohli. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
25. Fyzee, Asaf A. A. 1964. Outlines of Muhammadan Law. 3d ed. London: Oxford University Press.
26. Gabel, Matthew J. 1994. "Balancing Democracy and Stability: Considering the Democratic Deficit in the EU from a Consociational Perspective." Presented at the Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid.
27. Goldman, Joseph Richard. 1985. "Consociational Authoritarian Politics and the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution: A Preliminary Note." East European Quarterly 19 (June): 241-49.
28. Graziano, Luigi. 1980. "The Historic Compromise and Consociational Democracy: Toward a 'New Democracy'?" International Political Science Review 1 (3): 345-68.
29. Halpern, Sue M. 1986. "The Disorderly Universe of Consociational Democracy." West European Politics 9 (April): 181-97.
30. Hardgrave, Robert L., Jr. 1993. "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity." Journal of Democracy 4 (October): 54-68.
31. Harrison, Selig S. 1960. India: The Most Dangerous Decades. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
32. Hartlyn, Jonathan. 1988. The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. Hegde, Ramakrishna. 1986. Electoral Reforms: Lack of Political Will. Bangalore: Karnataka State Janata Party.
34. Hix, Simon. 1994. "Approaches to the Study of the EC: The Challenge to Comparative Politics." West European Politics 17 (January): 1-30.
35. Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Hughes, Arnold. 1982. "The Limits of 'Consociational Democracy' in the Gambia." Civilisations 32 (2): 65-92.
37. Huntington, Samuel P. 1988. "One Soul at a Time: Political Science and Political Reform." American Political Science Review 82 (March): 3-10.
38. Hussain, Abid. 1993. India: Challenges and Changes. New Delhi: Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies.
39. Huyse, Luc. 1987. De verzuiling voorbij. Louvain: Kritak.
40. Iyer, V. R. Krishna. 1987. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. Lucknow: Eastern Book Company.
41. Jaisingh, Hari. 1992. "Time for a Second Republic." In Reforming the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
42. Kashyap, Subhash C. 1992. "Constitution, Its Working and Need for Reforms." In Reforming the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
43. Kathuria, Harbir Singh. 1990. President's Rule in India, 1967-89. New Delhi: Uppal.
44. Khan, Rasheeduddin. 1992. Federal India: A Design for Change. New Delhi: Vikas.
45. Khilnani, Sunil. 1992. "India's Democratic Career." In Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508 BC to AD 1993, ed. John Dunn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governabitity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Kothari, Rajni. 1970. Politics in India. Boston: Little Brown.
48. Kothari, Rajni. 1976. Democratic Polity and Social Change in India: Crisis and Opportunities. Bombay: Allied.
49. Kothari, Rajni. 1989. Politics and the People: In Search of a Humane India. Delhi: Ajanta.
50. Lehmbruch, Gerhard. 1993. "Consociational Democracy and Corporatism in Switzerland." Publius 23 (Spring): 43-60.
51. Levine, Daniel H. 1973. Conflict and Political Change in Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
52. Lijphart, Arend. 1968. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California Press.
53. Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
54. Lijphart, Arend. 1979. "Consociation and Federation: Conceptual and Empirical Links." Canadian Journal of Political Science 12 (September): 499-515.
55. Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Majoritarian and Consensus Patterns of Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
56. Lijphart, Arend. 1985. Power-Sharing in South Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.
57. Lijphart, Arend. 1992. "Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland," Journal of Theoretical Politics 4 (April): 207-33.
58. Lijphart, Arend. 1994. "Prospects for Power-Sharing in the New South Africa." In Election '94 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results and Future Prospects, ed. Andrew Reynolds. New York: St. Martin's Press.
59. Lindberg, Leon N. 1974. "The Political System of the European Community." In Politics in Europe: Structures and Processes in Some Postindustrial Democracies, ed. Martin O. Heisler. New York: David McKay.
60. Linder, Wolf. 1994. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. New York: St. Martin's Press.
61. Lustick, Ian. 1979. "Stability in Deeply Divided Societies." World Politics 31 (April): 325-44.
62. Luther, Kurt Richard, and Wolfgang Muller, eds. 1992. Special Issue on "Politics in Austria: Still a Case of Consociationalism?" West European Politics 15 (January): 1-226.
63. Luthera, Ved Prakash. 1964. The Concept of the Secular State and India. London: Oxford University Press.
64. Mair, Peter. 1994. "The Correlates of Consensus Democracy and the Puzzle of Dutch Politics." West European Politics 17 (October): 97-123.
65. Malaviya, S. P. 1992. "Case for a Constituent Assembly." In Reforming the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
66. Masselos, Jim. 1985. Indian Nationalism: An History. New Delhi: Sterling.
67. Mehta, Piarey Lal. 1991. Constitutional Protection to Scheduled Tribes in India: In Retrospect and Prospects. Delhi: H. K. Publishers.
68. Messarra, Antoine Nasri. 1994. Théorie générale du système politique libanais. Paris: Cariscript.
69. Mill, John Stuart. 1958 [1861]. Considerations on Representative Government. New York: Liberal Arts Press.
70. Mukarji, Nirmal, and Balveer Arora. 1992. "Conclusion: Restructuring Federal Democracy." In Federalism in India: Origins and Development, ed. Nirmal Mukarji and Balveer Arora. New Delhi: Vikas.
71. Mukarji, Nirmal, and George Mathew. 1992. "Epilogue: Federal Issues, 1988-1990." In Federalism in India: Origins and Development, ed. Nirmal Mukarji and Balveer Arora. New Delhi: Vikas.
72. Nehru, B. K. 1986. Thoughts on Our Present Discontents. New Delhi: Allied.
73. Nehru, B. K. 1992. "A Fresh Look at the Constitution." In Reforming the Constitution. ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
74. Noorani, A. G. 1989. The Presidential System: The Indian Debate. New Delhi: Sage.
75. Olson, David M. 1994. "The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia." In Parliaments in Transition: The New Legislative Politics in the Former USSR and Eastern Europe, ed. Thomas F. Remington. Boulder: Westview Press.
76. Pai Panandiker, V. A., and Ajay Mehra. 1996. The Indian Cabinet and Governance of India. New Delhi: Remark.
77. Pathak, Bindeshwar. 1993. "Facets of the System: Presidential vs. Parliamentary." In Perspectives on the Constitution, ed. Subhash S. Kashyap. Delhi: Shipra.
78. Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 1970. Social Fragmentation and Political Hostility: An Austrian Case Study. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
79. Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 1979, Book review of Arend Lijphart's Democracy in Plural Societies. In American Political Science Review 73 (March): 295-97.
80. Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 1982. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
81. Prasad. Anirudh. 1991. Reservation Policy and Practice in India: A Means to an End. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications.
82. Rae, Douglas W. 1967. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press.
83. Rajgopal, P. R. 1987. Communal Violence in India. New Delhi: Uppal.
84. Rao, S. Ramachandra. 1992. "Plea for a New Constitution." In Reforming the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
85. Reddy, K. Brahmananda. 1992. "Case for Fundamental Changes." In Reforming the Constitution, ed Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
86. Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph. 1987. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
87. Sathe, Vasant. 1991. National Government: Agenda for a New India. New Delhi: UBS.
88. Seth, J. D. 1971. "Towards a New Electoral Law." In Elections and Electoral Reforms in India, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies.
89. Sharif, Abu Saleh. 1993. Some Socio-Economic and Demographic Aspects of Population According to Religion in India. Bombay: Centre for the Study of Society and Secularism.
90. Sharma, Arvind. 1993. "Minority vs. Majority Rights." In Perspectives on the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. Delhi: Shipra.
91. Singh, L. P. 1986. Electoral Reform: Problems and Suggested Solutions. New Delhi: Uppal.
92. Srinivasavaradan, T. C. A. 1992. Federal Concept: The Indian Experience. New Delhi: Allied.
93. Steiner, Jürg. 1990. "Power-Sharing: Another Swiss 'Export Product'?" In Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, ed. Joseph V. Montville. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
94. Steiner, Jürg, and Dorff, Robert H. 1980. A Theory of Political Decision Modes: Intraparty Decision Making in Switzerland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
95. Suntharalingam, R. 1983. Indian Nationalism: An Historical Analysis. New Delhi: Vikas.
96. Taagepera, Rein, and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.
97. Taylor, Rupert. 1992, "South Africa: A Consociational Path to Peace?" Transformation 17: 1-11.
98. Trehan, Virender M. 1993. "Need for Change." In Perspectives on the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. Delhi: Shipra.
99. Van den Berghe, Pierre L. 1981. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Elsevier.
100. Vanhanen, Tatu. 1987. "What Kind of Electoral System for Plural Societies? India as an Example." In The Logic of Multiparty Systems, ed. Manfred J. Holler. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
101. Varshney, Ashutosh. 1993a. "Contested Meanings: India's National Identity, Hindu Nationalism, and the Politics of Anxiety." Daedalus 122 (Summer): 227-61.
102. Varshney, Ashutosh. 1993b. "India's Democratic Exceptionalism and Its Troubled Trajectory." Revised version of paper presented at the 1990 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
103. Varshney, Ashutosh. 1995. "The Self-Correcting Mechanisms of Indian Democracy." Seminar (Delhi) 425 (January): 38-41.
104. Vasovic, Vucina. 1992, "A Plea for Consociational Pluralism." In The Tragedy of Yugoslavia: The Failure of Democratic Transformation, ed. Jim Seroka and Vukasin Pavlovic. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
105. Vira, Dharma. 1992. "Inadequacy and Impracticability of the Present Constitution: Case for Major Amendments." In Reforming the Constitution, ed. Subhash C. Kashyap. New Delhi: UBSPD.
106. Von Vorys, Karl. 1975. Democracy Without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
107. Weiner, Myron. 1969. Party Building in a New Nation: The Indian National Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
108. Weiner, Myron. 1989. The Indian Paradox: Essays in Indian Politics. New Delhi: Sage.
109. Wheare, K. C. 1964. Federal Government. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
110. Worrall, Denis. 1981. "The Constitutional Committee of the President's Council." Politikon 8 (December): 27-34.
111. Young, Crawford. 1976. The Politics of Cultural Pluralism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
112. Zakaria, Haji Ahmad. 1989, "Malaysia: Quasi Democracy in a Divided Society." In Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia, ed. Larry Diamond, Juan J. Lim, and Seymour Martin Lipset. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
113. Zolberg, Aristide R. 1977. "Splitting the Difference: Federalization Without Federalism in Belgium." In Ethnic Conflict in the Western World, ed. Milton J. Esman. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.