The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education

Race Ethnicity and Education

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 784-807

  Bodkin Andrews, Gawaian ^a   Carlson, Bronwyn ^b  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples; epistemology; identity; Indigenous education; racism; resilience

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; RACISM;

EID: 84910073223     PISSN: 13613324     EISSN: 1470109X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13613324.2014.969224     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. G.Ainsworth,, and D.McRae 2009. What Works. The What Works Program. Improving Outcomes for Indigenous Students. Successful Practice. Geon, Melbourne: National Curriculum Services and the Australian Curriculum Studies Association.
2. B.Attwood,, and A.Markus. 1997. The 1967 Referendum or When Aborigines Didn’t Get the Vote. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
3. AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 2011. The Health and Welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People an Overview 2011. Cat. No. IHW 42. Canberra: AIHW.
4. F.S.Bellezza,, A.G.Greenwald, and M.R.Banaji. 1986. “Words High and Low in Pleasantness as Rated by Male and Female College Students.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 18 (3): 299–303.
5. Q.Beresford, 2012. “Seperate and Equal: And Outline of Aboriginal Education.” In Reform and Resistance in Aboriginal Education, edited by Q.Beresford, G.Partington, and G.Gower, 85–119. Western Australia: UWA.
6. F.Bodkin, 2013. D’harawal Climate and Natural Resources. Sussex Inlet: Envirobook.
7. G.Bodkin-Andrews,, and B.Carlson. 2013. “Higher Education and Aboriginal Identity: Reviewing the Burdens from Personal to Epistemological Racism.” In Diversity in Higher Education: Seeding Success in Indigenous Australian Higher Education, edited by R.Craven and J.Mooney, Vol. 14, 29–54. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
8. G.Bodkin-Andrews,, and R.Craven. 2013. “Negotiating Racism: The Voices of Aboriginal Australian Post-Graduate Students.” In Diversity in Higher Education: Seeding Success in Indigenous Australian Higher Education, edited by R.Craven and J.Mooney, Vol. 14, 157–185. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.
9. G.H.Bodkin-Andrews,, N.Denson, L.Finger, and R.Craven. 2013. “Identifying the Fairy Dust Effect for Indigenous Australian Students: Is Positive Psychology Truly a [Peter]Pan-Theory?” In International Advances in Education: Global Initiatives for Equity and Social Justice, edited by R.G.Craven, G.H.Bodkin-Andrews, and J.Mooney, 183–210. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
10. G.H.Bodkin-Andrews,, M.T.Ha, R.G.Craven, and A.S.Yeung. 2010. “Construct Validation and Latent Mean Differences for the Self-concepts of Indigenous and Non-indigenous Students.” International Journal of Testing 10 (1): 47–79.10.1080/15305050903352065
11. G.H.Bodkin-Andrews,, A.Dillon, and R.G.Craven. 2010. “Bangawarra'gumada-Strengthening the Spirit: Causal Modelling of Academic Self-concept and Patterns of Disengagement for Indigenous and Non-indigenous Australian Students.” The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 39 (1): 24–39.
12. G.Bodkin-Andrews,, K.Newey,, and V.O’Rourke, 2013. “Promoting Resiliency to Counter Racism: The Lived Wisdom within Aboriginal Voices.” InPsych: The Bulletin of the Australian Psychological Society Ltd 34 (4): 14–15.
13. G.H.Bodkin-Andrews,, V.O’Rourke, R.Grant, N.Denson, and R.G.Craven. 2010. “Validating Racism and Cultural Respect? Understanding the Educational Impact of Perceived Discrimination and Multiculturation for Indigenous and Non-indigenous Students.” Educational Research and Evaluation 16 (6): 471–493.10.1080/13803611.2010.550497
14. G.H.Bodkin-Andrews,, M.Seaton, G.F.Nelson, R.G.Craven, and A.S.Yeung. 2010. “Questioning the General Self-esteem Vaccine: General Self-esteem, Racial Discrimination, and Standardised Achievement across Indigenous and Non-indigenous Students.” Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 20 (1): 1–21.10.1080/13803611.2010.550497
15. E.Bonilla-Silva, 2013. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
16. C.Bourke,, E.Bourke, and B.Edwards, eds. 2006. Aboriginal Australia: An Introductory Reader in Aboriginal Studies. St Lucia: Queensland University Press.
17. C.Brennan, 1998. “Why isn’t It Being Implemented? Race, Racism, and Indigenous Education.” In Perspectives on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education, edited by G.Partington, 147–170. Katoomba: Social Science Press.
18. N.Burridge, 1999. “Reconciliation: Bringing the Nation Together.” In Teaching Indigenous Studies, edited by R.Craven, 1–12. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin.
19. M.B.Carlson, 2011. “The Politics of Identity: Who Counts as Aboriginal Today?” Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales.
20. B.Carlson, 2013. “The ‘New Frontier’: Emergent Indigenous Identities and Social Media.” In The Politics of Identity: Emerging Indigeneity, edited by M.Harris, M.Nakata, and B.Carlson, 147–168. Sydney: UTSePress.
21. R.G.Craven,, and H.W.Marsh. 2004. “The Challenge for Counsellors: Understanding and Addressing Indigenous Secondary Students’ Aspirations, Self-concepts and Barriers to Achieving Their Aspirations.” Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 14 (1): 16–33.
22. R.G.Craven,, and H.W.Marsh. 2008. “The Centrality of the Self-concept Construct for Psychological Well-being and Unlocking Human Potential: Implications for Child and Educational Psychologist.” Educational & Child Psychology 25 (2): 104–118.
23. J.A.De Maio,, S.R.Zubrick, S.R.Silburn, D.M.Lawrence, F.G.Mitrou, R.B.Dalby, E.M.Blair, J.Griffin, H.Milroy, and A.Cox. 2005. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: Measuring the Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Intergenerational Effects of Forced Separation. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research.
24. B.Dobia,, G.Bodkin-Andrews, R.Parada, V.O’Rourke, S.Gilbert, A.Daley, and S.Roffey. 2014. Aboriginal Girls Circle Enhancing Connectedness and Promoting Resilience for Aboriginal Girls -Final Pilot Report. Penrith: University of Western Sydney.
25. P.Dudgeon,, and K.Kelly. 2014. “Contextual Factors for Research on Psychological Therapies for Aboriginal Australians.” Australian Psychologist 49 (1): 8–13.10.1111/ap.2014.49.issue-1
26. K.M.Dunn,, J.Forrest, R.Pe-Pua, M.Hynes, and K.Maeder-Han. 2009. “Cities of Race Hatred? The Spheres of Racism and Anti-racism in Contemporary Australian Cities.” Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1 (1): 1–14.
27. K.Dunn,, and J.K.Nelson. 2011. “Challenging the Public Denial of Racism for a Deeper Multiculturalism.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 32 (6): 587–602.10.1080/07256868.2011.618105
28. A.Ferdinand,, Y.Paradies, and M.Kelaher. 2013. Mental Health Impacts of Racial Discrimination in Victorian Aboriginal Communities: The Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) Experiences of Racism Survey. Melbourne: The Lowitja Institute.
29. B.Fogarty, 2012. “Country as a Classroom.” In People on Country, Vital Landscapes, Indigenous Futures, edited by J.Altman and S.Kerins, 82–93. Annandale, New South Wales: Federation Press.
30. D.Foley, 2003. “Indigenous Epistemology and Indigenous Standpoint Theory.” Social Alternatives 22 (1): 44–52.
31. B.Fredericks, 2013. “‘We Don’t Leave Our Identities at the City Limits’: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People Living in Urban Localities.” Australian Aboriginal Studies 2013 (1): 4–16.
32. J.Gardiner-Garden, 2003. Defining Aboriginality in Australia. Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Library.
33. J.Gascoigne, 1994. Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment: Useful Knowledge and Polite Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. C.Gershevitch,, A.Lamoin, and C.Dawes. 2010. “Racism in Australia: Is Denial Still Plausible?” Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 3 (2): 229–250.
35. G.Johns, 2011. Aboriginal Self-determination: The Whiteman’s Dream. Ballen, Victoria: Connor Court.
36. D.F.Jordan, 1984. “The Social Construction of Identity: The Aboriginal Problem.” The Australian Journal of Education 28 (3): 274–290.
37. C.Kickett-Tucker, 2009. “Moorn (Black)? Djardak (White)? How Come I Don’t Fit in Mum? Exploring the Racial Identity of Australian Aboriginal Children and Youth.” Health Sociology Review 18 (1): 119–136.10.5172/hesr.18.1.119
38. A.Larson,, M.Gillies, P.J.Howard, and J.Coffin. 2007. “It’s Enough to Make You Sick: The Impact of Racism on the Health of Aboriginal Australians.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 31 (4): 322–329.
39. K.L.Martin, 2008. Please Knock before You Enter: Aboriginal Regulation of Outsiders and the Implications for Researchers. Brisbane: Post Pressed.
40. J.McCorquodale, 1986. “The Legal Classification of Race in Australia.” Aboriginal History 10 (1): 7–24.
41. D.McRae, 2006. “The State of Play.” In Aboriginal Studies: Making the Connections (Collected papers of the 12th National Aboriginal Studies Association Conference, November, 2–3, 2006), edited by N.Parbury and R.G.Craven, 11–12. Sydney: Aboriginal Studies Association.
42. D.McRae,, G.Ainsworth, J.Cumming, P.Hughs, Y.Mackay, K.Price, M.Rowland, J.Warhurst, D.Woods, and V.Zbar. 2000. What Works? Explorations in Improving Outcomes for Indigenous Students. Canberra: National Curriculum Services and the Australian Curriculum Studies Association.
43. D.Mellor, 2003. “Contemporary Racism in Australia: The Experiences of Aborigines.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (4): 474–486.10.1177/0146167202250914
44. D.Mellor, 2004. “Responses to Racism: A Taxonomy of Coping Styles Used by Aboriginal Australians.” Australian Journal of Orthopsychiatry 74 (1): 56–71.10.1037/0002-9432.74.1.56
45. S.B.Merriam,, J.Johnson-Bailey, M.Y.Lee, Y.Kee, G.Ntseane, and M.Muhamad. 2001. “Power and Positionality: Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status within and across Cultures.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 20 (5): 405–416.10.1080/02601370120490
46. A.Moreton-Robinson, 2011. “The White Man’s Burden: Patriarchal White Epistemic Violence and Aboriginal Women’s Knowledges within the Academy.” Australian Feminist Studies 26 (70): 413–431.10.1080/08164649.2011.621175
47. M.N.Nakata, 2012. “Better: A Torres Strait Islander’s Story of the Struggle for a Better Education.” In Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education: An Introduction for the Teaching Profession, edited by K.Price, 1–20. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
48. New South Wales Aboriginal Education Consultative Group Incorporated. 2011. Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policy. Stanmore, New South Wales: NSW AECG.
49. New South Wales Aboriginal Education Consultative Group Incorporated, and New South Wales Department of Education and Training. 2004. The Report of the Review of Aboriginal Education: Yanigurra Muya: Ganggurrinyma Yaarri Guurulaw Yirringin.Guray Freeing the Spirit: Dreaming an Equal Future. Darlinghurst: New South Wales Department of Education and Training.
50. Y.Paradies, 2005. “Anti-racism and Indigenous Australians.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 5 (1): 1–28.
51. Y.Paradies,, R.Harris, and I.Anderson. 2008. The Impact of Racism on Indigenous Health in Australia and Aotearoa: Towards a Research Agenda. Discussion Paper Series No.4. Darwin: CRCAH.
52. P.D.Parker,, H.W.Marsh, J.Ciarrochi, S.Marshall, and A.S.Abduljabbar. 2014. “Juxtaposing Math Self-efficacy and Self-concept as Predictors of Long-term Achievement Outcomes.” Educational Psychology 34 (1): 29–48.
53. A.Pedersen,, and I.Walker. 1997. “Prejudice against Australian Aborigines: Old-Fashioned and Modern Forms.” European Journal of Social Psychology 27: 561–587.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0992
54. A.Pedersen,, and I.Walker. 2000. “Urban Aboriginal-Australian and Anglo-Australian Children: In-group Preference, Self-concept, and Teachers’ Academic Evaluations.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 10 (3): 183–197.
55. A.Pedersen,, I.Walker, Y.Paradies, and B.Guerin. 2011. “How to Cook Rice: A Review of Ingredients for Teaching Anti-prejudice.” Australian Psychologist 46 (1): 55–63.10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00015.x
56. A.Pedersen,, B.Griffiths, N.Contos, B.Bishop, and I.Walker. 2000. “Attitudes Toward Aboriginal Australians in City and Country Settings.” Australian Psychologist 35 (2): 109–117.
57. K.Pholi, 2013. “Who Are You to Speak? Silencing Aboriginal Dissent.” In Black and White: Australians All at the Crossroads, edited by R.Craven, A.Dillon, and N.Parbury, 57–74. Ballan Victoria: Connor Court.
58. N.Priest,, Y.Paradies, W.Gunthorpe, S.Cairney, and S.Sayers. 2011. “Racism as a Determinant of Social and Emotional Wellbeing for Aboriginal Australian Youth.” Medical Journal of Australia 194 (10): 546–550.
59. N.Priest,, Y.Paradies, M.Stevens, and R.Bailie. 2012. “Exploring Relationships Between Racism, Housing and Child Illness in Remote Indigenous Communities.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 66 (5): 440–447.
60. N.Priest,, Y.Paradies, P.Stewart, and J.Luke. 2011. “Racism and Health among Urban Aboriginal Young People.” BMC Public Health 11: 1–9.10.1186/1471-2458-11-568
61. N.Purdie,, P.Dudgeon, and R.Walker. 2010. Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice, 1–299. Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia.
62. N.Purdie,, and A.McCrindle. 2004. “Measurement of Self-concept among Indigenous and Non-indigenous Australian Students.” Australian Journal of Psychology 56 (1): 50–62.10.1080/00049530410001688128
63. R.Ranzijn,, K.McConnochie, and W.Nolan. 2009. Psychology and Indigenous Australians: Foundations of Cultural Competence. South Yarra: Palgrave Macmillan.
64. C.Sarra,, ed. 2011. Strong and Smart: Towards a Pedagogy for Emancipation: Education for First Peoples. New York: Routledge.
65. J.J.Scheurich,, and M.D.Young. 1997. “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher 26 (4): 4–16.10.3102/0013189X026004004
66. V.M.Shkolnikov,, E.M.Andreev, D.Jasilionis, M.Leinsalu, O.I.Antonova, and M.McKee. 2006. “The Changing Relation Between Education and Life Expectancy in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60: 875–881.10.1136/jech.2005.044719
67. T.C.Skinner,, J.Blick, J.Coffin, P.Dudgeon, S.Forrest, and D.Morrison. 2013. “Comparative Validation of Self-report Measures of Negative Attitudes Towards Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.” Rural and Remote Health 13 (2): 1–9.
68. L.T.Smith, 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New York: Zed Books.
69. P.Tripcony, 2000. The Most Disadvantaged? Paper presented at the National Education and Employment Forum, Brisbane, Queensland, 1999.
70. I.Walker, 1994. “Attitudes to Minorities: Survey Evidence of Western Australians’ Attitudes to Aborigines, Asians, and Women.” Australian Journal of Psychology 46: 137–143.10.1080/00049539408259488
71. M.M.Walter, 2010. “The Politics of the Data. How the Australian Statistical Indigene is Constructed.” International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 3 (2): 45–56.
72. M.Walter,, and C.Andersen. 2013. Indigenous Statistics: A Quantitative Research Methodology. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
73. M.Walter,, and K.Butler. 2013. “Teaching Race to Teach Indigeneity.” Journal of Sociology 49 (4): 397–410.
74. A.S.Yeung,, R.G.Craven, and J.Ali. 2013. “Self-concepts and Educational Outcomes of Indigenous Australian Students in Urban and Rural School Settings.” School Psychology International 34 (4): 405–427.10.1177/0143034312446890
75. A.M.Ziersch,, G.Gallaher, F.Baum, and M.Bentley. 2011. “Responding to Racism: Insights on How Racism Can Damage Health from an Urban Study of Australian Aboriginal People.” Social Science and Medicine 73 (7): 1045–1053.10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.058
76. S.R.Zubrick,, S.R.Silburn, D.M.Lawrence, F.G.Mitrou, R.B.Dalby, E.M.Blair, J.Griffin et al. 2005. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: Forced Separation from Natural Family, Forced Relocation from Traditional Country or Homeland, and Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research.