Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: Overview of technical concepts and summary of findings

Journal of Applied Toxicology

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 323-328

  Patskan, George ^a   Reininghaus, W ^b  

^a Philip Morris USA   (United States)

^b Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chemistry; Cigarette; Cytotoxicity; Inhalation; Mutagicity; Smoke

Indexed keywords

CIGARETTE SMOKE; NEUTRAL RED; TOBACCO SMOKE;

AMES TEST; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; COMBUSTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXICITY; ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; GAS; GENOTOXICITY; HEATING; IN VITRO STUDY; INHALATION; LOW TEMPERATURE; MAMMAL CELL; METABOLIC ACTIVATION; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; VAPOR;

ANIMALS; CELL SURVIVAL; ELECTRICITY; HEATING; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; RATS; SMOKE; TOBACCO;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MAMMALIA; NICOTIANA TABACUM; SALMONELLA;

EID: 0141592290     PISSN: 0260437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jat.923     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Bombick BR, Murli H, Avalos JT, Bombick DW, Morgan WT, Putnam KP, Doolittle DJ. 1998. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 2. In vitro toxicology of mainstream smoke condensate. Food Chem Toxicol. 36: 183-190.
2. Bombick DW, Ayres PH, Putnam K, Bombick BR, Doolittle DJ. 1998. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 3. In vitro toxicity of whole smoke. Food Chem Toxicol. 36: 191-197.
3. Borgerding MF, Bodnar JA, Chung HL, Mangan PP, Morrison CC, Risner CH, Rogers JC, Simmons DF, Uhrig MS, Wendelboe FN, Wingate DE, Winkler LS. 1998. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 1. Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem Toxicol. 36: 169-182.
4. Browne CL. 1990. The Design of Cigarettes (3rd edn). Hoechst Celanese: Charlotte, VA, USA.
5. Buchhalter AR, Eissenberg T. 2000. Preliminary evaluation of a novel smoking system: effects on subjective and physiological measures and on smoking behavior. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2: 39-43.
6. Chepiga TA, Morton MJ, Murphy PA, Avalos JT, Bombick BR, Doolittle DJ, Borgerding MF, Swauger JE. 2000. A comparison of the mainstream smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with two Kentucky reference cigarettes (K1R4F and K1R5F). Food Chem Toxicol. 38: 949-962.
7. Chitano P, Hosselet JJ, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. 1995. Effect of oxidant air pollutants on the respiratory system: insights from experimental animal research. Eur. Respir. J. 8: 1357-1371.
8. Coggins CR, Ayres PH, Mosberg AT, Sagartz JW, Burger GT, Hayes AW. 1989. Ninety-day inhalation study in rats, comparing smoke from cigarettes that heat tobacco with those that burn tobacco. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13: 460-483.
9. Conolly RB, Andersen ME. 1993. An approach to mechanism-based cancer risk assessment for formaldehyde. Environ. Health Perspect. 101 (Suppl. 6): 169-176.
10. Costa DL, Kutzman RS, Lehmann JR, Drew RT. 1986. Altered lung function and structure in the rat after subchronic exposure to acrolein. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133: 286-291.
11. Davis DL, Nielsen MT. 1999. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology. Blackwell Science: Oxford.
12. Deevi S. 2000. Powder processing of FeAl sheets by roll compaction. Intermetallics 8: 679-685.
13. Diana JN, Vaught A. 1990. Research Cigarettes. The University of Kentucky Printing Services: Lexington, KY.
14. Hecht SS. 1999. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 21: 1194-1210.
15. Hoffmann D, Djordjevic MV, Hoffmann I. 1997. The changing cigarette. Prev. Med. 26: 427-434.
16. IARC. 1985. Tobacco smoking. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 38. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon.
17. IARC. 1999. 2-Nitropropane. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 71 Pt 3:1079-1094. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon.
18. ICH. 1995. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use: Guidance on Specific Aspects of Regulatory Genotoxicity Tests for Pharmaceuticals, ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. IFPMA: Geneva.
19. ISO. 1991a. International Standard ISO 3308 Routine Analytical Cigarette-smoking Machine - Definitions and Standard Conditions (3rd edn). ISO: Geneva.
20. ISO. 1991b. International Standard ISO 3402 Tobacco and Tobacco Products - Atmosphere for Conditioning and Test (3rd edn). ISO: Geneva.
21. Kensler CJ, Battista SP. 1963. Components in cigarette smoke with cilia-depressant activity. N. Engl. J. Med. 269: 1161-1166.
22. Lehr H-A Frei B, Arfors K-E. 1994. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to endothelium in vivo. Proce. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 7688-7692.
23. Mueller T, Haussmann H-J, Schepers G. 1997. Evidence for peroxynitrite as an oxidative stress-inducing compound of aqueous cigarette smoke fractions. Carcinogenesis 18: 295-301.
24. OECD. 1981. OECD Guideline 413, Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90-day study. In OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Paris.
25. Penn A, Batastini G, Soloman J, Burns F, Albert R. 1981. Dose-dependent size increases of aortic lesions following chronic exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Cancer Res. 41: 588-592.
26. Penn A, Snyder CA. 1996. Butadiene inhalation accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development in cockerels. Toxicology 113: 351-354.
27. Pryor WA. 1997. Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (Suppl. 4): 875-882.
28. Reininghaus W, Hackenberg U. 1977. Anlage zur Langzeit-Inhalation mit Zigarettenrauch für kleine Labortiere. Med. Tech. 97: 5-6.
29. Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I. 1997. The Oxidative Stress Study Group. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156: 341-357.
30. Rustemeier K, Patskan G, Haussmann H-J. 2000. The influence of a modified puffing regimen on the yields of smoke constituents from electrically heated and conventional research cigarettes. Toxicologist 54: 16.
31. Smith LE, Denissenko MF, Bennett WP, Li H, Amin S, Tang M, Pfeifer GP. 2000. Targeting of lung cancer mutational hotspots by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 803-811.
32. Stabbert R, Voncken P, Rustemeier K, Haussmann H-J, Roemer E, Schaffernicht H, Patskan G. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 329-339.
33. Stavert DM, Archuleta DC, Holland LM, Lenhert BE. 1986. Nitrogen dioxide exposure and development of pulmonary emphysema. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 17: 249-267.
34. Steele RH, Payne VM, Fulp CW, Rees DC, Lee CK, Doolittle DJ. 1995. A comparison of the mutagenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke condensates from a representative sample of the U.S. cigarette market with a Kentucky reference cigarette (K1R4F). Mutat. Res. 342: 179-190.
35. Terpstra PM, Teredesai A, Vanscheeuwijck PM, Verbeeck J, Schepers G, Radtke F, Kuhl P, Gomm W, Anskeit E, Patskan G. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicology. J. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 349-362.
36. Tewes FJ, Meisgen TJ, Veltel DJ, Roemer E, Patskan G. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3: Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke. J. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 341-348.
37. US Consumer Product Safety Commission (US CPSC) 1993. Toxicity Testing Plan for Low Ignition-Potential Cigarettes, vol. 5, part 1. US CPSC: Washington, DC.
38. US Department of Health and Human Services. 1989. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress, DHHS Publ. no. (CDC) 89-8411. A Report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health: Rockville, MD.
39. US FDA. 1993. Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food (draft). US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition: Washington DC.
40. Vineis P, Caporaso N. 1995. Tobacco and cancer epidemiology and the laboratory. Environ. Health Perspect. 103: 156-160.
41. Voncken P, Gerstenberg B, Rustemeier K, Stabbert R, Patskan G, Haussmann H-J. 1998. Chemical analysis of selected cigarette mainstream smoke constituents for comparative product integrity testing. In 52nd Tobacco Scientists' Research Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, Paper 46.
42. Witschi H, Espiritu I, Maronpot RR, Pinkerton KE, Jones DA. 1997. The carcinogenic potential of the gas phase of environmental tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis 18: 2035-2042.
43. Yoshida D, Matsumota T. 1978. Changes in mutagenicity of protein pyrolyzates by reaction with nitrite. Mutat. Res. 58: 35-40.