Impacts of multiple extreme winter warming events on sub-Arctic heathland: Phenology, reproduction, growth, and CO2 flux responses

Global Change Biology

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 2817-2830

  Bokhorst, S ^a   Bjerke, J W ^b   Street, L E ^c   Callaghan, T V ^a,d   Phoenix, G K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Arctic; Climate change; Dwarf shrub; Extreme events; Flowering phenology; GPP; Nutrient cycling; Winter warming

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; HEATHLAND; NUTRIENT CYCLING; PHENOLOGY; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SHRUB; SOIL NUTRIENT; WARMING; WINTER;

ARCTIC;

EMPETRUM HERMAPHRODITUM; VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS; VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA; VITACEAE;

EID: 79960984638     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02424.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aanes R, Sæther BE, Smith FM, Cooper EJ, Wookey PA, Øritsland NA (2002) The Arctic Oscillation predicts effects of climate change in two trophic levels in a high-arctic ecosystem. Ecology Letters, 5, 445-453.
2. ACIA (2005) Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York.
3. Aerts R (2010) Nitrogen-dependent recovery of subarctic tundra vegetation after simulation of extreme winter warming damage to Empetrum hermaphroditum. Global Change Biology, 16, 1071-1081.
4. Aerts R, Cornelissen JHC, Dorrepaal E, van Logtestijn RSP, Callaghan TV (2004) Effects of experimentally imposed climate scenarios on flowering phenology and flower production of subarctic bog species. Global Change Biology, 10, 1599-1609.
5. Andrews CJ (1996) How do plants survive ice? Annals of Botany, 78, 529-536.
6. Arft AM, Walker MD, Gurevitch J et al. (1999) Responses of tundra plants to experimental warming: meta- analysis of the International Tundra Experiment. Ecological Monographs, 69, 491-511.
7. Augspurger CK (2009) Spring 2007 warmth and frost: phenology, damage and refoliation in a temperate deciduous forest. Functional Ecology, 23, 1031-1039.
8. Bjerke JW (2009) Ice encapsulation protects rather than disturbs the freezing lichen. Plant Biology, 11, 227-235.
9. Björkman MP, Morgner E, Björk RG, Cooper EJ, Elberling B, Klemedtsson L (2010) A comparison of annual and seasonal carbon dioxide effluxes between sub-Arctic Sweden and High-Arctic Svalbard. Polar Research, 29, 75-84.
10. Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Bowles FP, Melillo JM, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK (2008) Impacts of extreme winter warming in the sub-Arctic: growing season responses of dwarf-shrub heathland. Global Change Biology, 14, 2603-2612.
11. Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Davey M et al. (2010a) Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community. Physiologia Plantarum, 140, 128-140.
12. Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Melillo J, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK (2010b) Impacts of extreme winter warming events on litter decomposition in a sub-Arctic heathland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, 611-617.
13. Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Tømmervik H, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK (2009) Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation: consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event. Journal of Ecology, 97, 1408-1415.
14. Buckeridge KM, Grogan P (2008) Deepened snow alters soil microbial nutrient limitations in arctic birch hummock tundra. Applied Soil Ecology, 39, 210-222.
15. Callaghan TV, Bergholm F, Christensen TR, Jonasson C, Kokfelt U, Johansson M (2010) A new climate era in the sub-Arctic: accelerating climate changes and multiple impacts. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L14705, doi: DOI: 10.1029/2009GL042064.
16. Callaghan TV, Emanuelsson U (1985) Population structure and processes of tundra plants and vegetation. In: The Population Structure of Vegetation (ed. White J), pp. 399-439. Junk, Dordrecht.
17. Callaghan TV, Jonasson S (1995) Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and environmental-change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 352, 259-276.
18. Christensen JH, Hewitson B, Busuioc A et. (2007) Regional climate projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al.), pp. 847-940. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
19. Cox RM, Zhu XB (2003) Effects of simulated thaw on xylem cavitation, residual embolism, spring dieback and shoot growth in yellow birch. Tree Physiology, 23, 615-624.
20. Crawford RMM (2008) Cold climate plants in a warmer world. Plant Ecology and Diversity, 1, 285-297.
21. Dahle B, Soerensen OJ, Wedul EH, Swenson JE, Sandegren F (1998) The diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in central Scandinavia: effect of access to free-ranging domestic sheep Ovis aries. Wildlife Biology, 4, 147-158.
22. Dahlgren J, Oksanen L, Sjodin M, Olofsson J (2007) Interactions between gray-sided voles (Clethrionomys rufucanus) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), their main winter food plant. Oecologia, 152, 525-532.
23. Dunne JA, Harte J, Taylor KJ (2003) Subalpine meadow flowering phenology responses to climate change: integrating experimental and gradient methods. Ecological Monographs, 73, 69-86.
24. Gaines SD, Denny MW (1993) The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest - extremes in ecology. Ecology, 74, 1677-1692.
25. Grogan P, Jonasson S (2005) Temperature and substrate controls on intra-annual variation in ecosystem respiration in two subarctic vegetation types. Global Change Biology, 11, 465-475.
26. 2 production during winter in a Swedish subarctic region: the relative importance of climate and vegetation type. Global Change Biology, 12, 1479-1495.
27. Grogan P, Michelsen A, Ambus P, Jonasson S (2004) Freeze-thaw regime effects on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in sub-arctic heath tundra mesocosms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36, 641-654.
28. Illeris L, Konig SM, Grogan P, Jonasson S, Michelsen A, Ro-Poulsen H (2004) Growing-season carbon dioxide flux in a dry subarctic heat: responses to long-term manipulations. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 36, 456-463.
29. Jackson RB, Canadell J, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED (1996) A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia, 108, 389-411.
30. Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Beierkuhnlein C (2007) A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5, 365-374.
31. Jonasson S, Callaghan TV (1992) Root mechanical-properties related to disturbed and stressed habitats in the Arctic. New Phytologist, 122, 179-186.
32. Karlsson PS (1986) Biomass proportions of bog shrubs - a comment on implications for carbon economy. Oikos, 47, 390-391.
33. Kohler J, Brandt O, Johansson M, Callaghan TV (2006) A long term Arctic snow depth record from Abisko northern Sweden 1913-2004. Polar Research, 25, 91-113.
34. Kudo G, Suzuki S (2002) Relationships between flowering phenology and fruit-set of dwarf shrubs in alpine fellfields in northern Japan: a comparison with a subarctic heathland in northern Sweden. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 34, 185-190.
35. Lafleur PM, Roulet NT, Bubier JL, Frolking S, Moore TR (2003) Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1036, doi: DOI: 10.1029/2002GB001983.
36. Larsen KS, Ibrom A, Jonasson S, Michelsen A, Beier C (2007) Significance of cold-season respiration and photosynthesis in a subarctic heath ecosystem in Northern Sweden. Global Change Biology, 13, 1498-1508.
37. Lee SE, Press MC, Lee JA, Ingold T, Kurttila T (2000) Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland. Polar Research, 19, 99-105.
38. Lipson DA, Schmidt SK, Monson RK (2000) Carbon availability and temperature control the post-snowmelt decline in alpine soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32, 441-448.
39. 2 fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow soil, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry, 95, 151-166.
40. Mossberg B, Stenberg L (2008) Fjällflora Sverige-Finland-Norge-Svalbard. Wahlström & Widstrand, V ä rnamo.
41. Myrberget S (1979) Winter food of willow grouse Lagopus lagopus in 2 Norwegian areas. Meddelelser fra Norsk Viltforskning, 3, 1-32.
42. Ögren E (1996) Premature dehardening in Vaccinium myrtillus during a mild winter: a cause for winter dieback? Functional Ecology, 10, 724-732.
43. Phoenix GK, Lee JA (2004) Predicting impacts of Arctic climate change: past lessons and future challenges. Ecological Research, 19, 65-74.
44. Putkonen J, Roe G (2003) Rain-on-snow events impact soil temperatures and affect ungulate survival. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1188, doi: DOI: 10.1029/2002GL016326.
45. Qian P, Schoenau JJ (2002) Practical applications of ion exchange resins in agricultural and environmental soil research. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 82, 9-21.
46. Robinson CH, Wookey PA, Lee JA, Callaghan TV, Press MC (1998) Plant community responses to simulated environmental change at a high arctic polar semi-desert. Ecology, 79, 856-866.
47. Roturier S, Roue M (2009) Of forest, snow and lichen: Sami reindeer herders' knowledge of winter pastures in northern Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 1960-1967.
48. Schaberg PG, Hennon PE, D'Amore DV, Hawley GJ (2008) Influence of simulated snow cover on the cold tolerance and freezing injury of yellow-cedar seedlings. Global Change Biology, 14, 1282-1293.
49. Schimel J, Balser TC, Wallenstein M (2007) Microbial stress-response physiology and its implications for ecosystem function. Ecology, 88, 1386-1394.
50. 2 flux in heterogeneous tundra landscapes in Alaska and Sweden. Journal of Ecology, 95, 802-817.
51. Sjögersten S, Wookey PA (2005) The role of soil organic matter quality and physical environment for nitrogen mineralization at the forest-tundra ecotone in Fennoscandia. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 37, 118-126.
52. Sonesson M, Callaghan TV (1991) Strategies of survival in plants of the Fennoscandian Arctic. Arctic, 44, 95-105.
53. Spidsö TK (1980) Food selection by willow grouse Lagopus lagopus chicks in northern Norway. Ornis Scandinavica, 11, 99-105.
54. Stokkan KA, Steen JB (1980) Age determined feeding-behaviour in willow ptarmigan chicks Lagopus lagopus lagopus. Ornis Scandinavica, 11, 75-76.
55. 2 flux in arctic ecosystems? Journal of Ecology, 95, 139-150.
56. Sullivan PF, Welker JM (2005) Warming chambers stimulate early season growth of an arctic sedge: results of a minirhizotron field study. Oecologia, 142, 616-626.
57. Suzuki S, Kudo G (2000) Responses of alpine shrubs to simulated environmental change during three years in the mid-latitude mountain, northern Japan. Ecography, 23, 553-564.
58. Tape K, Sturm M, Racine C (2006) The evidence of shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology, 12, 686-702.
59. Tierney GL, Fahey TJ, Groffman PM, Hardy JP, Fitzhugh RD, Driscoll CT (2001) Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry, 56, 175-190.
60. Tolvanen A (1997) Recovery of the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L) from artificial spring and summer frost. Plant Ecology, 130, 35-39.
61. Van Bogaert R, Jonasson C, De Dapper M, Callaghan TV (2009) Competitive interaction between aspen and birch moderated by invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores and climate warming. Plant Ecology and Diversity, 2, 221-U4.
62. van Wijk MT, Clemmensen KE, Shaver GR et al. (2004) Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska, and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change. Global Change Biology, 10, 105-123.
63. Vestgarden LS, Austnes K (2009) Effects of freeze-thaw on C and N release from soils below different vegetation in a montane system: a laboratory experiment. Global Change Biology, 15, 876-887.
64. Walker MD, Wahren CH, Hollister RD et al. (2006) Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 1342-1346.
65. Wallen B (1986) Above and below ground dry mass of the 3 main vascular plants on hummocks on a sub-Arctic peat bog. Oikos, 46, 51-56.
66. Wallenius TH (1999) Yield variations of some common wild berries in Finland in 1956-1996. Annales Botanici Fennici, 36, 299-314.
67. Weih M (1998) Seasonality of nutrient availability in soils of subarctic mountain birch woodlands, Swedish lapland. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30, 19-25.
68. Wipf S (2010) Phenology, growth, and fecundity of eight subarctic tundra species in response to snowmelt manipulations. Plant Ecology, 207, 53-66.
69. Yergeau E, Kowalchuk GA (2008) Responses of Antarctic soil microbial communities and associated functions to temperature and freeze-thaw cycle frequency. Environmental Microbiology, 10, 2223-2235.
70. Youngman B (2007) Sudden warming events in the Arctic. MSc thesis, University of Sheffield.