Why did the incumbency advantage in U.S. House elections grow?

American Journal of Political Science

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 478-497

  Cox, Gary W ^a   Katz, Jonathan N ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030306581     PISSN: 00925853     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2111633     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Aldrich, John, and Richard G. Niemi. N.d. "The Sixth American Party System: Electoral Change, 1952-1988." Forthcoming in Broken Contract? Changing Relationships between Citizens and Their Government in the United States, ed. Stephen C. Craig. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
2. Alford, John R, and David W. Brady. 1989. "Personal and Partisan Advantage in US Congressional Elections." In Congress Reconsidered, 4th ed., ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
3. Alford, John R., and John R. Hibbing. 1981. "Increased Incumbency Advantage in the House." Journal of Politics 43:1042-61.
4. Alvarez, R. Michael, and Mathew M. Schousen. 1993. "Policy Moderation or Conflicting Expectations?: Testing the Intentional Models of Split-Ticket Voting." American Politics Quarterly 21:410-38.
5. Ansolabehere, Steve, David W. Brady, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1988. "The Vanishing Marginals and Electoral Responsiveness." British Journal of Political Science 22:21-38.
6. Born, Richard. 1979. "Generational Replacement and the Growth of Incumbent Reelection Margins in the US House." American Political Science Review 73:811-7.
7. Breaux, David. 1990. "Specifying the Impact of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections." American Politics Quarterly 18:270-86.
8. Burnham, Walter D. 1974. "Communication." American Political Science Review 68:207-13.
9. Cain, Bruce E., John A. Ferejohn, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1987. The Personal Vote. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10. Cleveland, William S. 1979. "Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots." Journal of the American Statistical Association 79:829-36.
11. Collie, Melissa P. 1981. "Incumbency, Electoral Safety, and Turnover in the House of Representatives, 1952-76." American Political Science Review 75:119-31.
12. Cover, Albert D. 1977. "One Good Term Deserves Another: The Advantage of Incumbency in Congressional Elections." American Journal of Political Science 21:523-41.
13. Cox, Gary W., and Scott Morgenstern. 1993. "The Increasing Advantage of Incumbency in the U.S. States." Legislative Studies Quarterly 18:495-514.
14. Cox, Gary W., and Scott Morgenstern 1995. "The Incumbency Advantage in Multimember Districts: Evidence from the U.S. States." Legislative Studies Quarterly. Forthcoming.
15. Erikson, Robert S. 1971. "The Advantage of Incumbency in Congressional Elections." Polity 3:395-405.
16. Erikson, Robert S. 1972. "Malapportionment, Gerrymandering, and Party Fortunes in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 66:1234-45.
17. Fenno, Richard F. Jr. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
18. Ferejohn, John A. 1977. "On the Decline of Competition in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 71:166-76.
19. Fiorina, Morris P. 1977. "The Case of the Vanishing Marginals: The Bureaucracy Did It." American Political Science Review 7:177-81
20. Fiorina, Morris P. 1989. Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
21. Fowler, Linda L. 1993. Candidates, Congress and the American Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
22. Garand, James C. 1991. "Electoral Marginality in State Legislative Elections." Legislative Politics Quarterly 16:7-28.
23. Garand, James C., and Donald A. Gross. 1984. "Changes in the Vote Margins for Congressional Candidates: A Specification of Historical Trends." American Political Science Reveiw 78:17-30.
24. Gelman, Andrew, and Gary King. 1990. "Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias." American Journal of Political Science 34:1142-64.
25. Hart, Douglas B., and Michael C. Munger. 1989. "Declining Electoral Competitiveness in the House of Representatives: The Differential Impact of Improved Transportation Technology." Public 61:217-28.
26. Holbrook, Thomas M., and Charles M. Tidmarch. 1991. "Sophomore Surge in State Legislative Elections, 1968-86." Legislative Politics Quarterly 16:49-63.
27. Holbrook, Thomas M., and Charles M. Tidmarch. 1993. "The Effects of Leadership Positions on votes for Incumbents in State Legislative Elections." Political Research Quarterly 46:897-909.
28. Jacobson, Gary C. 1980. Money in Congressional Elections. Boston: Little, Brown.
29. Jacobson, Gary C. 1987. "The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, 1952-82." American Journal of Political Science 31:126-41.
30. Jacobson, Gary C. 1990a. The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections, 1946-1988. Boulder: Westview Press.
31. Jacobson, Gary C. 1990b. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old Arguments." American Journal of Political Science 34:334-62.
32. Jewell, Malcolm E., and David Breaux. 1988. "The Effect of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 13:495-514.
33. King, Gary, and Andrew Gelman. 1991. "Systematic Consequences of Incumbency Advantage in U.S. House Elections." American Journal of Political Science 35:110-38.
34. King, Gary. 1991a. "Constituency Service and Incumbency Advantage." British Journal of Political Science 21:119-28.
35. King, Gary. 1991b. "Political Gerrymandering and Pairing Incumbents: A Proposed Threshold for Legal Action." Harvard University. Typescript.
36. Krasno, Jonathan S., and Donald P. Green. 1988. "Preempting Quality Challengers in House Elections." Journal of Politics 50:920-36.
37. Krasno, Jonathan S. 1994. Challengers, Competition, and Reelection: Comparing Senate and House Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
38. Krehbiel, Keith, and John R. Wright. 1983. "The Incumbency Effect in Congressional Elections: A Test of Two Explanations." American Journal of Political Science 27:140-57.
39. Mayhew, David. 1974. "Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals." Polity 6:295-317.
40. Niemi, Richard G., Simon Jackman, and L.R. Winsky. 1991. "Candidacies and Competitiveness in Multimember Districts." Legislative Politics Quarterly 16:91-109.
41. Payne, James L. 1980. "The Personal Electoral Advantage of House Incumbents, 1936-1976." American Politics Quarterly 8:465-82.
42. Rivers, Douglass, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1989. "Constituency Service, Reputation, and the Incumbency Advantage." In Home Style and Washington Work, ed. Morris P. Fiorina and David Rohde. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
43. Rohde, David. 1979. "Risk-Bearing and Progressive Ambition: The Case of Members of the United States House of Representatives." American Journal of Political Science 23:1-26.
44. Schlesinger, Joseph. 1966. Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States. Chicago: Rand McNally.
45. Serra, George, and Albert D. Cover. 1992. "The Electoral Consequences of Perquisite Use: The Casework Case." Legislative Studies Quarterly 17:233-46.
46. Stewart, Charles III. 1989. "A Sequential Model of U.S. Senate Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 14:567-601.
47. Tufte, Edward R. 1974. "Communications." American Political Science Review 68:212.
48. Tufte, Edward R. 1973. "The Relationship Between Seats and Votes in Two-Party Systems." American Political Science Review 67:540-54.
49. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1984. The Decline of American Parties, 1952-1984. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
50. Weber, Ronald E., Harvey J. Tucker, and Paul Brace. 1991. "Vanishing Marginals in State Legislative Elections." Legislative Politics Quarterly 16:29-47.