메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 18, 2006, Pages 4605-4630

Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIURNAL CYCLE; INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION;

EID: 33646451521     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3884.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (905)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0842334547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present)
    • and Coauthors
    • Adler, R. F., and Coauthors, 2003: The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147-1167.
    • (2003) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.4 , pp. 1147-1167
    • Adler, R.F.1
  • 2
    • 0001241791 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I
    • Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 674-701
    • Arakawa, A.1    Schubert, W.H.2
  • 4
    • 0022849418 scopus 로고
    • New convective adjustment scheme, Pt. 1, Observational and theoretical basis
    • Betts, A. K., 1986: New convective adjustment scheme, Pt. 1, Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112,677-691.
    • (1986) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.112 , pp. 677-691
    • Betts, A.K.1
  • 5
    • 1642582401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of diurnal cycle of convective precipitation over Amazonia using a single column model
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002264
    • Betts, A. K., and C. Jakob, 2002: Study of diurnal cycle of convective precipitation over Amazonia using a single column model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4732, doi:10.1029/2002JD002264.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 4732
    • Betts, A.K.1    Jakob, C.2
  • 6
    • 0034464567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved scheme for convective/stratiform echo classification using radar reflectivity
    • Biggerstaff, M. I., and S. A. Listemaa, 2000: An improved scheme for convective/stratiform echo classification using radar reflectivity. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2129-2150.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.39 , pp. 2129-2150
    • Biggerstaff, M.I.1    Listemaa, S.A.2
  • 7
    • 0000290517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Community Climate System Model
    • and Coauthors
    • Blackmon, M., and Coauthors, 2001: The Community Climate System Model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82,2357-2376.
    • (2001) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 2357-2376
    • Blackmon, M.1
  • 8
    • 0035515160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection: Evaluation using TOGA COARE data
    • Bony, S., and K. A. Emmanuel, 2001: A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection: Evaluation using TOGA COARE data. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3158-3183.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 3158-3183
    • Bony, S.1    Emmanuel, K.A.2
  • 9
    • 0030356978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of precipitation observed over the continental United States to that simulated by a climate model
    • Chen, M., R. E. Dickinson, X. Zeng, and A. N. Hahmann, 1996: Comparison of precipitation observed over the continental United States to that simulated by a climate model. J. Climate, 9, 2223-2249.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 2223-2249
    • Chen, M.1    Dickinson, R.E.2    Zeng, X.3    Hahmann, A.N.4
  • 10
    • 0035982882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global land precipitation: A 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations
    • Chen, M., P. Xie, J. E. Janowiak, and P. A. Arkin, 2002: Global land precipitation: A 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations. J. Hydrometeor., 3, 249-266.
    • (2002) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.3 , pp. 249-266
    • Chen, M.1    Xie, P.2    Janowiak, J.E.3    Arkin, P.A.4
  • 11
    • 33744490657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Community Climate System Model: CCSM3
    • and Coauthors
    • Collins, W. D., and Coauthors, 2006: The Community Climate System Model: CCSM3. J. Climate 19, 2122-2143.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 2122-2143
    • Collins, W.D.1
  • 13
    • 0035869795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part 1: Seasonal and interammal variations
    • Dai, A., 2001a: Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part 1: Seasonal and interammal variations. J. Climate, 14, 1092-1111.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 1092-1111
    • Dai, A.1
  • 14
    • 0035869786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part II: Diurnal variations
    • Dai, A., 2001b: Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part II: Diurnal variations. J. Climate, 14, 1112-1128.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 1112-1128
    • Dai, A.1
  • 15
    • 0034352901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global patterns of ENSO-induced precipitation
    • Dai, A., and T. M. L. Wigley, 2000: Global patterns of ENSO-induced precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1283-1286.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 1283-1286
    • Dai, A.1    Wigley, T.M.L.2
  • 16
    • 1842740306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the community climate system model
    • Dai, A., and K. E. Trenberth, 2004: The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the community climate system model. J. Climate, 17, 930-951.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 930-951
    • Dai, A.1    Trenberth, K.E.2
  • 17
    • 0031429699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface observed global land precipitation variations during 1900-88
    • Dai, A., I. Y. Fung, and A. D. Del Genio, 1997: Surface observed global land precipitation variations during 1900-88. J. Climate, 10, 2943-2962.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 2943-2962
    • Dai, A.1    Fung, I.Y.2    Del Genio, A.D.3
  • 18
    • 0033608655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycles over the contiguous United States
    • Dai, A., F. Giorgi, and K. E. Trenberth, 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycles over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6377-6402.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 6377-6402
    • Dai, A.1    Giorgi, F.2    Trenberth, K.E.3
  • 19
    • 0035866106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated by the NCAR climate system model
    • Dai, A., T. M. L. Wigley, B. A. Boville, J. T. Kiehl, and L E. Buja, 2001: Climates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated by the NCAR climate system model. J. Climate, 14, 485-519.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 485-519
    • Dai, A.1    Wigley, T.M.L.2    Boville, B.A.3    Kiehl, J.T.4    Buja, L.E.5
  • 20
    • 23044479000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of an improved low-level cloud scheme on the eastern Pacific ITCZ-cold tongue complex
    • Dai, F., R. Yu, X. Zhang, Y. Yu, and J. Li, 2005: Impacts of an improved low-level cloud scheme on the eastern Pacific ITCZ-cold tongue complex. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 22, 559-574.
    • (2005) Adv. Atmos. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 559-574
    • Dai, F.1    Yu, R.2    Zhang, X.3    Yu, Y.4    Li, J.5
  • 22
    • 18244391234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions
    • and Coauthors
    • Davey, M. K., and Coauthors, 2002: STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Climate Dyn., 18, 403-420.
    • (2002) Climate Dyn. , vol.18 , pp. 403-420
    • Davey, M.K.1
  • 23
    • 0000200471 scopus 로고
    • Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme
    • K. Emanuel and D. Raymond, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc
    • Del Genio, A. D., and M.-S. Yao, 1993: Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, K. Emanuel and D. Raymond, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 181-184.
    • (1993) The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models , pp. 181-184
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Yao, M.-S.2
  • 24
    • 0029751999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models
    • Del Genio, A. D., M.-S. Yao, W. Kovari, and K. K. W. Lo, 1996: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models. J. Climate, 9 270-304.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 270-304
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Yao, M.-S.2    Kovari, W.3    Lo, K.K.W.4
  • 26
    • 33645219567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part 1: Formulation and simulation characteristics
    • and Coauthors
    • Delworth, T. L., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part 1: Formulation and simulation characteristics. J. Climate, 19, 643-674.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 643-674
    • Delworth, T.L.1
  • 27
    • 0036873664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of present-day climate with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (English translation)
    • Diansky, N. A., and E. M. Volodin, 2002: Simulation of present-day climate with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (English translation). Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 38,732-747.
    • (2002) Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. , vol.38 , pp. 732-747
    • Diansky, N.A.1    Volodin, E.M.2
  • 28
    • 0037095944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between the SOI and extended tropical precipitation in simulations of future climate change
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014601
    • Doherty, R., and M. Hulme, 2002: The relationship between the SOI and extended tropical precipitation in simulations of future climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1475, doi:10.1029/2001GL014601.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1475
    • Doherty, R.1    Hulme, M.2
  • 29
    • 0026305596 scopus 로고
    • A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models
    • Emanuel, K. A., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313-2335.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 2313-2335
    • Emanuel, K.A.1
  • 30
    • 23044528708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of cumulus parameterization for precipitation simulation over East Asia in June
    • Emori, S., T. Nozawa, A. Numaguti, and I. Uno, 2001: Importance of cumulus parameterization for precipitation simulation over East Asia in June. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 939-947.
    • (2001) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.79 , pp. 939-947
    • Emori, S.1    Nozawa, T.2    Numaguti, A.3    Uno, I.4
  • 32
    • 0002642530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I)
    • and Coauthors
    • Gates, W. L., and Coauthors, 1999: An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 29-55.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 29-55
    • Gates, W.L.1
  • 33
    • 0034025893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments
    • Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C. A. Senior, H. T. Banks, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, J. F. B. Mitchell, and R. A. Wood, 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dyn., 16, 147-168.
    • (2000) Climate Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 147-168
    • Gordon, C.1    Cooper, C.2    Senior, C.A.3    Banks, H.T.4    Gregory, J.M.5    Johns, T.C.6    Mitchell, J.F.B.7    Wood, R.A.8
  • 34
    • 0043111109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CSIRO Mk3 Climate System Model
    • and Coauthors, CSIRO Atmospheric Research Tech. Paper 60, [Available online at]
    • Gordon, H. B., and Coauthors, 2002: The CSIRO Mk3 Climate System Model. CSIRO Atmospheric Research Tech. Paper 60, 130 pp. [Available online at http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/gordon_2002a.pdf]
    • (2002) , pp. 130
    • Gordon, H.B.1
  • 35
    • 13844253553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved mixing representation in Emanuel's convection scheme
    • Grandpeix, J. Y., V. Phillips, and R. Tailleux, 2004: Improved mixing representation in Emanuel's convection scheme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3207-3222.
    • (2004) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.130 , pp. 3207-3222
    • Grandpeix, J.Y.1    Phillips, V.2    Tailleux, R.3
  • 36
    • 0025590082 scopus 로고
    • A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability dependent closure
    • Gregory, D., and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1483-1506
    • Gregory, D.1    Rowntree, P.R.2
  • 37
    • 0031414462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of momentum transport by convection II: Tests in single column and general circulation models
    • Gregory, D., R. Kershaw, and P. M. Inness, 1997: Parameterization of momentum transport by convection II: Tests in single column and general circulation models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1153-1183.
    • (1997) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 1153-1183
    • Gregory, D.1    Kershaw, R.2    Inness, P.M.3
  • 38
    • 18544369753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The eastern Pacific ITCZ during the boreal spring
    • Gu, G. J., R. F. Adler, and A. H. Sobel, 2005: The eastern Pacific ITCZ during the boreal spring. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1157-1174.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 1157-1174
    • Gu, G.J.1    Adler, R.F.2    Sobel, A.H.3
  • 39
    • 20044368416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-1 Coupled GCM (MIRCO) description
    • and Coauthors, K-1 Model Developers Tech. Rep. 1 [Available online at]
    • Hasumi, H., and Coauthors, 2004: K-1 Coupled GCM (MIRCO) description. K-1 Model Developers Tech. Rep. 1, 34 pp. [Available online at http://www.ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kyosei/hasumi/MIROC/tech-repo.pdf.]
    • (2004) , pp. 34
    • Hasumi, H.1
  • 40
    • 0031420315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox?
    • Houze, R. A. J., 1997: Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2179-2196.
    • (1997) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.78 , pp. 2179-2196
    • Houze, R.A.J.1
  • 41
    • 0026311731 scopus 로고
    • An intercomparison of model and observed global precipitation climatologies
    • Hulme, M., 1991: An intercomparison of model and observed global precipitation climatologies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1715-1718.
    • (1991) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.18 , pp. 1715-1718
    • Hulme, M.1
  • 42
    • 33646239502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HadGEM1-Model description and analysis of preliminary experiments for the IPCC Forth Assessment Report
    • and Coauthors, Met Office Hadley Centre Tech. Note 55, [Available online at]
    • Jones, T., and Coauthors, 2005: HadGEM1-Model description and analysis of preliminary experiments for the IPCC Forth Assessment Report. Met Office Hadley Centre Tech. Note 55, 74 pp. [Available online at http://www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/pubs/HCTN/HCTN_55.pdf.]
    • (2005) , pp. 74
    • Jones, T.1
  • 43
    • 0034465994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit
    • and Coauthors
    • Kummerow, C., and Coauthors, 2000: The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1965-1982.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.39 , pp. 1965-1982
    • Kummerow, C.1
  • 44
    • 0026301122 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback effects associated with the simulation of cloud opitcal properties
    • Le Trent, H., and Z.-X. Li, 1991: Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback effects associated with the simulation of cloud opitcal properties. Climate Dyn., 5, 175-187.
    • (1991) Climate Dyn. , vol.5 , pp. 175-187
    • Le Trent, H.1    Li, Z.-X.2
  • 45
    • 10944239161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model
    • Li, J. L., X. H. Zhang, Y. Q. Yu, and F. S. Dai, 2004: Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 857-867.
    • (2004) Adv. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 857-867
    • Li, J.L.1    Zhang, X.H.2    Yu, Y.Q.3    Dai, F.S.4
  • 46
    • 33745887486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional climate model downscaling of the U.S. summer climate and future change
    • D10108, doi:10.1029/2005JD006685
    • Liang, X-Z., J. Pan, J. Zhu, K. E. Kunkel, J. X. L. Wang, and A. Dai, 2006: Regional climate model downscaling of the U.S. summer climate and future change. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10108, doi:10.1029/2005JD006685.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Liang, X.-Z.1    Pan, J.2    Zhu, J.3    Kunkel, K.E.4    Wang, J.X.L.5    Dai, A.6
  • 47
    • 0035284350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary structure of the eastern Pacific double ITCZ based on satellite moisture profile retrievals
    • Lietzke, C. E., C. Deser, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 2001: Evolutionary structure of the eastern Pacific double ITCZ based on satellite moisture profile retrievals. J. Climate, 14, 743-751.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 743-751
    • Lietzke, C.E.1    Deser, C.2    Vonder Haar, T.H.3
  • 48
    • 0030377126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics parameterization developed for the ECHAM4 general circulation model
    • Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, 1996: Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics parameterization developed for the ECHAM4 general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 12, 557-572.
    • (1996) Climate Dyn. , vol.12 , pp. 557-572
    • Lohmann, U.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 49
    • 27544484924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new IPSL climate system model: IPSL-CM4
    • and Coauthors, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Tech. Note 26, [Available online at]
    • Marti, O., and Coauthors, 2005: The new IPSL climate system model: IPSL-CM4. Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Tech. Note 26, 84 pp. [Available online at http://dods.ipsl.jussieu.fr/omamce/IPSLCM4/DocIPSLCM4/FILES/ DocIPSLCM4_color.pdf.]
    • (2005) , pp. 84
    • Marti, O.1
  • 50
    • 33646353538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the atmospheric performance of HadGAM/GEM1
    • and Coauthors, Met Office Hadley Centre Tech. Note 54, [Available online at]
    • Martin, G. M., and Coauthors, 2004: Evaluation of the atmospheric performance of HadGAM/GEM1. Met Office Hadley Centre Tech. Note 54, 64 pp. [Available online at http://www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/ pubs/HCTN/HCTN_54.pdf.]
    • (2004) , pp. 64
    • Martin, G.M.1
  • 51
    • 0002079385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model evaluation
    • and Coauthors, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • McAvaney, B. J., and Coauthors, 2001: Model evaluation. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 471-524.
    • (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis , pp. 471-524
    • McAvaney, B.J.1
  • 52
    • 0001056812 scopus 로고
    • The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models
    • and Coauthors
    • Mechoso, C. R., and Coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.
    • (1995) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 2825-2838
    • Mechoso, C.R.1
  • 54
    • 4344579022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial and temporal structure of ENSO nonlinearity
    • Monahan, A. H., and A. Dai, 2004: The spatial and temporal structure of ENSO nonlinearity. J. Climate, 17, 3026-3036.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 3026-3036
    • Monahan, A.H.1    Dai, A.2
  • 55
    • 0027065988 scopus 로고
    • Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert. A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models
    • Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert. A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002.
    • (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 978-1002
    • Moorthi, S.1    Suarez, M.J.2
  • 56
    • 0004068626 scopus 로고
    • Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics
    • Nordeng, T. E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. ECMWF Tech. Memo. 206, 41 pp.
    • (1994) ECMWF Tech. Memo. , vol.206 , pp. 41
    • Nordeng, T.E.1
  • 57
    • 0031848610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the European daily precipitation characteristics from the atmospheric model intercomparison project
    • Osborn, T. J., and M. Hulme, 1998: Evaluation of the European daily precipitation characteristics from the atmospheric model intercomparison project. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 505-522.
    • (1998) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.18 , pp. 505-522
    • Osborn, T.J.1    Hulme, M.2
  • 58
    • 0031871622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cumulus parametrization with a prognostic closure
    • Pan, D. M., and D. A. Randall, 1998: A cumulus parametrization with a prognostic closure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 949-981.
    • (1998) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 949-981
    • Pan, D.M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 59
    • 33745074947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A characterization of tropical transient activity in the CAM3 atmospheric hydrologic cycle
    • and Coauthors
    • Rasch, P. J., and Coauthors, 2006: A characterization of tropical transient activity in the CAM3 atmospheric hydrologic cycle. J. Climate, 19, 2222-2242.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 2222-2242
    • Rasch, P.J.1
  • 60
    • 0742305193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002670
    • Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4407
    • Rayner, N.A.1    Parker, D.E.2    Horton, E.B.3    Folland, C.K.4    Alexander, L.V.5    Rowell, D.P.6    Kent, E.C.7    Kaplan, A.8
  • 62
    • 27744554324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part 1: Model description
    • and Coauthors
    • Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 2003: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part 1: Model description. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Rep. 349, 127 pp.
    • (2003) Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Rep. , vol.349 , pp. 127
    • Roeckner, E.1
  • 63
    • 0033784910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the "tuning" of autoconversion parameterizations in climate models
    • Rotstayn, L. D., 2000: On the "tuning of autoconversion parameterizations in climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15 495-15 507.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 15495-15507
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1
  • 64
    • 21344447689 scopus 로고
    • A coupled atmosphere-ocean model for transient climate change studies
    • Russell, G. L., J. R. Miller, and D. Rind, 1995: A coupled atmosphere-ocean model for transient climate change studies. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 683-730.
    • (1995) Atmos.-Ocean , vol.33 , pp. 683-730
    • Russell, G.L.1    Miller, J.R.2    Rind, D.3
  • 65
    • 33644680703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in situ, satellite and reanalysis data
    • and Coauthors
    • Schmidt, G. A., and Coauthors, 2006: Present day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in situ, satellite and reanalysis data. J. Climate, 19, 153-192.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 153-192
    • Schmidt, G.A.1
  • 66
    • 0037594725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratiform rain in the Tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar
    • Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2003: Stratiform rain in the Tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Climate, 16, 1739-1756.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 1739-1756
    • Schumacher, C.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 67
    • 3242688106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tropical dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM precipitation radar
    • Schumacher, C., R. A. Houze Jr., and I. Kraucunas, 2004: The tropical dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Atmos. Sci, 61, 1341-1358.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.61 , pp. 1341-1358
    • Schumacher, C.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2    Kraucunas, I.3
  • 68
    • 0025204961 scopus 로고
    • A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model
    • Smith, R. N. B., 1990: A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 435-460.
    • (1990) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.116 , pp. 435-460
    • Smith, R.N.B.1
  • 69
    • 0029544209 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the spatial and interannual variability of tropical precipitation as simulated by GCMs
    • Srinivasan, G., M. Huhne, and C. G. Jones, 1995: An evaluation of the spatial and interannual variability of tropical precipitation as simulated by GCMs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 2139-2142.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.12 , pp. 2139-2142
    • Srinivasan, G.1    Huhne, M.2    Jones, C.G.3
  • 70
    • 0042890458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the radiative and dynamical feedbacks over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue
    • Sun, D. Z., J. Fasullo, T. Zhang, and A. Roubicek, 2003: On the radiative and dynamical feedbacks over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue. J. Climate, 16, 2425-2432.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 2425-2432
    • Sun, D.Z.1    Fasullo, J.2    Zhang, T.3    Roubicek, A.4
  • 72
    • 0024907516 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models
    • Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1779-1800
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 73
    • 0027799811 scopus 로고
    • Representation of clouds in large-scale models
    • Tiedtke, M., 1993: Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3040-3061.
    • (1993) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.121 , pp. 3040-3061
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 75
    • 0033756966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations
    • and Coauthors
    • Washington, W. M., and Coauthors, 2000: Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations. Climate Dyn., 16, 755-774.
    • (2000) Climate Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 755-774
    • Washington, W.M.1
  • 76
    • 0032740909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model
    • Wilson, D. R., and S. P. Ballard, 1999: A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 1607-1636.
    • (1999) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 1607-1636
    • Wilson, D.R.1    Ballard, S.P.2
  • 77
    • 0031403103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs
    • Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558.
    • (1997) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.78 , pp. 2539-2558
    • Xie, P.1    Arkin, P.A.2
  • 78
    • 18444417109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions
    • and Coauthors
    • Xie, S. C., and Coauthors, 2002: Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1095-1135.
    • (2002) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.128 , pp. 1095-1135
    • Xie, S.C.1
  • 79
    • 5444272242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a revised convective triggering mechanism on Community Atmosphere Model, Version 2, simulations: Results from short-range weather forecasts
    • D14102, doi:10.1029/2004JD004692
    • Xie, S. C., M. H. Zhang, J. S. Boyle, R. T. Cederwall, G. L. Potter, and W. Y. Lin, 2004: Impact of a revised convective triggering mechanism on Community Atmosphere Model, Version 2, simulations: Results from short-range weather forecasts. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14102, doi:10.1029/2004JD004692.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Xie, S.C.1    Zhang, M.H.2    Boyle, J.S.3    Cederwall, R.T.4    Potter, G.L.5    Lin, W.Y.6
  • 80
    • 0016961666 scopus 로고
    • Response of deep and shallow tropical maritime cumuli to large-scale processes
    • Yanai, M., J.-H. Chu, T. E. Starx, and T. Nitta, 1976: Response of deep and shallow tropical maritime cumuli to large-scale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 976-991.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 976-991
    • Yanai, M.1    Chu, J.-H.2    Starx, T.E.3    Nitta, T.4
  • 81
    • 3042683726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models in LASG/IAP
    • Yu, Y., X. Zhang, and Y. Guo, 2004: Global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models in LASG/IAP. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 444-455.
    • (2004) Adv. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 444-455
    • Yu, Y.1    Zhang, X.2    Guo, Y.3
  • 82
    • 33745189806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present-day climate and climate sensitivity in the Meteorological Research Institute Coupled GCM, Version 2.3 (MRI-CGCM2.3)
    • and Coauthors
    • Yukimoto, S., and Coauthors, 2006: Present-day climate and climate sensitivity in the Meteorological Research Institute Coupled GCM, Version 2.3 (MRI-CGCM2.3). J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 84, 333-363.
    • (2006) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.84 , pp. 333-363
    • Yukimoto, S.1
  • 83
    • 0034928117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double ITCZs
    • Zhang, C. D., 2001: Double ITCZs. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11 785-11 792.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 11785-11792
    • Zhang, C.D.1
  • 84
    • 1642617939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of tropospheric and boundary layer forcing in the diurnal cycle of convection in the U.S. Southern Great Plains
    • doi:1029/2003GLO18554
    • Zhang, G. J., 2003: Roles of tropospheric and boundary layer forcing in the diurnal cycle of convection in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2281, doi:1029/2003GLO18554.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 2281
    • Zhang, G.J.1
  • 85
    • 39549095502 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model
    • Zhang G. J., and N. A. McFarlane, 1995: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 407-446.
    • (1995) Atmos.-Ocean , vol.33 , pp. 407-446
    • Zhang, G.J.1    McFarlane, N.A.2
  • 86
    • 33646461889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward mitigating the double ITCZ problem in NCAR CCSM3
    • L06709, doi:10.1029/2005GL025229
    • Zhang, G. J., and H. Wang, 2006: Toward mitigating the double ITCZ problem in NCAR CCSM3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06709, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL025229.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.33
    • Zhang, G.J.1    Wang, H.2
  • 87
    • 0346639253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2)
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002523
    • Zhang, M., W. Lin, C. B. Bretherton, J. J. Hack, and P. J. Rasch, 2003: A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2). J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4035, doi:10.1029/2002JD002523.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4035
    • Zhang, M.1    Lin, W.2    Bretherton, C.B.3    Hack, J.J.4    Rasch, P.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.