A Survey on perceived speaker traits: Personality, likability, pathology, and the first challenge

Computer Speech and Language

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 100-131

  Schuller, Björn ^a,b   Steidl, Stefan ^c   Batliner, Anton ^b,c   Nöth, Elmar ^c,d   Vinciarelli, Alessandro ^e,f   Burkhardt, Felix ^g   Van Son, Rob ^h,i   Weninger, Felix ^b   Eyben, Florian ^b   Bocklet, Tobias ^c   Mohammadi, Gelareh ^f   Weiss, Benjamin ^j  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^d KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^f IDIAP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^g DEUTSCHE TELEKOM LABORATORIES   (Germany)

^h NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^j TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Challenge; Computational paralinguistics; Likability; Pathology; Personality; Survey

Indexed keywords

SURVEYING; SURVEYS;

BASELINE RESULTS; CHALLENGE; CLASSIFICATION TASKS; LIKABILITY; PARALINGUISTICS; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS; STATE OF THE ART;

PATHOLOGY;

EID: 84908518548     PISSN: 08852308     EISSN: 10958363     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csl.2014.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. A. Afifi, and S. Azen Statistical Analysis. A Computer Oriented Approach 1979 Academic Press New York
2. N. Ambady, and J.J. Skowronski First Impressions 2008 Guilford Press New York
3. G.K. Anumanchipalli, H. Meinedo, M. Bugalho, I. Trancoso, L.C. Oliveira, and A.W. Black Text-dependent pathological voice detection Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 530 533
4. A.E. Aronson, and D. Bless Clinical Voice Disorders 3rd ed. 2009 Thieme New York, NY
5. E. Aronson, T. Wilson, and R.M. Akert Social Psychology 7th ed. 2009 Prentice Hall
6. Y. Attabi, and P. Dumouchel Anchor models and WCCN normalization for speaker trait classification Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 522 525
7. K. Audhkhasi, A. Metallinou, M. Li, and S. Narayanan Speaker personality classification using systems based on acoustic-lexical cues and an optimal tree-structures Bayesian network Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 262 265
8. J. Biesanz, and S. West Personality coherence: moderating self-other profile agreement and profile consensus J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 79 3 2000 425 437
9. W.J. Blot, J.K. McLaughlin, D.M. Winn, D.F. Austin, R.S. Greenberg, S. Preston-Martin, L. Bernstein, J.B. Schoenberg, A. Stemhagen, and J.F. Fraumeni Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer Cancer Res. 48 1988 3282 3287
10. T. Bocklet, E. Nöth, and G. Stemmer Voice assessment of speakers with laryngeal cancer by glottal excitation modeling based on a 2-mass model Proc. of TSD 2011 - 14th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue September 1-5, Pilsen, Czech Republic 2011 348 355
11. T. Bocklet, E. Nöth, G. Stemmer, H. Ruzickova, and J. Rusz Detection of persons with Parkinson's disease by acoustic, vocal, and prosodic analysis Proc. of IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU) December 11-15, Big Island, Hawaii, U.S.A 2011 478 483
12. T. Bocklet, K. Riedhammer, E. Nöth, U. Eysholdt, and T. Haderlein Automatic intelligibility assessment of speakers after laryngeal cancer by means of acoustic modeling J. Voice 26 3 2012 390 397
13. D.H. Brown, F.J.M. Hilgers, J.C. Irish, and A.J.M. Balm Postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation: state of the art at the millennium World J. Surg. 27 2003 824 831
14. R. Brueckner, and B. Schuller Likability classification - a not so deep neural network approach Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 290 293
15. H. Buisman, and E. Postma The log-Gabor method: speech classification using spectrogram image analysis Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 518 521
16. K. Bunton, R.D. Kent, J.R. Duffy, J.C. Rosenbek, and J.F. Kent Listener agreement for auditory-perceptual ratings of dysarthria J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 50 2007 1481 1495
17. F. Burkhardt, M. Eckert, W. Johannsen, and J. Stegmann A database of age and gender annotated telephone speech Proc. of LREC 2010, 7th International Conference of Language Resources and Evaluation May 19-21, 2010, Malta 2010 1562 1565
18. F. Burkhardt, B. Schuller, B. Weiss, and F. Weninger 'Would you buy a car from me?' - On the likability of telephone voices Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 1557 1560
19. N. Campbell, and P. Mokhtari Voice quality: the 4th prosodic dimension Proc. of ICPhS Barcelona 2003 2417 2420
20. C. Chastagnol, and L. Devillers Personality traits detection using a parallelized modified SFFS algorithm Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 266 269
21. A. Chattopadhyay, D.W. Dahl, R.J.B. Ritchie, and K.N. Shahin Hearing voices: the impact of announcer speech characteristics on consumer response to broadcast advertising J. Consum. Psychol. 13 3 2003 198 204
22. R.P. Clapham, L. van der Molen, R.J.J.H. van Son, M. van den Brekel, and F.J.M. Hilgers NKI-CCRT Corpus - speech intelligibility before and after advanced head and neck cancer treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy Proc. of LREC 2012 - 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation May 23-25, Istanbul, Turkey 2012 3350 3355
23. S. Cloninger Conceptual issues in personality theory P. Corr, G. Matthews, The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology 2009 Cambridge University Press 3 26
24. S.A. Collins Men's voices and women's choices Anim. Behav. 60 2000 773 780
25. N. Cummins, J. Epps, and J.M.K. Kua A comparison of classification paradigms for speaker likeability determination Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 282 285
26. N. Dahlbäck, Q. Wang, C. Nass, and J. Alwin Similarity is more important than expertise: accent effects in speech interfaces Proc. of CHI 2007 - Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 28-May 3, San José, CA, U.S.A. 2007 1553 1556
27. T.L. Eadie, P.C. Doyle, K. Hansen, and P.G. Beaudin Influence of speaker gender on listener judgments of tracheoesophageal speech J. Voice 22 1 2008 43 57
28. R. Eklund, and A. Lindström Xenophones: an investigation of phone set expansion in Swedish and implications for speech recognition and speech synthesis Speech Commun. 35 2 2001 81 102
29. P. Ekman, W.V. Friesen, M. O'Sullivan, and K. Scherer Relative importance of face, body, and speech in judgments of personality and affect J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 38 1980 270 277
30. F. Eyben Real-time speech and music classification by large audio feature space extraction 2014 Technische Universität München (Ph.D. thesis)
31. F. Eyben, F. Weninger, F. Gross, and B. Schuller Recent developments in openSMILE, the munich open-source multimedia feature extractor Proc. of the 21st ACM International Conference on Multimedia. MM'13 New York, NY, USA 2013 835 838
32. F. Eyben, M. Wöllmer, and B.W. Schuller openSMILE - the munich versatile and fast open-source audio feature extractor Proc. of MM 2010 - International Conference on Multimedia October 25-29, Firenze, Italy 2010 1459 1462
33. M.J. Ferguson, and J. Fukukura Likes and dislikes: a social cognitive perspective on attitudes S.T. Fiske, C.N. Macrae, The SAGE Handbook of Social Cognition 2012 SAGE Publications Ltd. London 165 186
34. L. Ferrier, H. Shane, H. Ballard, T. Carpenter, and A. Benoit Dysarthric speakers' intelligibility and speech characteristics in relation to computer speech recognition Augment. Altern. Commun. 11 1995 165 175
35. D. Funder Personality Ann. Rev. Psychol. 52 2001 197 221
36. A. Gravano, R. Levitan, L. Willson, Š. Beňuš, J. Hirschberg, and A. Nenkova Acoustic and prosodic correlates of social behavior Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 97 100
37. M. Grimm, and K. Kroschel Evaluation of natural emotions using self assessment manikins Proc. of ASRU 2005 - Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop Cancun, Mexico 2005 381 385
38. T. Haderlein Automatic Evaluation of Tracheoesophageal Substitute Voices 2007 Logos Verlag
39. M. Hall, E. Frank, G. Holmes, B. Pfahringer, P. Reutemann, and I.H. Witten The WEKA data mining software: an update SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 11 2009 10 18
40. A.E. Harrison Speech Disorders: Causes, Treatment and Social Effects 2010 Nova Science Publishers Inc
41. P.A. Heeman, A. McMillin, and J.S. Yaruss Computer-assisted disfluency counts for stuttered speech Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 3013 3016
42. D. Hermes Measurement of pitch by subharmonic summation J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83 1988 257 264
43. M. Hewlett Sanchez, A. Lawson, D. Vergyri, and H. Bratt Multi-system fusion of extended context prosodic and cepstral features Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 514 517
44. T.K. Ho The random subspace method for constructing decision forests IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20 1998 832 844
45. C.R. Hodges-Simeon, S.J.C. Gaulin, and D.A. Puts Different vocal parameters predict perceptions of dominance and attractiveness Hum. Nat. 21 2010 406 427
46. F. Hönig, A. Batliner, and E. Nöth Automatic assessment of non-native prosody annotation, modelling and evaluation Proc. of ISADEPT - International Symposium on Automatic Detection of Errors in Pronunciation Training June 6-8, Stockholm, Sweden 2012 21 30
47. D.-Y. Huang, D.W. Yongwei Zhu, and R. Yu Detecting intelligibility by linear dimensionality reduction and normalized voice quality hierarchical features Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 546 549
48. R. Hummel, W.-Y. Chan, and T.H. Falk Spectral features for automatic blind intelligibility estimation of spastic dysarthric speech Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 3017 3020
49. A.V. Ivanov, and X. Che Modulation spectrum analysis for speaker personality trait recognition Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 278 281
50. A.V. Ivanov, G. Riccardi, A.J. Sporka, and J. Franc Recognition of personality traits from human spoken conversations Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 1549 1552
51. C. Jürgens, W. Johannsen, and K. Fellbaum Zur Eignung von Sprechern für die Lautelemente-Bibliothek eines Sprachsynthesesystems Proc. of ITG Fachtagung Sprachkommunikation September 17-18, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1996 101 104
52. D.A. Kenny Interpersonal Perception: A Social Relations Analysis 1994 Guilford Press New York
53. B. Ketzmerick Zur auditiven und apparativen Charakterisierung von Stimmen 2007 TUD Press Dresden
54. J. Kim, N. Kumar, A. Tsiartas, M. Li, and S. Narayanan Intelligibility classification of pathological speech using fusion of multiple subsystems Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 534 537
55. J. Kreiman, and D. Van Lancker Sidtis Foundations of Voice Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Voice Production and Perception 2011 Wiley-Blackwell Chichester
56. L.I. Kuncheva, and C.J. Whitaker Measures of diversity in classifier ensembles and their relationship with the ensemble accuracy Mach. Learn. 51 2 2003 181 207
57. A. Li, and H. Wang Friendly speech analysis and perception in standard Chinese Proc. of Interspeech Jeju Island, Korea 2004 897 900
58. D. Lu, and F. Sha Predicting likability of speakers with Gaussian processes Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 286 289
59. F.B. MacGregor, D.N. Roberts, D.J. Howard, and P.D. Phelps Vocal fold palsy: a re-evaluation of investigations J. Laryngol. Otol. 108 1994 193 196
60. A. Maier, T. Haderlein, U. Eysholdt, F. Rosanowski, A. Batliner, M. Schuster, and E. Nöth PEAKS - a system for the automatic evaluation of voice and speech disorders Speech Commun. 51 2009 425 437
61. F. Mairesse, M.A. Walker, M.R. Mehl, and R.K. Moore Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text J. Artif. Intell. Res. 30 2007 457 500
62. G. Matthews, I. Deary, and M. Whiteman Personality Traits 2009 Cambridge University Press
63. D. McColl, D. Fucci, L. Petrosino, D.E. Martin, and P. McCaffrey Listener ratings of the intelligibility of tracheoesophageal speech in noise J. Commun. Disord. 31 1998 279 289
64. D.A. McColl Intelligibility of tracheoesophageal speech in noise J. Voice 20 4 2006 605 615
65. R. McCrae The five-factor model of personality P. Corr, G. Matthews, The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology 2009 Cambridge University Press 148 161
66. R.R. McCrae, and O.P. John An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications J. Pers. 60 1992 175 215
67. J. McCroskey, and T. McCain The measurement of interpersonal attraction Speech Monogr. 41 1974 261 266
68. C. Middag, T. Bocklet, J.-P. Martens, and E. Nöth Combining phonological and acoustic ASR-free features for pathological speech intelligibility assessment Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 3005 3008
69. C. Middag, R. Clapham, R. van Son, and J.-P. Martens Robust automatic intelligibility assessment techniques evaluated on speakers treated for head and neck cancer Comput. Speech Lang. 2014 467 482
70. C. Middag, J.-P. Martens, G. Van Nuffelen, and M. De Bodt Automated intelligibility assessment of pathological speech using phonological features EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2009 1 9
71. C. Middag, Y. Saeys, and J.-P. Martens Towards an ASR-free objective analysis of pathological speech Proc. of Interspeech Makuhari, Japan 2010 294 297
72. G. Mohammadi, and A. Vinciarelli Automatic personality perception: prediction of trait attribution based on prosodic features IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 3 2012 273 284
73. H. Moniz, A.I. Mata, I. Trancoso, and M.C. Viana How can you use disfluencies and still sound as a good speaker? Proc. of Interspeech Brisbane, Australia 2008 1687
74. C. Montacié, and M.-J. Caraty Pitch and intonation contribution to speakers' traits classification Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 526 529
75. C. Müller Speaker Classification I and II 2007 Springer Heidelberg/New York/Berlin
76. J.L.B. Murillo, R.F. Pozo, D.T. Toledano, J. Caminero, and E. López Analyzing training dependencies and posterior fusion in discriminant classification of apnea patients based on sustained and connected speech Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 3033 3036
77. C. Nass, and K. Min Lee Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 7 2001 171 181
78. M.S. Nesler, D.M. Storr, and J.T. Tedeschi The interpersonal judgment scale: a measure of liking or respect? J. Soc. Psychol. 133 1993 237 242
79. W. Norman Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 66 6 1963 574 583
80. E. Nöth, H. Niemann, T. Haderlein, M. Decher, U. Eysholdt, F. Rosanowski, and T. Wittenberg Automatic stuttering recognition using hidden Markov models Proc. of Interspeech Beijing, China 2000 65 68
81. R. Paul, and C.F. Norbury Language Disorders from Infancy Through Adolscence: Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing, and Communicating 4th ed. 2011 Elsevier Health Sciences New York, NY
82. F. Pianesi Searching for personality IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 30 2013 146 158
83. L. Pinto-Coelho, D. Braga, M. Sales-Dias, and C. Garcia-Mateo An automatic voice pleasantness classification system based on prosodic and acoustic patterns of voice preference Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 2457 2460
84. L. Pinto-Coelho, D. Braga, M. Sales-Dias, and C. Garcia-Mateo On the development of an automatic voice pleasantness classification and intensity estimation system Comput. Speech Lang. 27 2013 75 88
85. J. Pohjalainen, S. Kadioglu, and O. Räsänen Feature selection for speaker traits Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 270 273
86. T. Polzehl, S. Möller, and F. Metze Automatically assessing personality from speech Proc. of ICSC 2010 - 4th International Conference on Semantic Computing September 22-24, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A. 2010 134 140
87. P.M. Pretorius, and C.A. Milford Investigating the hoarse voice Br. Med. J. 337 2008 1165 1168
88. B. Rammstedt, and O.P. John Measuring personality in one minute or less: a 10-item short version of the Big Five inventory in English and German J. Res. Personal. 41 2007 203 212
89. R. Ranganath, D. Jurafsky, and D.A. McFarland Detecting friendly, flirtatious, awkward, and assertive speech in speed-dates Comput. Speech Lang. 27 2013 89 115
90. A. Rosenberg, and J. Hirschberg Charisma perception from text and speech Speech Commun. 51 2009 640 655
91. R.J. Ruben Redefining the survival of the fittest: communication disorders in the 21st century Laryngoscope 110 2000 241 245
92. K.R. Scherer Personality markers in speech K.R. Scherer, H. Giles, Social Markers in Speech 1979 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 147 209
93. M. Schmitz, A. Krüger, and S. Schmidt Modeling personality in voice of talking products through prosodic parameters Proc. of IUI 2007 - 12th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces January 28-31, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. 2007 313 316
94. B. Schuller, and A. Batliner Computational Paralinguistics - Emotion, Affect, and Personality in Speech and Language Processing 2014 Wiley Chichester, UK
95. B. Schuller, A. Batliner, S. Steidl, and D. Seppi Recognising realistic emotions and affect in speech: state of the art and lessons learnt from the first challenge Speech Commun. 53 Special Issue on "Sensing Emotion and Affect - Facing Realism in Speech Processing" 2011 1062 1087
96. B. Schuller, S. Steidl, and A. Batliner The INTERSPEECH 2009 Emotion Challenge Proc. of Interspeech Brighton, UK 2009 312 315
97. B. Schuller, S. Steidl, A. Batliner, F. Burkhardt, L. Devillers, C. Müller, and S. Narayanan The INTERSPEECH 2010 paralinguistic challenge - age, gender, and affect Proc. of Interspeech Makuhari, Japan 2010 2794 2797
98. B. Schuller, S. Steidl, A. Batliner, F. Burkhardt, L. Devillers, C. Müller, and S. Narayanan Paralinguistics in speech and language - state-of-the-art and the challenge Comput. Speech Lang. 27 Special Issue on "Paralinguistics in Naturalistic Speech and Language" 2013 4 39
99. B. Schuller, S. Steidl, A. Batliner, E. Nöth, A. Vinciarelli, F. Burkhardt, R. van Son, F. Weninger, F. Eyben, T. Bocklet, G. Mohammadi, and B. Weiss The INTERSPEECH 2012 speaker trait challenge Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 254 257
100. B. Schuller, S. Steidl, A. Batliner, F. Schiel, and J. Krajewski The INTERSPEECH 2011 speaker state challenge Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 3201 3204
101. B. Schuller, S. Steidl, A. Batliner, F. Schiel, J. Krajewski, F. Weninger, and F. Eyben Medium-term speaker states - a review on intoxication, sleepiness and the first challenge Comput. Speech Lang. 28 Special Issue on "Broadening the View on Speaker Analysis" 2013 346 374
102. A. Schweitzer, and N. Lewandowski Convergence of articulation rate in spontaneous speech Proc. of Interspeech 2013 525 529
103. C. Sheard, R.D. Adams, and P.J. Davis Reliability and agreement of ratings of ataxic dysarthric speech samples with varying intelligibility J. Speech Hear. Res. 34 1991 285 293
104. A. Stark, A. Bayestehtashk, M. Asgari, and I. Shafran INTERSPEECH pathology challenge: investigations into speaker and sentence specific effects Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 538 541
105. F. Stelzle, A. Maier, E. Nöth, T. Bocklet, C. Knipfer, M. Schuster, F.W. Neukam, and E. Nkenke Automatic quantification of speech intelligibility in patients after treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 69 2011 1493 1500
106. E. Strangert, and J. Gustafson What makes a good speaker? Subjective ratings, acoustic measurements and perceptual evaluation Proc. of Interspeech Brisbane, Australia 2008 1688 1691
107. D.E. Sturim, P.A. Torres-Carrasquillo, T.F. Quatieri, N. Malyska, and A. McCree Automatic detection of depression in speech using Gaussian mixture modeling with factor analysis Proc. of Interspeech Florence, Italy 2011 2981 2984
108. H. Tanaka Speech patterns of edentulous patients and morphology of the palate in relation to phonetics J. Prosthet. Dent. 29 1973 16 28
109. M. Tolarova, and J. Cervenka Classification and birth prevalence of orofacial clefts Am. J. Med. Genet. 75 1998 126 137
110. J. Trouvain, S. Schmidt, M. Schröder, M. Schmitz, and W.J. Barry Modeling personality features by changing prosody in synthetic speech Proc. of Speech Prodody 2006 May 2-5, 2006, Dresden, Germany 2006
111. F. Valente, S. Kim, and P. Motlicek P. Annotation and recognition of personality traits in spoken conversations from the AMI meetings corpus Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 1183 1186
112. R. van Bezooijen Approximant /r/ in Dutch: routes and feelings Speech Commun. 47 2005 15 31
113. L. van der Molen, M.A. van Rossum, A.H. Ackerstaff, L.E. Smeele, C.R.N. Rasch, and F.J.M. Hilgers Pretreatment organ function in patients with advanced head and neck cancer: clinical outcome measures and patients' views BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 9 10 2009 1 9
114. P. Vijayalakshmi, M.R. Reddy, and D.D. O'Shaughnessy Assessment of articulatory sub-systems of dysarthric speech using an isolated-style phoneme recognition system Proc. of Interspeech Pittsburgh, U.S.A. 2006 981 984
115. J. Wagner, F. Lingenfelser, and E. André A frame pruning approach for paralinguistic recognition tasks Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 274 277
116. B. Weiss, and F. Burkhardt Voice attributes affecting likability perception Proc. of Interspeech Makuhari, Japan 2010 1485 1488
117. B. Weiss, and S. Möller Wahrnehmungsdimensionen von Stimme und Sprechweise Proc. of ESSV 2011 - 22. Konferenz Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung September 28-30, Aachen, Germany 2011 261 268
118. F. Weninger, J. Krajewski, A. Batliner, and B. Schuller The voice of leadership: models and performances of automatic analysis in on-line speeches IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 3 4 2012 496 508
119. J.S. Wiggins The Five-Factor Model of Personality: The Theoretical Perspectives 1996 The Guilford Press New York, NY
120. D. Wu Genetic algorithm based feature selection for speaker trait classification Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 294 297
121. G. Yule On the association of attributes in statistics Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 194 1900 257 319
122. X. Zhou, D. Garcia-Romero, N. Mesgarani, M. Stone, C. Espy-Wilson, and S. Shamma Automatic intelligibility assessment of pathologic speech in head and neck cancer based on auditory-inspired spectrooral modulations Proc. of Interspeech Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. 2012 542 545