Delayed responses of an Arctic ecosystem to an extreme summer: Impacts on net ecosystem exchange and vegetation functioning

Biogeosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 20, 2014, Pages 5877-5888

  Zona, D ^a,b   Lipson, D A ^b   Richards, J H ^c   Phoenix, G K ^a   Liljedahl, A K ^d   Ueyama, M ^e   Sturtevant, C S ^f   Oechel, W C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d University of Alaska Fairbanks   (United States)

^e Osaka Prefecture University   (Japan)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOMASS; CARBON BUDGET; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON SINK; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; EXTREME EVENT; MOSS; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; SUMMER; TUNDRA;

ALASKA; ARCTIC; BARROW; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84908584038     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-5877-2014     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alm, J., Schulman, L., Walden, J., Martikainen, P. J., and Silvola, J.: Carbon balance of a boreal bog during a year with an exceptionally dry summer, Ecology, 80, 161-74, 1999.
2. 2 sink enhancement induced by warmer springs, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 10823-10827, 2005.
3. 2 fluxes, Tellus B, 54, 514-30, 2002.
4. 2 balance in a subarctic fen, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 31, L16119, doi:10.1029/2004GL020315, 2004.
5. Ayres, E., van der Wal, R., Sommerkorn, M., and Bardgett, R. D.: Direct uptake of soil nitrogen by mosses, Biol. Lett., 2, 286-288, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0455, 2006.
6. Billings, W. D., Luken, J.O., Mortensen, D. A. and Peterson, K. M.: Arctic tundra: A source or sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in a changing environment?, Oecologia, 53, 7-11, 1982.
7. 2 flux responses, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 2817-2830, 2011.
8. Bokhorst, S., Huiskes, A., Aerts, R., Convey, P., and Cooper, E. J., Dalen, L., Erschbamer, B., Gudmundsson, J., Hofgaard, A., Hollister, R. D., Johnstone, J., Jónsdóttir, I. S., Lebouvier, M., Van de Vijver, B., Wahren, C.-H., and Dorrepaal, E.,: Variable temperature effects of Open Top Chambers at polar and alpine sites explained by irradiance and snow depth, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 64-74, 2013.
9. Brown, J.: Tundra soils formed over ice wedges, northern Alaska, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Pro., 31, 686-691, 1967.
10. Brown, J., and Hinkel, K. M., and Nelson, F. E.: The circumpolar active layer monitoring (CALM) program: Research designs and initial results, Polar Geogr., 24, 166-258, 2000.
11. Chapin, F. S.: The Mineral-Nutrition of Wild Plants, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 11, 233-260, doi:10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313, 1980.
12. Chapin III, F. S.: Direct and indirect effects of temperature on arctic plants, Polar Biol., 2, 47-52, 1983.
13. Chapin III, F. S.: Environmental controls over growth of tundra plants, Ecol. Bull., 38, 69-76, 1987.
14. Chen, J. M., Chen, B., Higuchi, K., Liu, J., Chan, D, Worthy, D., Tans, P. and Black, A.: Boreal ecosystems sequestered more carbon in warmer years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10803, doi:10.1029/2006gl025919, 2006.
15. Clein, J. S., and Kwiatkowski, B. L., McGuire, A. D., Hobbie, J. E., and Rastetter, E. B., Melillo, J. M., and Kicklighter, D. W.: Modelling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: a comparison of a plot- and a global-scale ecosystem model to identify process-based uncertainties, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 127-140, 2000.
16. Dorrepaal, E., Toet, S., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., Swart, E., van de Weg, M. J., Callaghan, T. V., and Aerts, R.: Carbon respiration from subsurface peat accelerated by climate warming in the subarctic, Nature, 460, 616-619, 2009.
17. Elmendorf, S. C., Henry G. H. R, Hollister, R. D., and Bjork, R. G., Bjorkman, A. D., Callaghan, T. V., and Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Day, T. A., Fosaa, A. M., Gould, W. A., Gretarsdottir, J., Harte, J., Hermanutz, L., Hik, D. S., Hofgaard, A., Jarrad F. Jonsdottir, I. S., Keuper, F., Klanderud K., Klein, J. A., Koh, S., Kudo, G., Lang, S. I, Loewen, V., May, J. L., Mercado, J., Michelsen, A., Molau, U., Myers-Smith I. H., Oberbauer S. F., Pieper S., Post, E., Rixen, C., Robinson, C. H., Schmidt, N. M., Shaver, G. R., Stenstrom, A., Tolvanen, A., Totland, O., Troxler, T., Wahren C. H., Webber, P. J., Welker, J. M., and Wookey, P. A.: Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time, Ecol. Lett., 15, 164-175, 2012.
18. Epstein, H. E., and Raynolds, M. K., Walker, D. A., Bhatt, U. S., and Tucker, C. J., and Pinzon, J. E.: Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 015506 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015506, 2012
19. Gerdol, R. and Vicentini, R.: Response to heat stress of populations of two Sphagnum species from alpine bogs at different altitudes, Environ. Exp. Bot., 74, 22-30, doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.04.010, 2011.
20. Gornall, J. L., Jónsdóttir, I. S., Woodin, S. J., and Van der Wal, R.: Arctic mosses govern belowground environment and ecosystem processes, Oecologia, 153, 931-941, 2007.
21. Harazono, Y., Mano, M., Myiata, A., Yoshimoto, M., and Zulueta, R. C., Vourlitis, G. L. Kwon, H., and Oechel, W. C.: Temporal and spatial differences of methane flux at arctic tundra in Alaska, Mem, Natl. Inst. Polar Res. Spec. Issue Jpn., 59, 79-95, 2006.
22. Harley, P. C., and Tenhunen, J. D., Murray, K. J., and Beyers, J.: Irradiance and temperature effects on photosynthesis of tussock tundra Sphagnum mosses from the foothills of the Philip Smith mountains, Alaska, Oecologia, 79, 251-259, doi:10.1007/bf00388485 1989.
23. Hinkel, K. M., and Paetzold, R. F., Nelson, F. E., and Bockheim, J. G.: Patterns of soil temperature and moisture in the active layer and upper permafrost at Barrow, Alaska: 1993-1999, Global Planet. Change, 29, 293-309, 2001.
24. Hinzman, L. D., and Kane, D. L., Benson, C. S., and Everett, K. R.: Hy-drologic and thermal properties of the active layer in the Alaskan Arctic, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 19, 95-110, 1991.
25. Hsieh, C. I., Katul, G., and Chi, T.: An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows, Adv. Water Res., 23, 765-772, 2000.
26. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013.
27. Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., and Beierkuhnlein, C.: A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends, Front. Ecol. Environ., 5, 365-374, 2007.
28. Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., Elmer, M., Gellesch, E., Glaser, B., Grant, K., Hein, R., Lara, M., Mirzae, H., Nadler, S. E., Nagy, L., Otieno, D., Pritsch, K., Rascher, U., Schädler, M., Schloter, M., Singh, B. K., Stadler, J., Walter, J., Wellstein, C., Wöllecke, J., and Beierkuhnlein C.: Climate extremes initiate ecosystem-regulating functions while maintaining productivity, J. Ecol., 99, 689-702, 2011.
29. Jonasson, S., Michelsen, A., and Schmidt, I. K.: Coupling of nutrient cycling and carbon dynamics in the Arctic, integration of soil microbial and plant processes, Appl. Soil Ecol., 11, 135-146, 1999.
30. Jones, B. M., and Kolden, C. A., Jandt, R. R., Abatzoglou, J. T., Urban, F., and Arp, C. D.: Fire behavior, weather, and burn severity of the 2007 Anaktuvuk River tundra fire, North Slope, Alaska, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 41, 309-316, doi:10.1657/1938-4246-41.3.309 2009.
31. Jorgenson, M. T., Romanovsky, V., Harden, J., Shur, Y., O'Donnell, J., Schuur, E. A. G., Kanevskiy, M., and Marchenko, S.: Resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change, Can. J. Forest Res., 40, 1219-1236, 2010.
32. 2 measurements, Nature, 382, 146-149, 1996.
33. Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid H. P.: A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 112, 503-523, 2004.
34. Koroleva, O. Y.: Cold acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus in an arctic species, Oxyria digyna, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 43, 319-324, 1996.
35. Lafleur, P. M., and Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frolking, S., and Moore, T. R.: Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1036-1049, 2003.
36. Larcher, W.: Physiological plant ecology. Ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups, Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag, 2003.
37. Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Ar-neth, A., Barr, A., Stoy, P., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach, critical issues and global evaluation, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 187-208, 2010.
38. Lichtenthaler, H. K.: Vegetation Stress: an Introduction to the stress concepts in plants, J. Plant Physiol., 148, 4-14, 1996.
39. Liljedahl, A. K., and Hinzman, L. D., Harazono, Y., Zona, D., Tweedie, C., and Hollister, R. D., Engstrom, R., and Oechel, W. C.: Nonlinear controls on evapotranspiration in arctic coastal wetlands, Biogeo-sciences, 8, 3375-3389, doi:10.5194/bg-8-3375-2011, 2011.
40. Lipson, D. A., Zona, D., Raab, T. K., Bozzolo, F., Mauritz, M., and Oechel, W. C.: Water-table height and microtopography control biogeochemical cycling in an Arctic coastal tundra ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 9, 577-591, doi:10.5194/bg-9-577-2012, 2012.
41. Lund, M., and Christensen, T. R., Lindroth, A., and Schubert, P.: Effects of drought conditions on the carbon dioxide dynamics in a temperate peatland, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 045704, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045704, 2012.
42. Luthin, J. N. and Guymon, G. L.: Soil moisture-vegetation-temperature relationship in central Alaska, J. Hydrol., 23, 233-246, 1974.
43. Marchand, F. L., Mertens, S., Kockelbergh, F., Beyens, L., and Nijs, I.: Performance of High Arctic tundra plants improved during but deteriorated after exposure to a simulated extreme temperature event, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 2078-2089, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01046.x, 2005.
44. Marchand, F. L., Verlinden, M., Kockelbergh, F., Graae, B. J., Beyens, L., and Nijs I.: Disentangling effects of an experimentally imposed extreme temperature event and naturally associated desiccation on Arctic tundra, Funct. Ecol., 20, 917-928, 2006a.
45. Marchand, F. L., Kockelbergh, F., Van De Vijver, B., Beyens, L., and Nijs, I.: Are heat and cold resistance of arctic species affected by successive extreme temperature events?, New Phytol., 170, 291-300, 2006b.
46. 2 fluxes in a subalpine grassland in relation to snow cover, radiation and temperature, Biogeochemistry, 111, 287-302, 2012.
47. Miller, A. J. and Cramer, M. D.: Root nitrogen acquisition and assimilation, Plant Soil, 274, 1-36, doi:10.1007/s11104-004-0965-1, 2005.
48. Monteith, J. L.: Vegetation and the atmosphere, Vol. 1: Principles, Academic Press, London, 1975.
49. Nicolsky, D. J., and Romanovsky, V. E., Alexeev, V. A., and Lawrence, D. M.: Improved modeling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land-surface Scheme, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08501, doi:10.1029/2007GL029525, 2007.
50. 2 flux and acclimation in arctic mosses growing in situ, Photosyn-thetica, 10, 447-456, 1976.
51. Oechel, W. C., and Hastings, S. J., Vourlitis, G. L., Jenkins, M., Riechers, G., and Grulke, N.: Recent change of arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon sink to a source, Nature, 361, 520-526, 1993.
52. 2 flux-over two decades: Effects of climate change at Barrow, Alaska, Ecol. Appl., 5, 846-855, 1995.
53. 2 flux in an Alaskan arctic tussock tundra ecosystem at Atqasuk, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 323-339, doi:10.1002/2013JG002431, 2014.
54. 2 flux components of Alaskan Coastal Plain tundra to shifts in water table, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G00I05, doi:10.1029/2009jg001254, 2010.
55. 2 Flux Components of Alaskan Coastal Plain Tundra: Response to Contrasting Growing Seasons, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 43, 256-266, 2011.
56. Perkins, S. E., and Alexander, L. V., and Nairn, J. R.: Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20714, doi:10.1029/2012GL053361, 2012.
57. 2 Concentration on the Carbon Balance of Arctic Tundra, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 16, 331-335, 1984.
58. Piao, S., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Peylin, P., Reichstein, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis, H., Fang, J., Barr, A., Chen, A., Grelle, A., Hollinger, D. Y., Laurila, T., Lindroth, A., Richardson, A. D., and Vesala, T.: Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming, Nature, 451, 49-52, 2008.
59. Potter, C. S., Klooster, S., and Brooks, V.: Interannual Variability in Terrestrial Net Primary Production: Exploration of Trends and Controls on Regional to Global Scales, Ecosystems, 2, 36-48, 1999.
60. Price, J., Edwards, T. W. D., Yi, Y., and Whittington, P. N.: Physical and isotopic characterization of evaporation from Sphagnum moss, J. Hydrol., 369, 175-182, 2009.
61. Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration, review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424-1439, 2005.
62. 2 exchange of fen ecosystem components to water level variation, Ecosystems, 10, 718-733, 2007.
63. 2 in Siberian tundra reveals the seasonality of its carbon sequestration strength, Biogeosciences, 10, 1337-1349, doi:10.5194/bg-10-1337-2013, 2013.
64. Schmidt, I. K., Jonasson, S., and Michelsen, A.: Mineralization and microbial immobilization of N and P in arctic soils in relation to season, temperature and nutrient amendment, Appl. Soil Ecol., 11, 147-160, 1999.
65. Schmidt, I. K., Jonasson, S., Shaver, G. R., Michelsen, A., and Nordin, A.: Mineralization and distribution of nutrients in plants and microbes in four arctic ecosystems: responses to warming, Plant Soil, 242, 93-106, 2002.
66. Sheffield, J., and Wood, E. F., and Roderick, M. L.: Little change in global drought over the past 60 years, Nature, 491, 435-438, 2012.
67. Sherry, R. A., and Zhou, X. H., Gu, S. L., Arnone, J. A., and Johnson, D. W., Schimel, D. S., Verburg, P. S. J., Wallace, L. L., and Luo, Y. Q.: Changes in duration of reproductive phases and lagged phenological response to experimental climate warming, Plant Ecol. Divers., 4, 23-35, 2011.
68. Shurpali, N. J., and Verma, S. B., Kim, J., and Arkebauer, T. J.: Carbon dioxide exchange in a peatland ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14319-14326, 1995.
69. Sistla, S. A., Asao, S., and Schimel, J. P.: Detecting microbial N-limitation in tussock tundra soil: implications for Arctic soil organic carbon cycling, Soil Biol. Biochem., 55, 78-84, 2012.
70. Solheim, B., Endal, A., and Vigstad, H.: Nitrogen fixation in Arctic vegetation and soils from Svalbard, Norway, Polar Biol., 16, 35-40, 1996.
71. Sturtevant, C. S., and Oechel, W. C., Zona, D., Kim, Y., and Emerson, C. E.: Soil moisture control over autumn season methane flux, Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, Biogeosciences, 9, 1423-1440, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1423-2012, 2012.
72. Tieszen, L. L., and Miller, P. C., Lewis, M. C., Mayo, J., Chapin III, F. S., and Oechel, W. C.: An analysis of processes of primary production in tundra growth forms, in: Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis, edited by: Bliss L. C., Heal O. W., and Moore J. J., Cambridge Univ. Press, 285-356, 1981.
73. Turetsky, M. R.: Bryophytes in carbon and nitrogen cycling, New Frontiers in Bryology and Lichenology, The Bryologist, 106, 395-409, 2003.
74. Ueyama, M., Iwata, H., Harazono, Y., Euskirchen, E. S., and Oechel, W. C., and Zona, D.: Growing season and spatial variations of carbon fluxes of Arctic and boreal ecosystems in Alaska (USA), Ecol Appl., 8, 1798-1816, 2013.
75. Vantooren, B. F., Vandam, D., and During, H. J.: The Relative Importance of Precipitation and Soil as Sources of Nutrients for Calliergonella-Cuspidata (Hedw) Loeske in Chalk Grassland, Funct. Ecol., 4, 101-107, 1990.
76. Vavrus, S., and Holland, M. M., Jahn, A., Bailey, D. A., and Blazey, B. A.: Twenty-First-Century Arctic climate change in CCSM4, J. Climatol., 25, 2696-2710, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00220.1, 2012.
77. Vitousek, P. M. and Howarth R. W.: Nitrogen Limitation on Land and in the Sea - How Can It Occur?, Biogeochemistry, 13, 87-115, 1991.
78. von Wiren, N., Gazzarrini, S., and Frommer, W. B.: Regulation of mineral nitrogen uptake in plants, Plant Soil, 196, 191-199, doi:10.1023/a:1004241722172, 1997.
79. Walker, M. D., and Wahren, C. H., Hollister, R. D., Henry, G. H. R., Ahlquist, L. E., Alatalo. M., Bret-Harte, M. S., Calef, M. P., Callaghan, T. V., Carroll, A. B., Epstein, H. E., Jónsdóttir, I. S., Klein, J. A., Magnússon, B., Molau, U., Oberbauer, S. F., Rewa, S. P., Robinson, C. H., Shaver, G. R., Suding, K. N., Thompson, C. C., Tolvanen, A., Totland, Ø., Turner, P. L., Tweedie, C. E., Webber, P. J., and Wookey, P. A.: Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 1342-1346, 2006.
80. Webb, E. K., and Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85-100, doi:10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
81. Wilson, W.: Observations on the temperatures of arctic plants and their environment, J. Ecol., 45, 499-531, 1957.
82. Wookey, P. A., Aerts, R., Bardgett, R. D., Baptist, F., Bråthen, K. A., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Gough, L., Hartley, I. P., Hopkins, D. W., Lavorel, S., and Shaver, G. R.: Ecosystem feedbacks and cascade processes: understanding their role in the responses of arctic and alpine ecosystems to environmental change, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1153-1172; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01801.x, 2009.
83. Wu, Z., Dijkstra, P., Koch, G. W., Peñuelas, J., and Hungate, B. A.: Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 927-942, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02302.x, 2011.
84. Yang, D., and Goodison, B. E., and Ishida, S.: Adjustment of daily precipitation data of 10 climate stations in Alaska: Applications of world meteorological organization intercomparison results, Water Resour. Res., 34, 241-256, 1998.
85. 2 exchange over temperate and boreal North America, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 991-1000, doi:10.1002/gbc.20091, 2013.
86. Zhao, M. and Running, S. W.: Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 through 2009, Science, 329, 940-943, doi:10.1126/science.1192666, 2010.
87. Zhou, L. M., and Tucker, C. J., Kaufmann, R. K., Slayback, D., Shabanov, N. V., and Myneni, R. B.: Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20069-20083, 2001.
88. Zona, D., and Oechel, W. C., Kochendorfer, J., Paw U, K. T., Salyuk, A. N., Olivas, P. C., Oberbauer, S. F., and Lipson, D. A.: Methane fluxes during the initiation of a large-scale water table manipulation experiment in the Alaskan Arctic tundra, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB2013, doi:10.1029/2009GB003487, 2009.
89. Zona, D., and Oechel, W. C., Richards, J. H., Hastings, S., Kopetz, I., Ikawa, H., and Oberbauer, S.: Light-stress avoidance mechanisms in a Sphagnum-dominated wet coastal Arctic tundra ecosystem in Alaska, Ecology, 92, 633-644, doi:10.1890/10-0822.1, 2011.
90. 2 loss from vegetated drained lake tundra ecosystems due to flooding, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB2004, doi:10.1029/2011gb004037, 2012.