Non-pulmonary allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease: A qualitative review

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 32, 2014, Pages 11023-11032

  Kotlyar, David S ^a   Shum, Mili ^b   Hsieh, Jennifer ^c   Blonski, Wojciech ^d,e   Greenwald, David A ^f  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

^c STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d SUNY UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e WROCLAW MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^f ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Crohn's disease; Food allergies; Food intolerance; Inflammatory bowel disease; Nutrition; Pathophysiology; Probiotics; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; HISTAMINE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; LEUKOTRIENE DERIVATIVE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PROBIOTIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; AUTACOID;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ATOPY; BREAST FEEDING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CROHN DISEASE; DESENSITIZATION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; ENTERIC FEEDING; EOSINOPHILIC COLITIS; FOOD ALLERGY; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; ILEITIS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; LACTOBACILLUS; MAST CELL; NONHUMAN; NOSE DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL INTOLERANCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; URTICARIA; ANIMAL; BLOOD; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; INTESTINE; MICROBIOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; INTESTINES; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PROBIOTICS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84909592444     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11023     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Dvorak AM, Monahan RA, Osage JE, Dickersin GR. Crohn's disease: transmission electron microscopic studies. II. Immunologic inflammatory response. Alterations of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and the microvasculature. Hum Pathol 1980; 11: 606-619 [PMID: 7450737 DOI: 10.1016/S0046-8177(80)80072-4]
2. Levo Y, Livni N. Mast-cell degranulation in Crohn's disease. Lancet 1978; 1: 1262 [PMID: 78026 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92497-2]
3. Balázs M, Illyés G, Vadász G. Mast cells in ulcerative colitis. Quantitative and ultrastructural studies. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1989; 57: 353-360 [PMID: 2575298 DOI: 10.1007/BF02899101]
4. Nolte H, Spjeldnaes N, Kruse A, Windelborg B. Histamine release from gut mast cells from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut 1990; 31: 791-794 [PMID: 1695160 DOI: 10.1136/gut.31.7.791]
5. King T, Biddle W, Bhatia P, Moore J, Miner PB. Colonic mucosal mast cell distribution at line of demarcation of active ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 490-495 [PMID: 1551335 DOI: 10.1007/BF01307568]
6. Nishida Y, Murase K, Isomoto H, Furusu H, Mizuta Y, Riddell RH, Kohno S. Different distribution of mast cells and macrophages in colonic mucosa of patients with collagenous colitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 678-682 [PMID: 12063968]
7. Knutson L, Ahrenstedt O, Odlind B, Hällgren R. The jejunal secretion of histamine is increased in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 849-854 [PMID: 1690156 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90006-M]
8. Raithel M, Matek M, Baenkler HW, Jorde W, Hahn EG. Mucosal histamine content and histamine secretion in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and allergic enteropathy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995; 108: 127-133 [PMID: 7549499 DOI: 10.1159/000237129]
9. Winterkamp S, Weidenhiller M, Otte P, Stolper J, Schwab D, Hahn EG, Raithel M. Urinary excretion of N-methylhistamine as a marker of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 3071-3077 [PMID: 12492192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07028.x]
10. Lilja I, Gustafson-Svärd C, Franzén L, Sjödahl R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ileal mast cells in patients with Crohn' s disease. Digestion 2000; 61: 68-76 [PMID: 10671776 DOI: 10.1159/000007737]
11. Rijnierse A, Koster AS, Nijkamp FP, Kraneveld AD. TNF-alpha is crucial for the development of mast cell-dependent colitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291: G969-G976 [PMID: 16798721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00146.2006]
12. Wright R, Truelove SC. Circulating and tissue eosinophils in ulcerative colitis. Am J Dig Dis 1966; 11: 831-846 [PMID: 5953694 DOI: 10.1007/BF02233940]
13. Riis P, Anthonisen P. Eosinophilia In peripheral blood and inflammatory exudate in non-specific proctocolitis. Acta Med Scand 1964; 175: 85-89 [PMID: 14110641 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1964.tb00553.x]
14. O'Donoghue DP, Kumar P. Rectal IgE cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1979; 20: 149-153 [PMID: 428827 DOI: 10.1136/gut.20.2.149]
15. Heatley RV, Calcraft BJ, Fifield R, Rhodes J, Whitehead RH, Newcombe RG. Immunoglobulin E in rectal mucosa of patients with proctitis. Lancet 1975; 2: 1010-1012 [PMID: 53497 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90294-9]
16. Hammer B, Ashurst P, Naish J. Diseases associated with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 1968; 9: 17-21 [PMID: 5640920 DOI: 10.1136/gut.9.1.17]
17. Pugh SM, Rhodes J, Mayberry JF, Roberts DL, Heatley RV, Newcombe RG. Atopic disease in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clin Allergy 1979; 9: 221-223 [PMID: 466750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1979.tb01545.x]
18. Heatley RV, Calcraft BJ, Rhodes J, Owen E, Evans BK, Whitehead RH. Disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of chronic proctitis. Acta Allergol 1977; Suppl 13: 87-94 [PMID: 415502]
19. Mani V, Lloyd G, Green FH, Fox H, Turnberg LA. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with oral disodium cromoglycate. A double-blind controlled trial. Lancet 1976; 1: 439-441 [PMID: 55715 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91471-9]
20. Whorwell PJ, Whorwell GM, Bamforth J, Colin Jones D, Down P, Edwards A, Gent AE, Golding P, Gough KR, Hellier MD, Isaacson P, Loehry CA, Milton-Thompson GJ, Smith CL, Waldram RP, Wright R. A double-blind controlled trial of the effect of sodium cromoglycate in preventing relapse in ulcerative colitis. Postgrad Med J 1981; 57: 436-438 [PMID: 6118859 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.57.669.436]
21. Pepys MB, Druguet M, Klass HJ, Dash AC, Mirjah DD, Petrie A. Immunological studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Ciba Found Symp 1977; (46): 283-304 [PMID: 346325]
22. Levo Y, Shalit M, Wollner S, Fich A. Serum IgE levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Allergy 1986; 56: 85-87 [PMID: 3946842]
23. Brown WR, Lansford CL, Hornbrook M. Serum immunoglobulin E (IGE) concentrations in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Dig Dis 1973; 18: 641-645 [PMID: 4721125 DOI: 10.1007/BF01072034]
24. Bergman L, Johansson SG, Krause U. The immunoglobulin concentrations in serum and bowel secretion in patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1973; 8: 401-406 [PMID: 4201737]
25. Becker SA, Bass DD, Weissglas L, Cohen D. IgE in inflammatory bowel disease. Isr J Med Sci 1983; 19: 1105-1106 [PMID: 6662701]
26. Mee AS, Brown D, Jewell DP. Atopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979; 14: 743-746 [PMID: 531506 DOI: 10.3109/00365527909181947]
27. Holdsworth CD. Sulphasalazine desensitisation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 110 [PMID: 6109553 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.282.6258.110]
28. Taffet SL, Das KM. Desensitization of patients with inflammatory bowel disease to sulfasalazine. Am J Med 1982; 73: 520-524 [PMID: 6127032 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90330-8]
29. Korelitz BI, Present DH, Rubin PH, Fochios SE. Desensitization to sulfasalazine after hypersensitivity reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984; 6: 27-31 [PMID: 6142067]
30. Purdy BH, Philips DM, Summers RW. Desensitization for sulfasalazine skin rash. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 512-514 [PMID: 6142671 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-512]
31. Floch MH, Walker WA, Guandalini S, Hibberd P, Gorbach S, Surawicz C, Sanders ME, Garcia-Tsao G, Quigley EM, Isolauri E, Fedorak RN, Dieleman LA. Recommendations for probiotic use - 2008. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42 Suppl 2: S104-S108 [PMID: 18542033 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31816b903f]
32. Doron S, Gorbach SL. Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006; 4: 261-275 [PMID: 16597207 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.2.261]
33. Majamaa H, Miettinen A, Laine S, Isolauri E. Intestinal inflammation in children with atopic eczema: faecal eosinophil cationic protein and tumour necrosis factor-alpha as noninvasive indicators of food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26: 181-187 [PMID: 8835126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00078.x]
34. Book DT, Smith TL, McNamar JP, Saeian K, Binion DG, Toohill RJ. Chronic sinonasal disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17: 87-90 [PMID: 12751702]
35. Troncone R, Merrett TG, Ferguson A. Prevalence of atopy is unrelated to presence of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Allergy 1988; 18: 111-117 [PMID: 3365856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02850.x]
36. Thayer WR, Fixa B, Komarkova O, Charland C, Field CE. Skin test reactivity in inflammatory bowel disease in the United States and Czechoslovakia. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23: 337-340 [PMID: 665629 DOI: 10.1007/BF01072417]
37. Cashman KD, Shanahan F. Is nutrition an aetiological factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 607-613 [PMID: 12840670 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200306000-00005]
38. Saavedra-Delgado AM, Metcalfe DD. Interactions between food antigens and the immune system in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Ann Allergy 1985; 55: 694-702 [PMID: 3904541]
39. Seibold F. Food-induced immune responses as origin of bowel disease? Digestion 2005; 71: 251-260 [PMID: 16024931 DOI: 10.1159/000087051]
40. Ballegaard M, Bjergstrøm A, Brøndum S, Hylander E, Jensen L, Ladefoged K. Self-reported food intolerance in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 569-571 [PMID: 9200289 DOI: 10.3109/00365529709025101]
41. Paganelli R, Pallone F, Montano S, Le Moli S, Matricardi PM, Fais S, Paoluzi P, D'Amelio R, Aiuti F. Isotypic analysis of antibody response to a food antigen in inflammatory bowel disease. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1985; 78: 81-85 [PMID: 2863223 DOI: 10.1159/000233867]
42. Joachim G. The relationship between habits of food consumption and reported reactions to food in people with inflammatory bowel disease - testing the limits. Nutr Health 1999; 13: 69-83 [PMID: 10453452 DOI: 10.1177/026010609901300203]
43. Hunter JO. Is diet a factor in the pathogenesis of IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2: S35-S36 [PMID: 18816688 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20547]
44. van der Waaij LA, Kroese FG, Visser A, Nelis GF, Westerveld BD, Jansen PL, Hunter JO. Immunoglobulin coating of faecal bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 669-674 [PMID: 15201580]
45. Bischoff SC, Herrmann A, Manns MP. Prevalence of adverse reactions to food in patients with gastrointestinal disease. Allergy 1996; 51: 811-818 [PMID: 8947339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04471.x]
46. Gearry RB, Richardson AK, Frampton CM, Dodgshun AJ, Barclay ML. Population-based cases control study of inflammatory bowel disease risk factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 325-333 [PMID: 20074146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06140.x]
47. Bergstrand O, Hellers G. Breast-feeding during infancy in patients who later develop Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18: 903-906 [PMID: 6676923 DOI: 10.3109/00365528309182113]
48. Bischoff SC. Food allergy and eosinophilic gastroenteritis and colitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10: 238-245 [PMID: 20431371 DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833982c3]
49. Iweala OI, Nagler CR. Immune privilege in the gut: the establishment and maintenance of non-responsiveness to dietary antigens and commensal flora. Immunol Rev 2006; 213: 82-100 [PMID: 16972898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00431.x]
50. Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science 2005; 307: 1920-1925 [PMID: 15790845 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106442]
51. Hodgson HJ. Inflammatory bowel disease and food intolerance. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1986; 20: 45-48 [PMID: 3511250]
52. Bischoff SC. Mucosal allergy: role of mast cells and eosinophil granulocytes in the gut. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1996; 10: 443-459 [PMID: 8905118 DOI: 10.1016/S0950-3528(96)90052-4]
53. Strober W, Fuss IJ. Proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1756-1767 [PMID: 21530742 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.016]
54. Hamilos DL. Host-microbial interactions in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 640-53.e4 [PMID: 24290275]
55. Zhang X, Izikson L, Liu L, Weiner HL. Activation of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells by oral antigen administration. J Immunol 2001; 167: 4245-4253 [PMID: 11591746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4245]
56. Middleton SJ, Rucker JT, Kirby GA, Riordan AM, Hunter JO. Long-chain triglycerides reduce the efficacy of enteral feeds in patients with active Crohn's disease. Clin Nutr 1995; 14: 229-236 [PMID: 16843936 DOI: 10.1016/S0261-5614(95)80?004-2]
57. Rajendran N, Kumar D. Role of diet in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 1442-1448 [PMID: 20333783 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i12.1442]
58. Brown AC, Roy M. Does evidence exist to include dietary therapy in the treatment of Crohn's disease? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4: 191-215 [PMID: 20350266 DOI: 10.1586/egh.10.11]
59. Gil A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56: 388-396 [PMID: 12442911 DOI: 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00256-1]
60. Horrobin DF, Morse PF. Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Lancet 1995; 345: 260-261 [PMID: 7823743 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90258-9]
61. Lee TH, Hoover RL, Williams JD, Sperling RI, Ravalese J, Spur BW, Robinson DR, Corey EJ, Lewis RA, Austen KF. Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1217-1224 [PMID: 2985986 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198505093121903]
62. Kang OH, Choi JG, Lee JH, Kwon DY. Luteolin isolated from the flowers of Lonicera japonica suppresses inflammatory mediator release by blocking NF-kappaB and MAPKs activation pathways in HMC-1 cells. Molecules 2010; 15: 385-398 [PMID: 20110898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010385]
63. Chen CY, Peng WH, Tsai KD, Hsu SL. Luteolin suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by blocking NFkappaB and AP-1 activation pathway in mouse alveolar macrophages. Life Sci 2007; 81: 1602-1614 [PMID: 17977562 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.028]
64. Foreman JC. Mast cells and the actions of flavonoids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984; 73: 769-774 [PMID: 6202730 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90446-9]
65. Kaplan M, Mutlu EA, Benson M, Fields JZ, Banan A, Keshavarzian A. Use of herbal preparations in the treatment of oxidant-mediated inflammatory disorders. Complement Ther Med 2007; 15: 207-216 [PMID: 17709066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2006.06.005]
66. Sugimoto K, Hanai H, Tozawa K, Aoshi T, Uchijima M, Nagata T, Koide Y. Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1912-1922 [PMID: 12454848 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37050]
67. Varilek GW, Yang F, Lee EY, deVilliers WJ, Zhong J, Oz HS, Westberry KF, McClain CJ. Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates inflammation in interleukin-2-deficient mice, a model of autoimmunity. J Nutr 2001; 131: 2034-2039 [PMID: 11435526]
68. Gonsalves N. Food allergies and eosinophilic gastrointestinal illness. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007; 36: 75-91, vi [PMID: 17472876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2007.01.003]
69. Marteau PR. Probiotics in clinical conditions. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2002; 22: 255-273 [PMID: 12043384 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-002-0011-0]
70. Kruis W, Schütz E, Fric P, Fixa B, Judmaier G, Stolte M. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 853-858 [PMID: 9354192 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00225.x]
71. Rembacken BJ, Snelling AM, Hawkey PM, Chalmers DM, Axon AT. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 635-639 [PMID: 10466665 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06343-0]
72. Malchow HA. Crohn's disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease? J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 25: 653-658 [PMID: 9451682 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-199712000-00021]
73. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Brigidi P, Matteuzzi D, Bazzocchi G, Poggioli G, Miglioli M, Campieri M. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 305-309 [PMID: 10930365 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.9370]
74. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Helwig U, Amadini C, Manon Lammers K, Ugolini F, Poggioli G, Campieri M. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: A doubleblind, placebo controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 118 (4, Part 1): A190 [DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)82835-8]
75. Campieri M, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Poggioli G, Ugolini F. Combination of antibiotic and probiotic treatment is efficacious in prophylaxis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn' s disease: A randomized controlled study VS mesalamine. Gastroenterology 2000; 118 (4, Part 1): A781 [DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)85267-1]
76. Copaci L, Micu L, Chira C, Rovinaru I. Maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis (UC): mesalamine, dietary fiber, S. boulardii. Gastroenterology 2000; 47 (Suppl III): A240 (abstract)
77. Guslandi M, Mezzi G, Sorghi M, Testoni PA. Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 1462-1464 [PMID: 10961730 DOI: 10.1023/A:1005588911207]
78. Szajewska H, Setty M, Mrukowicz J, Guandalini S. Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 454-475 [PMID: 16707966 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000221913.88511.72]
79. Bousvaros A, Guandalini S, Baldassano RN, Botelho C, Evans J, Ferry GD, Goldin B, Hartigan L, Kugathasan S, Levy J, Murray KF, Oliva-Hemker M, Rosh JR, Tolia V, Zholudev A, Vanderhoof JA, Hibberd PL. A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 833-839 [PMID: 16116318 DOI: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000175905.00212.2c]
80. Plein K, Hotz J. Therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of Crohn's disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea - a pilot study. Z Gastroenterol 1993; 31: 129-134 [PMID: 8465554]
81. Prantera C, Scribano ML, Falasco G, Andreoli A, Luzi C. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut 2002; 51: 405-409 [PMID: 12171964 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.405]
82. Schultz M, Timmer A, Herfarth HH, Sartor RB, Vanderhoof JA, Rath HC. Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2004; 4: 5 [PMID: 15113451 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-4-5]
83. Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J, Lukás M, Fixa B, Kascák M, Kamm MA, Weismueller J, Beglinger C, Stolte M, Wolff C, Schulze J. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut 2004; 53: 1617-1623 [PMID: 15479682 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.037747]
84. Ishikawa H, Akedo I, Umesaki Y, Tanaka R, Imaoka A, Otani T. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteriafermented milk on ulcerative colitis. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22: 56-63 [PMID: 12569115 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719276]
85. Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Poggioli G, Schreiber S, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Gionchetti P, Campieri M, Kamm MA. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut 2004; 53: 108-114 [PMID: 14684584 DOI: 10.1136/gut.53.1.108]
86. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Venturi A, Lammers KM, Brigidi P, Vitali B, Poggioli G, Miglioli M, Campieri M. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1202-1209 [PMID: 12730861 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00171-9]
87. Kuisma J, Mentula S, Jarvinen H, Kahri A, Saxelin M, Farkkila M. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 509-515 [PMID: 12622759 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01465.x]