메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 71, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 3881-3901

Triggering deep convection with a probabilistic plume model

Author keywords

Boundary layer; Convective clouds; Convective parameterization; Deep convection; Turbulence

Indexed keywords

AIR ENTRAINMENT; ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLIMATE MODELS; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; NATURAL CONVECTION; TURBULENCE;

EID: 84910149156     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0340.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 3843138534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cumulus parameterization problem: Past, present, and future
    • Arakawa, A., 2004: The cumulus parameterization problem: Past, present, and future. J. Climate, 17, 2493-2525, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2493:RATCPP>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 2493-2525
    • Arakawa, A.1
  • 3
  • 4
    • 0016961667 scopus 로고
    • The thermodynamics transformation of the tropical subcloud layer by precipitation and downdrafts
    • Betts, A. K., 1976: The thermodynamics transformation of the tropical subcloud layer by precipitation and downdrafts. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1008-1020, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1008:TTTOTT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 1008-1020
    • Betts, A.K.1
  • 5
    • 0008894841 scopus 로고
    • Unsaturated downdraft thermodynamics in cumulonimbus
    • Betts, A. K., and M. F. Silva Dias, 1979: Unsaturated downdraft thermodynamics in cumulonimbus. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1061-1071.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 1061-1071
    • Betts, A.K.1    Silva Dias, M.F.2
  • 6
    • 36448952749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of diurnal cycle of convective precipitation over Amazonia using a single column model
    • Betts, A. K., and C. Jakob, 2002: Study of diurnal cycle of convective precipitation over Amazonia using a single column model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4732, doi:10.1029/2002JD002264.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 4732
    • Betts, A.K.1    Jakob, C.2
  • 7
    • 84871914705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assumed probability density functions for shallow and deep convection
    • Bogenschutz, P. A., S. K. Krueger, and M. F. Khairoutdinov, 2010:Assumed probability density functions for shallow and deep convection. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 2 (4), doi:10.3894/JAMES.2010.2.10.
    • (2010) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , vol.2 , Issue.4
    • Bogenschutz, P.A.1    Krueger, S.K.2    Khairoutdinov, M.F.3
  • 8
    • 84867951271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the subcloud layer on the development of a deep convective ensemble
    • Böing, S. J., H. J. J. Jonker, A. P. Siebesma, and W. W. Grabowski, 2012: Influence of the subcloud layer on the development of a deep convective ensemble. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2682-2698, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0317.1.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 2682-2698
    • Böing, S.J.1    Jonker, H.J.J.2    Siebesma, A.P.3    Grabowski, W.W.4
  • 9
    • 33744483795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of clouds and precipitation processes in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3)
    • Boville, B. A., P. J. Rasch, J. J. Hack, and J. R. McCaa, 2006: Representation of clouds and precipitation processes in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). J. Climate, 19, 2184-2198, doi:10.1175/JCLI3749.1.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 2184-2198
    • Boville, B.A.1    Rasch, P.J.2    Hack, J.J.3    McCaa, J.R.4
  • 10
    • 7744229398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I:Description and 1D results
    • Bretherton, C. S., H. Grenier, and J. R. McCaa, 2004: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I:Description and 1D results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 864-882, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0864:ANPFSC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 864-882
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    Grenier, H.2    McCaa, J.R.3
  • 11
    • 0029662868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of feedback mechanisms in land-atmosphere interaction
    • Brubaker, K. L., and D. Entekhabi, 1996: Analysis of feedback mechanisms in land-atmosphere interaction. Water Resour. Res., 32, 1343-1357, doi:10.1029/96WR00005.
    • (1996) Water Resour. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 1343-1357
    • Brubaker, K.L.1    Entekhabi, D.2
  • 12
    • 7744224719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reevaluation of ice-liquid water potential temperature
    • Bryan, G. H., and M. J. Fritsch, 2004: A reevaluation of ice-liquid water potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2421-2431, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2421:AROIWP>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 2421-2431
    • Bryan, G.H.1    Fritsch, M.J.2
  • 13
  • 14
    • 84856212077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation of daytime local convection in a semi-arid region analysed with high-resolution simulations and AMMA observations
    • Couvreux, F., C. Rio, F. Guichard, M. Lothon, G. Canut, D. Bouniol, and A. Gounou, 2012: Initiation of daytime local convection in a semi-arid region analysed with high-resolution simulations and AMMA observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 56-71, doi:10.1002/qj.903.
    • (2012) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.138 , pp. 56-71
    • Couvreux, F.1    Rio, C.2    Guichard, F.3    Lothon, M.4    Canut, G.5    Bouniol, D.6    Gounou, A.7
  • 15
    • 0029662875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the evaporative fraction and the Priestley-Taylor a for parameterizing daytime evaporation
    • Crago, R. D., 1996a: Comparison of the evaporative fraction and the Priestley-Taylor a for parameterizing daytime evaporation. Water Resour. Res., 32, 1403-1409, doi:10.1029/96WR00269.
    • (1996) Water Resour. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 1403-1409
    • Crago, R.D.1
  • 16
    • 0030131445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation and variability of the evaporative fraction during the daytime
    • Crago, R. D., 1996b: Conservation and variability of the evaporative fraction during the daytime. J. Hydrol., 180, 173-194, doi:10.1016/0022-1694(95)02903-6.
    • (1996) J. Hydrol. , vol.180 , pp. 173-194
    • Crago, R.D.1
  • 17
    • 33646451521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models
    • Dai, A., 2006: Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models. J. Climate, 19, 4605-4630, doi:10.1175/JCLI3884.1.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 4605-4630
    • Dai, A.1
  • 18
    • 1842740306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the Community Climate System Model
    • Dai, A., and K. E. Tremberth, 2004: The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate, 17, 930-951, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0930:TDCAID>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 930-951
    • Dai, A.1    Tremberth, K.E.2
  • 19
    • 77954371371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of entrainment in the diurnal cycle of continental convection
    • Del Genio, A. D., and J. Wu, 2010: The role of entrainment in the diurnal cycle of continental convection. J. Climate, 23, 2722-2738, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3340.1.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 2722-2738
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Wu, J.2
  • 21
    • 77956209586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical expressions for entrainment and detrainment in cumulus convection
    • De Rooy, W. C., and A. P. Siebesma, 2010: Analytical expressions for entrainment and detrainment in cumulus convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1216-1227, doi:10.1002/qj.640.
    • (2010) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 1216-1227
    • De Rooy, W.C.1    Siebesma, A.P.2
  • 22
    • 84873301415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrainment and detrainment in cumulus convection: An overview
    • De Rooy, W. C., and Coauthors, 2013: Entrainment and detrainment in cumulus convection: An overview. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1-19, doi:10.1002/qj.1959.
    • (2013) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.139 , pp. 1-19
    • De Rooy, W.C.1
  • 23
    • 56349157052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the primary sources of spread of global warming estimates from coupled atmosphere-ocean models
    • Dufresne, J.-L., and S. Bony, 2008: An assessment of the primary sources of spread of global warming estimates from coupled atmosphere-ocean models. J. Climate, 21, 5135-5144, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2239.1.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 5135-5144
    • Dufresne, J.-L.1    Bony, S.2
  • 24
    • 1642325242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of soil moisture on boundary layer cloud development
    • Ek, M. B., and A. M. Holtslag, 2004: Influence of soil moisture on boundary layer cloud development. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 86-99, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0086:IOSMOB>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.5 , pp. 86-99
    • Ek, M.B.1    Holtslag, A.M.2
  • 25
    • 0026305596 scopus 로고
    • A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models
    • Emanuel, K., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313-2335, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<2313:ASFRCC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 2313-2335
    • Emanuel, K.1
  • 26
    • 0032571693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of cumulus convection with soil moisture distribution: An idealized simulation
    • Emori, S., 1998: The interaction of cumulus convection with soil moisture distribution: An idealized simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8873-8884, doi:10.1029/98JD00426.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 8873-8884
    • Emori, S.1
  • 27
    • 77955582915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating boundary layer-based mass flux closures using cloud-resolving model simulations of deep convection
    • Fletcher, J. K., and C. S. Bretherton, 2010: Evaluating boundary layer-based mass flux closures using cloud-resolving model simulations of deep convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2212-2225, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3328.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 2212-2225
    • Fletcher, J.K.1    Bretherton, C.S.2
  • 28
  • 29
    • 84858185072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diurnal behavior of evaporative fraction in the soil-vegetation-atmospheric boundary layer continuum
    • Gentine, P., D. Entekhabi, A. and J. Polcher, 2011: The diurnal behavior of evaporative fraction in the soil-vegetation-atmospheric boundary layer continuum. J. Hydrometeor., 12, 1530-1546, doi:10.1175/2011JHM1261.1.
    • (2011) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.12 , pp. 1530-1546
    • Gentine, P.1    Entekhabi, D.A.2    Polcher, J.3
  • 31
    • 84876080175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A probabilistic bulk model of coupled mixed layer and convection. Part II: Shallow convection case
    • Gentine, P., A. K. Betts, B. R. Lintner, K. L. Findell, C. C. van Heerwaarden, and F. D'Andrea, 2013b: A probabilistic bulk model of coupled mixed layer and convection. Part II: Shallow convection case. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1557-1576, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0146.1.
    • (2013) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.70 , pp. 1557-1576
    • Gentine, P.1    Betts, A.K.2    Lintner, B.R.3    Findell, K.L.4    van Heerwaarden, C.C.5    D'Andrea, F.6
  • 32
    • 84881495464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface and atmospheric controls on the onset of moist convection over land
    • Gentine, P., A. A. M. Holtslag, F. D'Andrea, and M. B. Ek, 2013c: Surface and atmospheric controls on the onset of moist convection over land. J. Hydrometeor., 14, 1443-1462, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-12-0137.1.
    • (2013) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.14 , pp. 1443-1462
    • Gentine, P.1    Holtslag, A.A.M.2    D'Andrea, F.3    Ek, M.B.4
  • 33
    • 0037116285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A PDF-based model for boundary layer clouds. Part I: Method and model description
    • Golaz, J.-C., V. E. Larson, and W. R. Cotton, 2002: A PDF-based model for boundary layer clouds. Part I: Method and model description. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3540-3551, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3540:APBMFB>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 3540-3551
    • Golaz, J.-C.1    Larson, V.E.2    Cotton, W.R.3
  • 34
    • 33645501144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daytime convective development over land: A model intercomparison based on LBA observations
    • Grabowski, W. W., and Coauthors, 2006: Daytime convective development over land: A model intercomparison based on LBA observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 317-344, doi:10.1256/qj.04.147.
    • (2006) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.132 , pp. 317-344
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 35
    • 77953328474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A density current parameterization coupled with Emanuel's convection scheme. Part I: The models
    • Grandpeix, J.-Y., and J.-P. Lafore, 2010: A density current parameterization coupled with Emanuel's convection scheme. Part I: The models. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 881-897, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3044.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 881-897
    • Grandpeix, J.-Y.1    Lafore, J.-P.2
  • 36
    • 77953344052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A density current parameterization coupled with Emanuel's convection scheme. Part II: 1D simulations
    • Grandpeix, J.-Y., J.-P. Lafore, and F. Cheruy, 2010: A density current parameterization coupled with Emanuel's convection scheme. Part II: 1D simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 898-922, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3045.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 898-922
    • Grandpeix, J.-Y.1    Lafore, J.-P.2    Cheruy, F.3
  • 37
    • 0035067174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of entrainment rate in simple models of convective clouds
    • Gregory, D., 2001: Estimation of entrainment rate in simple models of convective clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 53-72, doi:10.1002/qj.49712757104.
    • (2001) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.127 , pp. 53-72
    • Gregory, D.1
  • 38
    • 13844292721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the diurnal cycle of deep precipitating convection over land with cloud-resolving models and single-column models
    • Guichard, F., and Coauthors, 2004: Modelling the diurnal cycle of deep precipitating convection over land with cloud-resolving models and single-column models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3139-3172, doi:10.1256/qj.03.145.
    • (2004) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.130 , pp. 3139-3172
    • Guichard, F.1
  • 40
    • 84884205450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding advances in the simulation of intraseasonal variability in the ECMWF model. Part II: The application of process-based diagnostics
    • Hirons, L. C., P. Inness, F. Vitart, and P. Bechtold, 2013: Understanding advances in the simulation of intraseasonal variability in the ECMWF model. Part II: The application of process-based diagnostics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1427-1444, doi:10.1002/qj.2059.
    • (2013) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.139 , pp. 1427-1444
    • Hirons, L.C.1    Inness, P.2    Vitart, F.3    Bechtold, P.4
  • 41
    • 80054934526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating deep convection with a shallow convection scheme
    • Hohenegger, C., and C. S. Bretherton, 2011: Simulating deep convection with a shallow convection scheme. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10 389-10 406, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10389-2011.
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 10 389-10 406
    • Hohenegger, C.1    Bretherton, C.S.2
  • 42
    • 84874955642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preconditioning deep convection with cumulus congestus
    • Hohenegger, C., and B. Stevens, 2013: Preconditioning deep convection with cumulus congestus. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 448-464, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-089.1.
    • (2013) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.70 , pp. 448-464
    • Hohenegger, C.1    Stevens, B.2
  • 43
    • 69849100467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moisture vertical structure, column water vapor, and tropical deep convection
    • Holloway, C. E., and J. D. Neelin, 2009: Moisture vertical structure, column water vapor, and tropical deep convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1665-1683, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2806.1.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 1665-1683
    • Holloway, C.E.1    Neelin, J.D.2
  • 45
    • 0348013338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new subcloud model for mass-flux convection schemes: Influence on triggering, updraft properties, andmodel climate
    • Jakob, C., and A. P. Siebesma, 2003: A new subcloud model for mass-flux convection schemes: Influence on triggering, updraft properties, andmodel climate. Mon.Wea. Rev., 131, 2765-2778, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2765:ANSMFM>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) Mon.Wea. Rev. , vol.131 , pp. 2765-2778
    • Jakob, C.1    Siebesma, A.P.2
  • 46
    • 0019728599 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale effects of deep convection on the GATE tropical boundary layer
    • Johnson, R. H., 1981: Large-scale effects of deep convection on the GATE tropical boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2399-2413, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<2399:LSEODC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 2399-2413
    • Johnson, R.H.1
  • 47
    • 0012105890 scopus 로고
    • Precipitating cloud systems of the Asian monsoon
    • Chang, C.-P. and T. N. Krishnamurti, Eds.
    • Johnson, R. J., and R. A. Houze, 1987: Precipitating cloud systems of the Asian monsoon. Monsoon Meteorology, Chang, C.-P. and T. N. Krishnamurti, Eds., 298-353.
    • (1987) Monsoon Meteorology , pp. 298-353
    • Johnson, R.J.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 48
    • 0025592294 scopus 로고
    • A one dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its applications to convective parameterization
    • Kain, J. S., and J. M. Frisch, 1990: A one dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its applications to convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 2784-2802
    • Kain, J.S.1    Frisch, J.M.2
  • 49
    • 33846145369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution simulation of shallow-to-deep convection transition over land
    • Khairoutdinov, M. F., and D. A. Randall, 2006: High-resolution simulation of shallow-to-deep convection transition over land. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3421-3436, doi:10.1175/JAS3810.1.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 3421-3436
    • Khairoutdinov, M.F.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 51
    • 33645962608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mass-flux scheme view of a high-resolution simulation of a transition from shallow to deep cumulus convection
    • Kuang, Z., and C. S. Bretherton, 2006: A mass-flux scheme view of a high-resolution simulation of a transition from shallow to deep cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1895-1909, doi:10.1175/JAS3723.1.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 1895-1909
    • Kuang, Z.1    Bretherton, C.S.2
  • 52
    • 85068616663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: Adiabatic formulation and control simulations
    • Lafore, J.-P., and Coauthors, 1998: The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: Adiabatic formulation and control simulations. Ann. Geophys., 109, 90-109, doi:10.1007/s00585-997-0090-6.
    • (1998) Ann. Geophys. , vol.109 , pp. 90-109
    • Lafore, J.-P.1
  • 53
    • 0035418194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part I: A new type of mass-flux model
    • Lappen, C.-L., and D. A. Randall, 2001a: Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part I: A new type of mass-flux model. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2021-2036, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2021:TAUPOT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 2021-2036
    • Lappen, C.-L.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 54
    • 0035418608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part II: Lateral mass exchanges and subplume-scale fluxes
    • Lappen, C.-L., and D. A. Randall, 2001b: Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part II: Lateral mass exchanges and subplume-scale fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2037-2051, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2037:TAUPOT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 2037-2051
    • Lappen, C.-L.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 55
    • 0035417826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part III: Simulations of clear and cloudy convection
    • Lappen, C.-L., and D. A. Randall, 2001c: Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part III: Simulations of clear and cloudy convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2052-2072, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2052:TAUPOT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 2052-2072
    • Lappen, C.-L.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 56
    • 84871463502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of the Quasi-equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model 2 (QTCM2): Global simulations and convection sensitivity to free tropospheric moisture
    • Lintner, B. R., G. Bellon, A. H. Sobel, D. Kim, and J. D. Neelin, 2012: Implementation of the Quasi-equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model 2 (QTCM2): Global simulations and convection sensitivity to free tropospheric moisture. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 4, M12002, doi:10.1029/2012MS000174.
    • (2012) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , vol.4 , pp. M12002
    • Lintner, B.R.1    Bellon, G.2    Sobel, A.H.3    Kim, D.4    Neelin, J.D.5
  • 57
    • 79958752017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle of a mesoscale circular gust front observed by a C-band Doppler radar in West Africa
    • Lothon, M., B. Campistron, M. Chong, F. Couvreux, F. Guichard, C. Rio, and E.Williams, 2011: Life cycle of a mesoscale circular gust front observed by a C-band Doppler radar in West Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1370-1388, doi:10.1175/2010MWR3480.1.
    • (2011) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.139 , pp. 1370-1388
    • Lothon, M.1    Campistron, B.2    Chong, M.3    Couvreux, F.4    Guichard, F.5    Rio, C.6    Williams, E.7
  • 58
    • 0034193907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convective inhibition, subgrid-scale triggering energy, and stratiform instability in a toy tropical wave model
    • Mapes, B. M., 2000: Convective inhibition, subgrid-scale triggering energy, and stratiform instability in a toy tropical wave model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1515-1535, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1515:CISSTE>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 1515-1535
    • Mapes, B.M.1
  • 59
    • 80051826033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterizing convective organization to escape the entrainment dilemma
    • Mapes, B. M., and R. B. Neale, 2011: Parameterizing convective organization to escape the entrainment dilemma. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M06004, doi:10.1029/2011MS000042.
    • (2011) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , vol.3 , pp. M06004
    • Mapes, B.M.1    Neale, R.B.2
  • 60
    • 73149101909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling basin-wide variations in Amazon forest productivity-Part 1: Model calibration, evaluation and upscaling functions for canopy photosynthesis
    • Mercado, L. M., J. Lloyd, A. J. Dolman, S. Sitch, M. Office, and H. Centre, 2009: Modelling basin-wide variations in Amazon forest productivity-Part 1: Model calibration, evaluation and upscaling functions for canopy photosynthesis. Biogeosciences, 6, 1247-1272, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1247-2009.
    • (2009) Biogeosciences , vol.6 , pp. 1247-1272
    • Mercado, L.M.1    Lloyd, J.2    Dolman, A.J.3    Sitch, S.4    Office, M.5    Centre, H.6
  • 61
    • 84867920582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detailed investigation of the self-aggregation of convection in cloud-resolving simulations
    • Muller, C. J., and I. M. Held, 2012: Detailed investigation of the self-aggregation of convection in cloud-resolving simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2551-2565, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0257.1.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 2551-2565
    • Muller, C.J.1    Held, I.M.2
  • 62
    • 10244266366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of mass flux closures for diurnal cycles of shallow cumulus
    • Neggers, R. A. J., A. P. Siebesma, G. Lenderink, and A. M. Holtslag, 2004: An evaluation of mass flux closures for diurnal cycles of shallow cumulus. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2525-2538, doi:10.1175/MWR2776.1.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 2525-2538
    • Neggers, R.A.J.1    Siebesma, A.P.2    Lenderink, G.3    Holtslag, A.M.4
  • 63
    • 69849084031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dual mass flux framework for boundary layer convection. Part I: Transport
    • Neggers, R. A. J., M. Köhler, and A. C. M. Beljaars, 2009: A dual mass flux framework for boundary layer convection. Part I: Transport. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1465-1487, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2635.1.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 1465-1487
    • Neggers, R.A.J.1    Köhler, M.2    Beljaars, A.C.M.3
  • 64
    • 0038266828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements
    • Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16, 1456-1475, doi:10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1456.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 1456-1475
    • Nesbitt, S.W.1    Zipser, E.J.2
  • 65
    • 84868628405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond bulk entrainment and detrainment rates: A new framework for diagnosing mixing in cumulus convection
    • Nie, J., and Z. Kuang, 2012: Beyond bulk entrainment and detrainment rates: A new framework for diagnosing mixing in cumulus convection. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21803, doi:10.1029/2012GL053992.
    • (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.39 , pp. L21803
    • Nie, J.1    Kuang, Z.2
  • 66
    • 84867685774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation climatology in an ensemble of CORDEX-Africa regional climate simulations
    • Nikulin, G., and Coauthors, 2012: Precipitation climatology in an ensemble of CORDEX-Africa regional climate simulations. J. Climate, 25, 6057-6078, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00375.1.
    • (2012) J. Climate , vol.25 , pp. 6057-6078
    • Nikulin, G.1
  • 67
    • 0031997406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A convective wake parameterization scheme for use in general circulation models
    • Qian, L., G. S. Young, and W. M. Frank, 1998: A convective wake parameterization scheme for use in general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 456-469, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0456:ACWPSF>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1998) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 456-469
    • Qian, L.1    Young, G.S.2    Frank, W.M.3
  • 68
    • 33846479870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis: An international research project and field campaign
    • Redelsperger, J.-L., C. D. Thorncroft, A. Diedhiou, T. Lebel, D. J. Parker, and J. Polcher, 2006: African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis: An international research project and field campaign. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1739-1746, doi:10.1175/BAMS-87-12-1739.
    • (2006) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.87 , pp. 1739-1746
    • Redelsperger, J.-L.1    Thorncroft, C.D.2    Diedhiou, A.3    Lebel, T.4    Parker, D.J.5    Polcher, J.6
  • 69
    • 77952423315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolved versus parametrized boundary-layer plumes. Part II: Continuous formulations of mixing rates for mass-flux schemes
    • Rio, C., F. Hourdin, F. Couvreux, and A. Jam, 2010: Resolved versus parametrized boundary-layer plumes. Part II: Continuous formulations of mixing rates for mass-flux schemes. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 135, 469-483, doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9478-z.
    • (2010) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.135 , pp. 469-483
    • Rio, C.1    Hourdin, F.2    Couvreux, F.3    Jam, A.4
  • 70
    • 84876832884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of deep convection by subcloud lifting processes: The ALP closure in the LMDZ5B general circulation model
    • Rio, C., and Coauthors, 2013: Control of deep convection by subcloud lifting processes: The ALP closure in the LMDZ5B general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 40 (9-10), 2271-2292, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1506-x.
    • (2013) Climate Dyn. , vol.40 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 2271-2292
    • Rio, C.1
  • 71
    • 77955543562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A direct measure of entrainment
    • Romps, D. M., 2010: A direct measure of entrainment. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1908-1927, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3371.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 1908-1927
    • Romps, D.M.1
  • 72
    • 77955547094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature versus nurture in shallow convection
    • Romps, D. M., and Z. Kuang, 2010: Nature versus nurture in shallow convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1655-1666, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3307.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 1655-1666
    • Romps, D.M.1    Kuang, Z.2
  • 73
    • 84861476064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-moisture dependence of the deep convective transition as a constraint on entrainment in climate models
    • Sahany, S., J. D. Neelin, K. Hales, and R. B. Neale, 2012: Temperature-moisture dependence of the deep convective transition as a constraint on entrainment in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1340-1358, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0164.1.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 1340-1358
    • Sahany, S.1    Neelin, J.D.2    Hales, K.3    Neale, R.B.4
  • 74
    • 84904865701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The formation of wider and deeper clouds through cold-pool dynamics
    • Schlemmer, L., and C. Hohenegger, 2014: The formation of wider and deeper clouds through cold-pool dynamics. J. Climate, 71, 2842-2858, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0170.1.
    • (2014) J. Climate , vol.71 , pp. 2842-2858
    • Schlemmer, L.1    Hohenegger, C.2
  • 75
    • 84892156525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread in model climate sensitivity traced to atmospheric convective mixing
    • Sherwood, S. C., S. Bony, and J.-L. Dufresne, 2014: Spread in model climate sensitivity traced to atmospheric convective mixing. Nature, 505, 37-42, doi:10.1038/nature12829.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.505 , pp. 37-42
    • Sherwood, S.C.1    Bony, S.2    Dufresne, J.-L.3
  • 76
    • 0037931961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection
    • Siebesma, A. P., and Coauthors, 2003: A large eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1201-1219, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1201:ALESIS>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 1201-1219
    • Siebesma, A.P.1
  • 77
    • 12344288400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud representation in generalcirculation models over the northern Pacific Ocean: A EUROCS intercomparison study
    • Siebesma, A. P., and Coauthors, 2004: Cloud representation in generalcirculation models over the northern Pacific Ocean: A EUROCS intercomparison study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3245-3267, doi:10.1256/qj.03.146.
    • (2004) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.130 , pp. 3245-3267
    • Siebesma, A.P.1
  • 78
    • 34247588680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A combined eddydiffusivity mass-flux approach for the convective boundary layer
    • Siebesma, A. P., P. M. M. Soares, and J. Teixeira, 2007: A combined eddydiffusivity mass-flux approach for the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1230-1248, doi:10.1175/JAS3888.1.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 1230-1248
    • Siebesma, A.P.1    Soares, P.M.M.2    Teixeira, J.3
  • 79
    • 0000990160 scopus 로고
    • Models of precipitating cumulus towers
    • Simpson, J., and V. Wiggert, 1969: Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 471-489, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0471:MOPCT>2.3.CO;2.
    • (1969) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.97 , pp. 471-489
    • Simpson, J.1    Wiggert, V.2
  • 80
    • 84870576529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of interactive vegetation phenology on the 2003 summer heat waves
    • Stefanon, M., P. Drobinski, F. D'Andrea, and N. D. Noblet-Ducoudré, 2012: Effects of interactive vegetation phenology on the 2003 summer heat waves. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D24103, doi:10.1029/2012JD018187.
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.117 , pp. D24103
    • Stefanon, M.1    Drobinski, P.2    D'Andrea, F.3    Noblet-Ducoudré, N.D.4
  • 81
    • 84864285898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrainment processes in the diurnal cycle of deep convection over land
    • Stirling, A. J., and R. A. Stratton, 2012: Entrainment processes in the diurnal cycle of deep convection over land. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1135-1149, doi:10.1002/qj.1868.
    • (2012) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.138 , pp. 1135-1149
    • Stirling, A.J.1    Stratton, R.A.2
  • 82
    • 0022170321 scopus 로고
    • A fair-weather cumulus cloud classification scheme for mixed-layer studies
    • Stull, R. B., 1985: A fair-weather cumulus cloud classification scheme for mixed-layer studies. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 49-56, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0049:AFWCCC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1985) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.24 , pp. 49-56
    • Stull, R.B.1
  • 83
    • 81555213065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of mesh resolution on convective boundary layer statistics and structures generated by large-eddy simulation
    • Sullivan, P. P., and E. G. Patton, 2011: The effect of mesh resolution on convective boundary layer statistics and structures generated by large-eddy simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2395-2415, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-10-05010.1.
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 2395-2415
    • Sullivan, P.P.1    Patton, E.G.2
  • 84
    • 84881265390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unified model for moist convective boundary layers based on a stochastic eddydiffusivity/mass-flux parameterization
    • Sušelj, K., J. Teixeira, and D. Chung, 2013: A unified model for moist convective boundary layers based on a stochastic eddydiffusivity/mass-flux parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1929-1953, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0106.1.
    • (2013) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.70 , pp. 1929-1953
    • Sušelj, K.1    Teixeira, J.2    Chung, D.3
  • 85
    • 0034210362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical experiments on the mechanisms for the development and maintenance of long-lived squall lines in dry environments
    • Takemi, T., and T. Satomura, 2000: Numerical experiments on the mechanisms for the development and maintenance of long-lived squall lines in dry environments. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1718-1740, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1718:NEOTMF>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 1718-1740
    • Takemi, T.1    Satomura, T.2
  • 87
    • 0024907516 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large scale models
    • Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1779:ACMFSF>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1779-1800
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 88
    • 0035868028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of water vapor
    • Tompkins, A. M., 2001: Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of water vapor. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 529-545, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0529:OOTCIL>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 529-545
    • Tompkins, A.M.1
  • 89
    • 77958541882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The deepening of tropical convection by congestus preconditioning
    • Waite, M. L., and B. Khouider, 2010: The deepening of tropical convection by congestus preconditioning. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2601-2615, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3357.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 2601-2615
    • Waite, M.L.1    Khouider, B.2
  • 90
    • 1842710177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ''A theory for strong longlived squall lines'' revisited
    • Weisman, M. L., and R. Rotunno, 2004: ''A theory for strong longlived squall lines'' revisited. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 361-382, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0361:ATFSLS>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 361-382
    • Weisman, M.L.1    Rotunno, R.2
  • 91
    • 0022168921 scopus 로고
    • The LCL zone and cumulus onset
    • Wilde, N. P., R. B. Stull, and E.W. Eloranta, 1985: The LCL zone and cumulus onset. J. ClimateAppl.Meteor., 24, 640-657, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0640:TLZACO>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1985) J. ClimateAppl.Meteor. , vol.24 , pp. 640-657
    • Wilde, N.P.1    Stull, R.B.2    Eloranta, E.W.3
  • 92
    • 57349158057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling suppressed and active convection:Comparisons between three global atmospheric models
    • Willett, M. R., P. Bechtold, D. L. Williamson, J. Petch, and S. F. Milton, 2008: Modelling suppressed and active convection:Comparisons between three global atmospheric models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1881-1896, doi:10.1002/qj.317.
    • (2008) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 1881-1896
    • Willett, M.R.1    Bechtold, P.2    Williamson, D.L.3    Petch, J.4    Milton, S.F.5
  • 93
    • 0035389790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updraft and downdraft statistics of simulated tropical and midlatitude cumulus convection
    • Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 2001: Updraft and downdraft statistics of simulated tropical and midlatitude cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1630-1649, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1630:UADSOS>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 1630-1649
    • Xu, K.-M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 94
    • 0035302480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diurnal cycle in the tropics
    • Yang, G.-Y., and J. Slingo, 2001: The diurnal cycle in the tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 784-801, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0784:TDCITT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 784-801
    • Yang, G.-Y.1    Slingo, J.2
  • 95
    • 77958564382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms affecting the transition from shallow to deep convection over land: Inferences from observations of the diurnal cycle collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains site
    • Zhang, Y., and S. A. Klein, 2010: Mechanisms affecting the transition from shallow to deep convection over land: Inferences from observations of the diurnal cycle collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains site. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2943-2959, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3366.1.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 2943-2959
    • Zhang, Y.1    Klein, S.A.2
  • 96
    • 84877640475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors controlling the vertical extent of fairweather shallow cumulus clouds over land: Investigation of diurnal-cycle observations collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains site
    • Zhang, Y., and S. A. Klein, 2013: Factors controlling the vertical extent of fairweather shallow cumulus clouds over land: Investigation of diurnal-cycle observations collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains site. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1297-1315, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0131.1.
    • (2013) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.70 , pp. 1297-1315
    • Zhang, Y.1    Klein, S.A.2
  • 97
    • 0000177924 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale and convective scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall line structure
    • Zipser, E. J., 1977: Mesoscale and convective scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall line structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1568-1589, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1568:MACDAD>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1977) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.105 , pp. 1568-1589
    • Zipser, E.J.1
  • 98
    • 84862908659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On trade wind cumulus cold pools
    • Zuidema, P., and Coauthors, 2012: On trade wind cumulus cold pools. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 258-280, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0143.1.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 258-280
    • Zuidema, P.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.